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Taz dialect
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The Taz are descendants of the intermarriage of <a href="/facts/Han_Chinese/gMl0sKy0">Han Chinese</a> immigrants and local <a href="/facts/Tungusic_peoples/C6CcnGM2">Tungusic peoples</a>. In the early to middle 19th century, Han Chinese from Northeast China moved to the <a href="/facts/Ussuri_River/eo1b8n33">Ussuri River</a> basin and engaged in <a href="/facts/Ginseng/XgDhsab5">ginseng</a> harvesting, fishing and hunting. The immigrants were mostly men, and they married the local <a href="/facts/Udege_people/hRPsbJym">Udege</a> and <a href="/facts/Nanai_people/YdxcY7SR">Nanai</a> peoples. Their language, while remaining completely Chinese grammatically, adopted some loan words from <a href="/facts/Nanai_language/Wm8BSbcc">Nanai</a> and <a href="/facts/Udege_language/nartcBpo">Udege</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> There is a 400-word dictionary, but the language otherwise has no writing system and is a purely oral language.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> In 1880, the language was used by a thousand people. By the beginning of the 21st century, only a few elderly people still spoke it. The 2002 All-Russian Census recorded that all Taz people regarded Russian as their mother tongue. The 2010 census found 274 Taz people but no Taz speakers,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> so the Taz language is likely to be extinct. </p> <h2 id="phonology">Phonology</h2> <p>Taz is a typical Northeastern Mandarin dialect. There is no <a href="/facts/Retroflex/lsBdJD4V">retroflex</a> series, but there is <i><a href="/facts/Erhua/JSh1jF58">erhua</a></i>. Words with an <i>r</i> initial of <a href="/facts/Standard_Chinese/ofl48GA8">Standard Chinese</a> (MSC) have an initial <i>y</i> in Taz, and some words with an initial <i>f</i> in MSC have an initial <i>h</i> in Taz. The MSC finals <i>-ai</i> and <i>-ou</i> are pronounced <i>-ei</i> and <i>-u</i> in Taz, whereas nasal finals are mostly realized as <a href="/facts/Nasal_vowel/E8MYuu0T">nasal vowels</a>. Taz has the four lexical tones and the <a href="/facts/Neutral_tone/Bl7Mr2RM">neutral tone</a> of MSC and Northeast Mandarin. The <i>yin ping</i> tone (tone 1) is lower than in MSC, and <i>yang ping</i> (tone 2) 为降升调. The distinction between <i>yang ping</i> and <i>shang</i> tone (tone 3) is not obvious. The pitch drops at the end of a sentence, and can sound like a <i>shang</i> or <i>qu</i> tone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2> <p>The vocabulary is typical of Northeastern Mandarin, with such characteristic words as 俺們 for 'we', дэй3фань4 <i>dei3fan4</i> for 'food' and 日頭 for 'sun'. There are a few loanwords from Tungusic languages, such as араки <i>ar'aki</i> 'wine', яцзига <i>yajiga</i> 'daughter' (Udege <i>ajiga</i>), etc. Исима <i>yixima</i> 'rainbow trout' may be from Oroch.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="sample-texts">Sample texts</h2> <p>Listed below are some Taz sentences.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> They are transcribed in standard Russian <a href="/facts/Cyrillicized_Chinese/rQHuhebJ">Cyrillicized Chinese</a>. </p> 1<p>цзиэр1гэ</p><p>jiērge</p><p>нао3хуъ.</p><p>nǎohu.</p><p>цзиэр1гэ нао3хуъ.</p><p>jiērge nǎohu.</p><p>It's warm today.</p> 2<p>цзоу4фан4лэ.</p><p>zòufànle.</p><p>цзоу4фан4лэ.</p><p>zòufànle.</p><p>Dinner's ready. lit., (it's) cooked</p> 3<p>стакан</p><p>stakan</p><p>ман2суй3</p><p>mánsuǐ</p><p>/</p><p>/</p><p>гао2дуо1сао1суй3.</p><p>gáoduōsāosuǐ.</p><p>стакан ман2суй3 / гао2дуо1сао1суй3.</p><p>stakan mánsuǐ / gáoduōsāosuǐ.</p><p>The glass is full of water / ?How much water to put. (Russian: стакан <i>stakan</i>)</p> 4<p>цзе4цяъ4</p><p>jièqià</p><p>йи1хан</p><p>yīhan</p><p>ни3</p><p>nǐ</p><p>цуань1дэ</p><p>cuānde</p><p>да4.</p><p>dà.</p><p>цзе4цяъ4 йи1хан ни3 цуань1дэ да4.</p><p>jièqià yīhan nǐ cuānde dà.</p><p>This dress is too big for you. lit., you're wearing it big</p> 5<p>лян2цзя4</p><p>liángjià</p><p>йин3</p><p>yǐn</p><p>/</p><p>/</p><p>лян2цзя4</p><p>liángjià</p><p>йин3цзя</p><p>yǐnjia</p><p>лян2цзя4 йин3 / лян2цзя4 йин3цзя</p><p>liángjià yǐn / liángjià yǐnjia</p><p>Two families.</p> 6<p>во3</p><p>wǒ</p><p>цзиэр4гэ</p><p>jièrge</p><p>цянь2</p><p>qián</p><p>бу2дэгоу4</p><p>búdegòu</p><p>сы3хуаъ.</p><p>sǐhua.</p><p>во3 цзиэр4гэ цянь2 бу2дэгоу4 сы3хуаъ.</p><p>wǒ jièrge qián búdegòu sǐhua.</p><p>I don't have enough money today.</p> 7<p>лэй2ба,</p><p>léiba,</p><p>цуанмэйр2ба.</p><p>cuangméirba.</p><p>лэй2ба, цуанмэйр2ба.</p><p>léiba, cuangméirba.</p><p>Come, join us.</p> 8<p>цзе1ли</p><p>jiēli</p><p>ци2лэ</p><p>qíle</p><p>хуо2лэ.</p><p>huóle.</p><p>цзе1ли ци2лэ хуо2лэ.</p><p>jiēli qíle huóle.</p><p>There was a fire here.</p> 9<p>ни2</p><p>ní</p><p>дэй3цзяр4</p><p>děijiàr</p><p>лэй2</p><p>léi</p><p>ганъ4</p><p>gàn</p><p>хан2ма.</p><p>hánma.</p><p>ни3</p><p>nǐ</p><p>дан4</p><p>dàng</p><p>во3</p><p>wǒ</p><p>гань4хуо2.</p><p>gànhuó.</p><p>ни2 дэй3цзяр4 лэй2 ганъ4 хан2ма. ни3 дан4 во3 гань4хуо2.</p><p>ní děijiàr léi gàn hánma. nǐ dàng wǒ gànhuó.</p><p>What are you doing here, you're interrupting my work.</p> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li>Belikov, Vladimir and Elena Perexval’skaja. 1994. "Tazov jazyk [The language of the Taz]", in Vladimir Neroznak (ed.) <i>Krasnaja kniga jazykov narodov Rossii. Enciklopedičeskij slovar’-spravočnik</i> [The Red Book of languages of Russia. Encyclopedic dictionary]. Moscow: Academia, 50–51.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Tazy" Тазы. Assotsiatsiya korennykh malochislennykh narodov Severa, Sibiri i Dalnego Vostoka Rossiyskoy Federatsii (AKMNSS i DV RF) Ассоциация коренных малочисленных народов Севера, Сибири и Дальнего Востока Российской Федерации (АКМНСС и ДВ РФ) (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2020-11-16. Retrieved 2018-10-12. <a href="ТазыАссоциация коренных малочисленных народов Севера, Сибири и Дальнего Востока Российской Федерации (АКМНСС и ДВ РФ)" target="_blank">ТазыАссоциация коренных малочисленных народов Севера, Сибири и Дальнего Востока Российской Федерации (АКМНСС и ДВ РФ)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Kazama, Shinjiro 風間 伸次郎; Podmaskin, V.V. [В.В. Подмаскин] (2002). "Tāzu no gengo to bunka" ターズの言語と文化. In Irimoto, Takashi 煎本孝 (ed.). Tōhoku Ajia sho minzoku no bunka dōtai 東北アジア諸民族の文化動態 (PDF) (in Japanese). Sapporo-shi: Hokkaidō Daigaku Toshokankōkai. ISBN 4-8329-6241-8. <a href="ターズの言語と文化東北アジア諸民族の文化動態4-8329-6241-8" target="_blank">ターズの言語と文化東北アジア諸民族の文化動態4-8329-6241-8</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Kazama, Shinjiro 風間 伸次郎; Podmaskin, V.V. [В.В. Подмаскин] (2002). "Tāzu no gengo to bunka" ターズの言語と文化. In Irimoto, Takashi 煎本孝 (ed.). Tōhoku Ajia sho minzoku no bunka dōtai 東北アジア諸民族の文化動態 (PDF) (in Japanese). Sapporo-shi: Hokkaidō Daigaku Toshokankōkai. ISBN 4-8329-6241-8. <a href="ターズの言語と文化東北アジア諸民族の文化動態4-8329-6241-8" target="_blank">ターズの言語と文化東北アジア諸民族の文化動態4-8329-6241-8</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Tazy" Тазы. Assotsiatsiya korennykh malochislennykh narodov Severa, Sibiri i Dalnego Vostoka Rossiyskoy Federatsii (AKMNSS i DV RF) Ассоциация коренных малочисленных народов Севера, Сибири и Дальнего Востока Российской Федерации (АКМНСС и ДВ РФ) (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2020-11-16. Retrieved 2018-10-12. <a href="ТазыАссоциация коренных малочисленных народов Севера, Сибири и Дальнего Востока Российской Федерации (АКМНСС и ДВ РФ)" target="_blank">ТазыАссоциация коренных малочисленных народов Севера, Сибири и Дальнего Востока Российской Федерации (АКМНСС и ДВ РФ)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Lingvisty popytayutsya sokhranit yazyk tazov" Лингвисты попытаются сохранить язык тазов. NTV НТВ (in Russian). 2005-10-25. Archived from the original on 2020-08-21. Retrieved 2020-04-04. <a href="Лингвисты попытаются сохранить язык тазовНТВ" target="_blank">Лингвисты попытаются сохранить язык тазовНТВ</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Natsionalny sostav naseleniya Rossiyskoy federatsii" Национальный состав населения Российской федерации (Table) (in Russian). Archived from the original (XLS) on 2012-04-24. Retrieved 2019-07-06 – via perepis-2010.ru. <a href="Национальный состав населения Российской федерации" target="_blank">Национальный состав населения Российской федерации</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Kazama, Shinjiro 風間 伸次郎; Podmaskin, V.V. [В.В. Подмаскин] (2002). "Tāzu no gengo to bunka" ターズの言語と文化. In Irimoto, Takashi 煎本孝 (ed.). Tōhoku Ajia sho minzoku no bunka dōtai 東北アジア諸民族の文化動態 (PDF) (in Japanese). Sapporo-shi: Hokkaidō Daigaku Toshokankōkai. ISBN 4-8329-6241-8. <a href="ターズの言語と文化東北アジア諸民族の文化動態4-8329-6241-8" target="_blank">ターズの言語と文化東北アジア諸民族の文化動態4-8329-6241-8</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Kazama, Shinjiro 風間 伸次郎; Podmaskin, V.V. [В.В. Подмаскин] (2002). "Tāzu no gengo to bunka" ターズの言語と文化. In Irimoto, Takashi 煎本孝 (ed.). Tōhoku Ajia sho minzoku no bunka dōtai 東北アジア諸民族の文化動態 (PDF) (in Japanese). Sapporo-shi: Hokkaidō Daigaku Toshokankōkai. ISBN 4-8329-6241-8. <a href="ターズの言語と文化東北アジア諸民族の文化動態4-8329-6241-8" target="_blank">ターズの言語と文化東北アジア諸民族の文化動態4-8329-6241-8</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Kazama, Shinjiro 風間 伸次郎; Podmaskin, V.V. [В.В. Подмаскин] (2002). "Tāzu no gengo to bunka" ターズの言語と文化. In Irimoto, Takashi 煎本孝 (ed.). Tōhoku Ajia sho minzoku no bunka dōtai 東北アジア諸民族の文化動態 (PDF) (in Japanese). Sapporo-shi: Hokkaidō Daigaku Toshokankōkai. ISBN 4-8329-6241-8. <a href="ターズの言語と文化東北アジア諸民族の文化動態4-8329-6241-8" target="_blank">ターズの言語と文化東北アジア諸民族の文化動態4-8329-6241-8</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>