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Unity of science
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<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Consilience/W2oKy2XX">Consilience</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/International_Encyclopedia_of_Unified_Science/pbFess8F">International Encyclopedia of Unified Science</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Logical_positivism/Dc6XMTsc">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Scientific_pluralism/rNDMTXF6">Scientific pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Special_sciences/5cCSpcwl">Special sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Stanford_School/6pCQ5hW1">Stanford School</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Systems_theory/C56Ck7DQ">Systems theory</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tektology/dJdYFRLl">Tektology</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/The_central_science/K04KbNV2">The central science</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Theory_of_everything/rpossh4t">Theory of everything</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Unified_Science/wvW1MAsa">Unified Science</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy/3R2540Vt">Bertalanffy, Ludwig von</a> (December 1951). "General system theory: a new approach to unity of science: 1. Problems of general system theory". <i><a href="/facts/Human_Biology_(journal)/XG9suHCS">Human Biology</a></i>. 23 (4): 302–312. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41448003">41448003</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14907026">14907026</a>. Bertallanfy's article was part of a section that also included, in response, <a href="/facts/Carl_G._Hempel/6sWWobAl">Carl G. Hempel</a>'s "General system theory and the unity of science" (pp. 313–322), Robert E. Bass's "Unity of nature" (pp. 323–327), and <a href="/facts/Hans_Jonas/4LB5UMMC">Hans Jonas</a>'s "Comment on general system theory" (pp. 328–335).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Richard_Boyd/kglsARqz">Boyd, Richard</a>; Gasper, Philip; <a href="/facts/J._D._Trout/G88Nst4M">Trout, J. D.</a>, eds. (1991). <a href="https://archive.org/details/philosophyofscie0000unse_u7z8"><i>The philosophy of science</i></a>. A Bradford book. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/facts/MIT_Press/eTerUM3c">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0262023156. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22597466">22597466</a>.</li> <li>Braun, Claude M. J.; Baribeau, Jacinthe M. C. (Summer 1984). <a href="https://www.academia.edu/27010916">"The classification of psychology among the sciences from Francis Bacon to Boniface Kedrov"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Journal_of_Mind_and_Behavior/ClvjPUx7">Journal of Mind and Behavior</a></i>. 5 (3): 245–259 (252–254). <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43853037">43853037</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mario_Bunge/GWxwT2dB">Bunge, Mario</a> (2003). <a href="https://archive.org/details/emergenceconverg0000bung"><i>Emergence and convergence: qualitative novelty and the unity of knowledge</i></a>. Toronto studies in philosophy. Toronto: <a href="/facts/University_of_Toronto_Press/fSM2fkTh">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442674356">10.3138/9781442674356</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0802088600. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52411064">52411064</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Nancy_Cartwright/41nPxCnX">Cartwright, Nancy</a> (1999). <i>The dappled world: a study of the boundaries of science</i>. New York: <a href="/facts/Cambridge_University_Press/fgEBSSRq">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139167093">10.1017/CBO9781139167093</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-64336-8. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40305531">40305531</a>.</li> <li>Cat, Jordi (2017). <a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-unity/">"The unity of science"</a>. In <a href="/facts/Edward_N._Zalta/U8JxHaaA">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/facts/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy/LDuL5HW4">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i> (Fall 2017 ed.).</li> <li><a href="/facts/John_Dupr%C3%A9/AlyFhqLS">Dupré, John</a> (July 1983). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmind%2FXCII.367.321">"The disunity of science"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Mind_(journal)/GAjKJqwo">Mind</a></i>. 92 (367): 321–346. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmind%2FXCII.367.321">10.1093/mind/XCII.367.321</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2253810">2253810</a>.</li> <li>Dupré, John (1993). <a href="https://archive.org/details/disorderofthings0000dupr"><i>The disorder of things: metaphysical foundations of the disunity of science</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/facts/Harvard_University_Press/YluAnq74">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0674212606. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25746325">25746325</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Paul_Feyerabend/DD4GHkSG">Feyerabend, Paul</a> (1993) [1974]. <a href="https://archive.org/details/againstmethod0000feye"><i>Against method</i></a> (3rd ed.). London; New York: <a href="/facts/Verso_Books/G3PYgypo">Verso</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 086091481X. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29026104">29026104</a>.</li> <li>Feyerabend, Paul (2011). <a href="https://archive.org/details/tyrannyofscience0000feye/page/32">"The disunity of science"</a>. <a href="https://archive.org/details/tyrannyofscience0000feye"><i>The tyranny of science</i></a>. Cambridge, UK; Malden, MA: <a href="/facts/Polity_Press/ynNdJaE4">Polity Press</a>. pp. <a href="https://archive.org/details/tyrannyofscience0000feye/page/32">32–63</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0745651897. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/668946683">668946683</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jerry_Fodor/krKQL6MI">Fodor, Jerry A.</a> (October 1974). <a href="https://philarchive.org/rec/FODSSO-2">"Special sciences (or: The disunity of science as a working hypothesis)"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Synthese/6QcPLrTV">Synthese</a></i>. 28 (2): 97–115. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00485230">10.1007/BF00485230</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20114958">20114958</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46979938">46979938</a>. Reprinted in Boyd, Gasper & Trout 1991.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Evelyn_Fox_Keller/GJCIywR7">Keller, Evelyn Fox</a> (2002). <a href="https://archive.org/details/makingsenseoflif00kell"><i>Making sense of life: explaining biological development with models, metaphors, and machines</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-674-00746-8. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvjz82ht">j.ctvjz82ht</a>. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48100379">48100379</a>.</li> <li>Kitchener, Richard F. (September 1981). "The nature and scope of genetic epistemology". <i><a href="/facts/Philosophy_of_Science_(journal)/CQvGQS0p">Philosophy of Science</a></i>. 48 (3): 400–415 (413). <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F289007">10.1086/289007</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/186987">186987</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144785292">144785292</a>. Nowhere does Piaget suggest that sociology can be reduced to psychology, but instead refers to 'psycho-sociology'.</li> <li>Ludwig, David; Ruphy, Stéphanie (2021). <a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-pluralism/">"Scientific pluralism"</a>. In <a href="/facts/Edward_N._Zalta/U8JxHaaA">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/facts/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy/LDuL5HW4">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i> (Fall 2024 ed.).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Basarab_Nicolescu/gJmIKbxf">Nicolescu, Basarab</a> (2002). <a href="https://archive.org/details/manifestooftrans0000nico"><i>Manifesto of transdisciplinarity</i></a>. Albany: <a href="/facts/State_University_of_New_York_Press/EuEWW1KJ">State University of New York Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0791452611. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46872261">46872261</a>.</li> <li>O'Connor, Timothy (2020). <a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/properties-emergent/">"Emergent properties"</a>. In <a href="/facts/Edward_N._Zalta/U8JxHaaA">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/facts/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy/LDuL5HW4">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i> (Winter 2021 ed.).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Paul_Oppenheim/z3amXVeE">Oppenheim, Paul</a>; <a href="/facts/Hilary_Putnam/ujwAh4Ry">Putnam, Hilary</a> (1958). <a href="https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/184622">"Unity of science as a working hypothesis"</a>. In <a href="/facts/Herbert_Feigl/f4e0KKhu">Feigl, Herbert</a> (ed.). <i>Concepts, theories and the mind–body problem</i>. Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science. Vol. 2. Minneapolis: <a href="/facts/University_of_Minnesota_Press/TFMhBlF6">University of Minnesota Press</a>. pp. 3–36. <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/11299%2F184622">11299/184622</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780816601585. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2669746">2669746</a>. Reprinted in Boyd, Gasper & Trout 1991.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jean_Piaget/gQQBtbCU">Piaget, Jean</a> (1918). <a href="http://www.fondationjeanpiaget.ch/fjp/site/textes/VE/JP_18_Recherche.pdf"><i>Recherche</i></a> (PDF) (in French). Lausanne: Édition La Concorde. p. 59. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2565864">2565864</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629025055/http://www.fondationjeanpiaget.ch/fjp/site/textes/VE/JP_18_Recherche.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2016-06-29. Retrieved 9 February 2017.</li> <li>Symons, John; Pombo, Olga; Torres, Juan Manuel, eds. (2011). <i>Otto Neurath and the unity of science</i>. Logic, epistemology, and the unity of science. Vol. 18. Dordrecht; New York: <a href="/facts/Springer-Verlag/nAesf6nT">Springer-Verlag</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-0143-4">10.1007/978-94-007-0143-4</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9789400701427. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/723045353">723045353</a>.</li> <li>Tahko, Tuomas E. (2021). <i>Unity of science</i>. Cambridge elements in the philosophy of science. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108581417">10.1017/9781108581417</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781108713382. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1204142197">1204142197</a>.</li> <li>Wilson, Malcolm (2000). <i>Aristotle's theory of the unity of science</i>. Phoenix, supplementary volume. Vol. 38. Toronto: <a href="/facts/University_of_Toronto_Press/fSM2fkTh">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442670990">10.3138/9781442670990</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0802047963. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43634904">43634904</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/William_Bechtel/dL7M5Gbo">Bechtel, William</a>; Hamilton, Andrew (2007). <a href="https://mechanism.ucsd.edu/~bill/research/bechtel.hamilton.reduction.pdf">"Reduction, integration, and the unity of science: natural, behavioral, and social sciences and the humanities"</a> (PDF). In Kuipers, Theo A. F. (ed.). <i>General philosophy of science: focal issues</i>. Handbook of the philosophy of science. Amsterdam: <a href="/facts/North-Holland_(publisher)/jkPSAEmR">North-Holland</a>. pp. 377–430. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-044451548-3%2F50009-4">10.1016/B978-044451548-3/50009-4</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0444515488. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/123374590">123374590</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Peter_Galison/CXCmF4RU">Galison, Peter</a>; Stump, David J., eds. (1996). <i>The disunity of science: boundaries, contexts, and power</i>. Writing science. Stanford, CA: <a href="/facts/Stanford_University_Press/CXbQ8qFM">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0804724369. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32468580">32468580</a>.</li> <li>Hooker, C. A. (2000). "The unity of science". In <a href="/facts/William_Newton-Smith/6zQrP8J8">Newton-Smith, William H.</a> (ed.). <i>A companion to the philosophy of science</i>. Blackwell companions to philosophy. Vol. 18. Malden, MA; Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 540–549. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781405164481.ch78">10.1002/9781405164481.ch78</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0631170243. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42428744">42428744</a>.</li> <li>Kincaid, Harold (1997). <a href="https://archive.org/details/individualismuni0000kinc"><i>Individualism and the unity of science: essays on reduction, explanation, and the special sciences</i></a>. Worldly philosophy. Lanham, MD: <a href="/facts/Rowman_%26_Littlefield/NJNX9xwH">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0847686620. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36817265">36817265</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Howard_T._Odum/jReDSnlX">Odum, Howard T.</a> (1995). "Energy systems and the unification of science". In <a href="/facts/Charles_A._S._Hall/0NzLoAt6">Hall, Charles A. S.</a> (ed.). <i>Maximum power: the ideas and applications of H.T. Odum</i>. Niwot, CO: <a href="/facts/University_Press_of_Colorado/w6scAp1l">University Press of Colorado</a>. pp. 365–372. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0870813625. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31436211">31436211</a>.</li> <li>Pombo, Olga; Torres, Juan Manuel; Symons, John; Rahman, Shahid, eds. (2012). <i>Special sciences and the unity of science</i>. Dordrecht; New York: <a href="/facts/Springer-Verlag/nAesf6nT">Springer-Verlag</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-2030-5">10.1007/978-94-007-2030-5</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9789400720299.</li> <li>Potochnik, Angela (May 2011). <a href="http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/19016/1/POTANC-2.1.pdf">"A Neurathian conception of the unity of science"</a> (PDF). <i><a href="/facts/Erkenntnis/L5fzgkC0">Erkenntnis</a></i>. 74 (3): 305–319. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10670-010-9228-0">10.1007/s10670-010-9228-0</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41476691">41476691</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143918932">143918932</a>.</li> <li>Ruphy, Stéphanie (2016) [2013]. <i>Scientific pluralism reconsidered: a new approach to the (dis)unity of science</i>. Pittsburgh: <a href="/facts/University_of_Pittsburgh_Press/TQl28XQY">University of Pittsburgh Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780822944584. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/951158157">951158157</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://philpapers.org/browse/unity-of-science">Unity of Science</a> at <a href="/facts/PhilPapers/3xwKRMcg">PhilPapers</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.USM">Guide to the Unity of Science Movement Records 1934–1968</a> at the <a href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/">University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Tahko 2021, p. 4. - Tahko, Tuomas E. (2021). Unity of science. Cambridge elements in the philosophy of science. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108581417. ISBN 9781108713382. OCLC 1204142197. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108581417" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108581417</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Tahko 2021, p. 4. - Tahko, Tuomas E. (2021). Unity of science. Cambridge elements in the philosophy of science. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108581417. ISBN 9781108713382. OCLC 1204142197. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108581417" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108581417</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Cat 2017. - Cat, Jordi (2017). "The unity of science". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2017 ed.). <a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-unity/" target="_blank">https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-unity/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Wilson 2000. - Wilson, Malcolm (2000). Aristotle's theory of the unity of science. Phoenix, supplementary volume. Vol. 38. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. doi:10.3138/9781442670990. ISBN 0802047963. OCLC 43634904. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442670990" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442670990</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Cat 2017. - Cat, Jordi (2017). "The unity of science". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2017 ed.). <a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-unity/" target="_blank">https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-unity/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Symons, Pombo & Torres 2011. - Symons, John; Pombo, Olga; Torres, Juan Manuel, eds. (2011). Otto Neurath and the unity of science. Logic, epistemology, and the unity of science. Vol. 18. Dordrecht; New York: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0143-4. ISBN 9789400701427. OCLC 723045353. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-0143-4" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-0143-4</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Symons, Pombo & Torres 2011. - Symons, John; Pombo, Olga; Torres, Juan Manuel, eds. (2011). Otto Neurath and the unity of science. Logic, epistemology, and the unity of science. Vol. 18. Dordrecht; New York: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0143-4. ISBN 9789400701427. OCLC 723045353. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-0143-4" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-0143-4</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Bertalanffy 1951. - Bertalanffy, Ludwig von (December 1951). "General system theory: a new approach to unity of science: 1. Problems of general system theory". Human Biology. 23 (4): 302–312. JSTOR 41448003. PMID 14907026. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41448003" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/41448003</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Cat 2017. - Cat, Jordi (2017). "The unity of science". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). 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