Executive Office of the President of the United States

<h2 id="history">History</h2>

In 1937, the <a href="/facts/Brownlow_Committee/JEwM4z0v">Brownlow Committee</a>, which was a presidentially commissioned panel of <a href="/facts/Political_science/Gqy5EoRX">political science</a> and <a href="/facts/Public_administration/e5bgqajN">public administration</a> experts, recommended sweeping changes to the executive branch of the <a href="/facts/Federal_government_of_the_United_States/VJCxUaf7">U.S. federal government</a>, including the creation of the Executive Office of the President. Based on these recommendations, President <a href="/facts/Franklin_D._Roosevelt/HtG9vMQv">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> in 1939 lobbied Congress to approve the <a href="/facts/Reorganization_Act_of_1939/5wnUlJKa">Reorganization Act of 1939</a>. The Act led to Reorganization Plan No. 1,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> which created the office,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> which reported directly to the president.
The office encompassed two subunits at its outset, the <a href="/facts/White_House_Office/By8qSeRS">White House Office</a> (WHO) and the Bureau of the Budget, the predecessor to today's <a href="/facts/Office_of_Management_and_Budget/CgNXcMkS">Office of Management and Budget</a>, which was created in 1921 and originally located in the <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury/lDmua740">Treasury Department</a>. It absorbed most of the functions of the National Emergency Council.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> Initially, the new staff system appeared more ambitious on paper than in practice; the increase in the size of the staff was quite modest at the start. However, it laid the groundwork for the large and organizationally complex White House staff that emerged during the presidencies of Roosevelt's successors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>
Roosevelt's efforts are also notable in contrast to those of his predecessors in office. During the 19th century, presidents had few staff resources. <a href="/facts/Thomas_Jefferson/8yxtcjKK">Thomas Jefferson</a> had one messenger and one secretary at his disposal, both of whose salaries were paid by the president personally. It was not until 1857 that Congress appropriated money ($2,500) for the hiring of one clerk.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>
By <a href="/facts/Ulysses_S._Grant/htCzhMtb">Ulysses S. Grant</a>'s presidency (1869–1877), the staff had grown to three.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> By 1900, the White House staff included one "secretary to the president" (then the title of the president's chief aide), two assistant secretaries, two executive clerks, a <a href="/facts/Stenography/LdCYfSu9">stenographer</a>, and seven other office personnel. Under <a href="/facts/Warren_G._Harding/v9zaPPvS">Warren G. Harding</a>, there were thirty-one staff, although most were in clerical positions.
During <a href="/facts/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover/dCqWwsDg">Herbert Hoover's presidency</a>, two additional secretaries to the president were added by Congress, one of whom Hoover designated as his <a href="/facts/White_House_Press_Secretary/SR8Hu5cC">press secretary</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> From 1933 to 1939, as he greatly expanded the scope of the federal government's policies and powers in response to the <a href="/facts/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States/WhukPD96">Great Depression</a>, Roosevelt relied on his "brain trust" of top advisers, who were often appointed to vacant positions in agencies and departments, from which they drew their salaries since the White House lacked statutory or budgetary authority to create new staff positions.
After <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a>, in particular, during the <a href="/facts/Dwight_David_Eisenhower/a21WXe8r">Eisenhower presidency</a>, the staff was expanded and reorganized. Eisenhower, a former U.S. Army general, had been <a href="/facts/Supreme_Allied_Commander/6MYWHu63">Supreme Allied Commander</a> during the war and reorganized the Executive Office to suit his leadership style.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>
As of 2009, the staff is much bigger. Estimates indicate some 3,000 to 4,000 persons serve in office staff positions with policy-making responsibilities, with a budget of $300 to $400 million (George W. Bush's budget request for Fiscal Year 2005 was for $341 million in support of 1,850 personnel).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>
Some observers have noted a problem of control for the president due to the increase in staff and departments, making coordination and cooperation between the various departments of the Executive Office more difficult.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>

<h2 id="organization">Organization</h2>
"Special Assistant to the President" redirects here. For the Philippine position title, see <a href="/facts/Special_Assistant_to_the_President_(Philippines)/ys3pUlK6">Special Assistant to the President (Philippines)</a>.
The president had the power to reorganize the Executive Office due to the 1949 Reorganization Act which gave the president considerable discretion, until 1983 when it was renewed due to President Reagan's administration allegedly encountering "disloyalty and obstruction".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>
The chief of staff is the head of the Executive Office and can therefore ultimately decide what the president needs to deal with personally and what can be dealt with by other staff.
Senior staff within the Executive Office of the President have the title Assistant to the President, second-level staff have the title Deputy Assistant to the President, and third-level staff have the title Special Assistant to the President.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>
The core White House staff appointments, and most Executive Office officials generally, are not required to be <a href="/facts/Advice_and_consent/oKJFKzFg">confirmed</a> by the <a href="/facts/United_States_Senate/VyzXHE01">U.S. Senate</a>, although there are a handful of exceptions (e.g., the director of the <a href="/facts/Office_of_Management_and_Budget/CgNXcMkS">Office of Management and Budget</a>, the chair of the <a href="/facts/Council_of_Economic_Advisers/Pvdx5oyP">Council of Economic Advisers</a>, and the <a href="/facts/United_States_Trade_Representative/zmCLGPXk">United States Trade Representative</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>
The information in the following table is current as of January 20, 2025. Only principal executives are listed; for subordinate officers, see individual office pages.

Members of the Executive Office of the President of the United States<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Agency</th><th scope="col">Principal executive</th><th scope="col">Incumbent</th></tr><tr><td scope="row"><a href="/facts/White_House_Office/By8qSeRS">White House Office</a></td><td><a href="/facts/White_House_Chief_of_Staff/ISD7eMuo">Assistant to the President and Chief of Staff</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Susie_Wiles/r9JDUs3L">Susie Wiles</a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row"><a href="/facts/United_States_National_Security_Council/HYwSNFA6">National Security Council</a></td><td><a href="/facts/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)/C2kEWjBE">Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Marco_Rubio/qs8WDBbw">Marco Rubio</a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row"><a href="/facts/United_States_Homeland_Security_Council/6hCtr7sC">Homeland Security Council</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Homeland_Security_Advisor/IBgkKFII">Assistant to the President for Homeland Security</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)/gYcfWX0c">Stephen Miller</a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row"><a href="/facts/Council_of_Economic_Advisers/Pvdx5oyP">Council of Economic Advisers</a></td><td>Chairman of the White House Council of Economic Advisers</td><td><a href="/facts/Stephen_Miran/pQB4ndED">Stephen Miran</a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row"><a href="/facts/Council_on_Environmental_Quality/UJHVWPkk">Council on Environmental Quality</a></td><td>Chairman of the Council on Environmental Quality</td><td>Vacant, TBD</td></tr><tr><td scope="row"><a href="/facts/Executive_Residence/NDMFjpmK">Executive Residence</a> Staff and Operations</td><td><a href="/facts/White_House_Chief_Usher/p0tCWCkK">White House Chief Usher</a></td><td>Robert B. Downing</td></tr><tr><td scope="row"><a href="/facts/National_Space_Council/4DLPhFT0">National Space Council</a></td><td>Executive Secretary of the National Space Council</td><td>Chirag Parikh<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row"><a href="/facts/President%2527s_Intelligence_Advisory_Board/axsJ8pJM">President's Intelligence Advisory Board</a></td><td>Chairman of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board</td><td><a href="/facts/Devin_Nunes/7nxf1wdQ">Devin Nunes</a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row"><a href="/facts/Office_of_Administration/wsHn16v7">Office of Administration</a></td><td>Director of the Office of Administration</td><td>Dave Noble<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row"><a href="/facts/Office_of_Management_and_Budget/CgNXcMkS">Office of Management and Budget</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Director_of_the_Office_of_Management_and_Budget/CgNXcMkS">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Russell_Vought/CmnKC2CG">Russell Vought</a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row"><a href="/facts/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy/HdU68yNb">Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Director_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy/HdU68yNb">Director of National Drug Control Policy</a></td><td>Vacant, TBD</td></tr><tr><td scope="row"><a href="/facts/Office_of_the_National_Cyber_Director/8keS1WDF">Office of the National Cyber Director</a></td><td><a href="/facts/National_Cyber_Director/8keS1WDF">National Cyber Director</a></td><td>Vacant</td></tr><tr><td scope="row"><a href="/facts/Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy/DvPd3WFb">Office of Science and Technology Policy</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Director_of_the_Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy/DvPd3WFb">Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Michael_Kratsios/9cXhsTwy">Michael Kratsios</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row"><a href="/facts/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative/zmCLGPXk">Office of the United States Trade Representative</a></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Trade_Representative/zmCLGPXk">United States Trade Representative</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Jamieson_Greer/srcqcoY8">Jamieson Greer</a></td></tr><tr><td scope="row"><a href="/facts/Office_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States/6MBD4xly">Office of the Vice President of the United States</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Chief_of_Staff_to_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States/8jY8RN52">Assistant to the President and Chief of Staff to the Vice President</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Jacob_Reses/n8PADYP4">Jacob Reses</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>White House offices</h3>
The <a href="/facts/White_House_Office/By8qSeRS">White House Office</a> (including its various offices listed below<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>) is a sub-unit of the Executive Office of the President (office). The various agencies of the office are listed above.

<ul><li>Office of the <a href="/facts/White_House_Chief_of_Staff/ISD7eMuo">Chief of Staff</a></li>
<li>Office of the <a href="/facts/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)/C2kEWjBE">National Security Advisor</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/United_States_Domestic_Policy_Council/1H6UHPBD">Domestic Policy Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/National_Economic_Council_(United_States)/QqeHqAgu">National Economic Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/White_House_Cabinet_Secretary/XsUcDpGS">Office of Cabinet Affairs</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Office_of_Digital_Strategy/vluAD3ss">Office of Digital Strategy</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/White_House_Office_of_Communications/kG26vtq7">White House Office of Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Office_of_the_First_Lady/tcSGG21X">Office of the First Lady</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/White_House_Office_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs/5svb5ulH">Office of Intergovernmental Affairs</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/White_House_Office_of_Legislative_Affairs/By8qSeRS">Office of Legislative Affairs</a></li>
<li>Office of Management and Administration</li>
<li>Office of Political Affairs</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Office_of_Public_Liaison/S4mcj3qk">Office of Public Engagement</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/White_House_Presidential_Personnel_Office/d8qhEtc0">Office of Presidential Personnel</a></li>
<li>Office of Scheduling and Advance</li>
<li><a href="/facts/White_House_Office_of_the_Staff_Secretary/co6E3FBH">Office of the Staff Secretary</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/White_House_Counsel/dCbKbb91">Office of White House Counsel</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Oval_Office_Operations/4buXSNgC">Oval Office Operations</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/White_House_Fellows/8KgtYlDb">White House Fellows</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/White_House_Military_Office/1cbS69Fe">White House Military Office</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Department_of_Government_Efficiency/cc2qu9XM">Department of Government Efficiency</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="congress">Congress</h2>
<a href="/facts/United_States_Congress/mJlU46K7">Congress</a> as well as the president has some control over the Executive Office of the President. Some of this authority stems from its appropriation powers given by the Constitution, such as the "power of the purse", which affects the Office of Management and Budget and the funding of the rest of federal departments and agencies. Congress also has the right to investigate the operation of the Executive Office, normally holding hearings bringing forward individual personnel to testify before a congressional committee.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a>
The Executive Office often helps with legislation by filling in specific points understood and written by experts, as Congressional legislation sometimes starts in broad terms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a>

<h2 id="budget-history">Budget history</h2>
This table specifies the budget of the Executive Office for the years 2008–2017, and the actual outlays for the years 1993–2007.

<table><tbody><tr><th>Year</th><th>Budget</th></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>$714 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a></td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td>$692 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a></td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>$676 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a></td></tr><tr><td>2014</td><td>$624 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a></td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td>$650 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a></td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td>$640 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a></td></tr><tr><td>2011</td><td>$708 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a></td></tr><tr><td>2010</td><td>$772 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a></td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td>$728 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a></td></tr><tr><td>2008</td><td>$682 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a></td></tr><tr><td>2007</td><td>$2956 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a></td></tr><tr><td>2006</td><td>$5379 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a></td></tr><tr><td>2005</td><td>$7686 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a></td></tr><tr><td>2004</td><td>$3349 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a></td></tr><tr><td>2003</td><td>$386 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a></td></tr><tr><td>2002</td><td>$451 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a></td></tr><tr><td>2001</td><td>$246 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a></td></tr><tr><td>2000</td><td>$283 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a></td></tr><tr><td>1999</td><td>$417 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a></td></tr><tr><td>1998</td><td>$237 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a></td></tr><tr><td>1997</td><td>$221 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a></td></tr><tr><td>1996</td><td>$202 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a></td></tr><tr><td>1995</td><td>$215 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a></td></tr><tr><td>1994</td><td>$231 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a></td></tr><tr><td>1993</td><td>$194 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Title_3_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations/JvtsvJo1">Title 3 of the Code of Federal Regulations</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Title_5_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations/lUX39cJY">Title 5 of the Code of Federal Regulations</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/White_House_Records_Office/RSzvjRj5">White House Records Office</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/">Executive Office of the President</a></li>
<li><a href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40856.pdf">The Debate Over Selected Presidential Assistants and Advisors: Appointment, Accountability, and Congressional Oversight</a> <a href="/facts/Congressional_Research_Service/5y05h11b">Congressional Research Service</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008182342/http://openregs.com/agencies/view/179/executive_office_of_the_president">Proposed and finalized federal regulations from the Executive Office of the President of the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/33745">Works by Executive Office of the President of the United States</a> at <a href="/facts/Project_Gutenberg/2l0R6GgQ">Project Gutenberg</a></li>
<li><a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28Executive+Office+of+the+President+of+the+United+States%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Executive Office of the President of the United States</a> at the <a href="/facts/Internet_Archive/PHStU8Lo">Internet Archive</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Harold C. Relyea (November 26, 2008). The Executive Office of the President: A Historical Overview (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved April 17, 2018. <a href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/98-606.pdf" target="_blank">https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/98-606.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">The USAGov program. "Executive Office of the President". USAGov. Retrieved February 10, 2024. <a href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/eop" target="_blank">https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/eop</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">The White House. "Executive Office of the President". The White House. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved February 10, 2024. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120170458/https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/executive-office-of-the-president/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210120170458/https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/executive-office-of-the-president/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Mckeever, Robert J. (2014). A Brief Introduction to US Politics. doi:10.4324/9781315837260. ISBN 978-1315837260. <a href="978-1315837260" target="_blank">978-1315837260</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Mckeever, Robert J. (2014). A Brief Introduction to US Politics. doi:10.4324/9781315837260. ISBN 978-1315837260. <a href="978-1315837260" target="_blank">978-1315837260</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"The Executive Branch". White House. April 1, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2021. <a href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/executive-branch" target="_blank">https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/executive-branch</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Hartnett, Cass. "Library Guides: United States Federal Government Resources: The Executive Office of the President". guides.lib.uw.edu. Retrieved January 5, 2019. <a href="http://guides.lib.uw.edu/c.php?g=341673&p=2304078" target="_blank">http://guides.lib.uw.edu/c.php?g=341673&p=2304078</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Trump, Donald J. (December 14, 2018). "I am pleased to announce that Mick Mulvaney, Director of the Office of Management & Budget, will be named Acting White House Chief of Staff, replacing General John Kelly, who has served our Country with distinction. Mick has done an outstanding job while in the Administration..." @realDonaldTrump. Retrieved January 5, 2019. <a href="https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1073703744766922754" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1073703744766922754</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Swanson, Ian (December 14, 2018). "Trump names Mulvaney acting chief of staff". The Hill. Retrieved January 5, 2019. <a href="https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/421481-trump-names-mulvaney-acting-chief-of-staff" target="_blank">https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/421481-trump-names-mulvaney-acting-chief-of-staff</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">O'Toole, Molly (December 30, 2018). "John F. Kelly says his tenure as Trump's chief of staff is best measured by what the president did not do". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 5, 2019. <a href="https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-john-kelly-exit-interview-20181230-story.html" target="_blank">https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-john-kelly-exit-interview-20181230-story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Roosevelt, Franklin D. (April 25, 1939). "Message to Congress on the Reorganization Act". John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters. The American Presidency Project. Santa Barbara: University of California. Retrieved May 6, 2011. <a href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=15748" target="_blank">http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=15748</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Mosher, Frederick C. (1975). American Public Administration: Past, Present, Future (2nd ed.). Birmingham: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0817348298. <a href="0817348298" target="_blank">0817348298</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Roosevelt, Franklin D. (May 9, 1939). "Message to Congress on Plan II to Implement the Reorganization Act". John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters. The American Presidency Project. Santa Barbara: University of California. Retrieved May 6, 2011. The plan provides for the abolition of the National Emergency Council and the transfer to the Executive Office of the President of all its functions except for the film and radio activities which go to the Office of Education. <a href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=15760" target="_blank">http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=15760</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Relyea, Harold C. (March 17, 2008). "The Executive Office of the President: An Historical Overview" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved April 14, 2008. <a href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/98-606.pdf" target="_blank">https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/98-606.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:22">Kumar, Martha Joynt. "Assistants to the President at 18 Months: White House Turnover Among the Highest Ranking Staff and Positions" (PDF). whitehousetransitionproject.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 13, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2020. <a href="http://www.whitehousetransitionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Kumar_Assistants_to_the_President_Turnover_10-02-2018.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.whitehousetransitionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Kumar_Assistants_to_the_President_Turnover_10-02-2018.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"The Executive Branch – The White House". trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov. Retrieved August 29, 2023. <a href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/the-executive-branch/" target="_blank">https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/the-executive-branch/</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">shares staff with the National Security Council <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">reports to the National Security Advisor <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">"Chirag Parikh Tapped for National Space Council ExecSec". August 2, 2021. <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2021/08/chirag-parikh-tapped-for-national-space-council-execsec/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2021/08/chirag-parikh-tapped-for-national-space-council-execsec/</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:28">"A Letter to Michael Kratsios, Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy". The White House. March 26, 2025. Retrieved April 1, 2025. <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/2025/03/a-letter-to-michael-kratsios-director-of-the-white-house-office-of-science-and-technology-policy/" target="_blank">https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/2025/03/a-letter-to-michael-kratsios-director-of-the-white-house-office-of-science-and-technology-policy/</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">"EXECUTIVE BRANCH" (PDF). U.S. Government Publishing Office. February 12, 2016. <a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CDIR-2016-02-12/pdf/CDIR-2016-02-12-STATISTICALINFORMATION-10.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CDIR-2016-02-12/pdf/CDIR-2016-02-12-STATISTICALINFORMATION-10.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Mckeever, Robert J. (2014). A Brief Introduction to US Politics. doi:10.4324/9781315837260. ISBN 978-1315837260. <a href="978-1315837260" target="_blank">978-1315837260</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Mckeever, Robert J. (2014). A Brief Introduction to US Politics. doi:10.4324/9781315837260. ISBN 978-1315837260. <a href="978-1315837260" target="_blank">978-1315837260</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">"FY 2017 Omnibus Summary – Financial Services and General Government Appropriations" (PDF). House Appropriations Committee. May 1, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2017. <a href="https://appropriations.house.gov/uploadedfiles/05.01.17_fy_2017_omnibus_-_financial_services_-_summary.pdf" target="_blank">https://appropriations.house.gov/uploadedfiles/05.01.17_fy_2017_omnibus_-_financial_services_-_summary.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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</ol>

Executive Office of the President of the United States open-in-new

Executive Office of the President of the United States