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Blue whale
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<h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Evolution_of_cetaceans/0a4mEIDX">Evolution of cetaceans</a></p> <h3>Nomenclature</h3> <p>The genus name, <i><a href="/facts/Balaenoptera/Dkmct5lk">Balaenoptera</a></i>, means <i>winged whale,</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> while the species name, <i>musculus</i>, could mean "muscle" or a diminutive form of "mouse", possibly a pun by <a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus/gy5HWkHS">Carl Linnaeus</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> when he named the species in <i><a href="/facts/Systema_Naturae/8o4rU1DD">Systema Naturae</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> One of the first published descriptions of a blue whale comes from <a href="/facts/Robert_Sibbald/4SlnynSS">Robert Sibbald</a>'s <i>Phalainologia Nova</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> after Sibbald found a stranded whale in the estuary of the <a href="/facts/Firth_of_Forth/B4KXtCMR">Firth of Forth</a>, Scotland, in 1692. The name "blue whale" was derived from the Norwegian <i>blåhval</i>, coined by <a href="/facts/Svend_Foyn/sqP4z6mw">Svend Foyn</a> shortly after he had perfected the harpoon gun. The Norwegian scientist <a href="/facts/G._O._Sars/RfgxdGCH">G. O. Sars</a> adopted it as the common name in 1874.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>Blue whales were referred to as "Sibbald's rorqual", after Robert Sibbald, who first described the species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Whalers sometimes referred to them as "sulphur bottom" whales, as the bellies of some individuals are tinged with yellow.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> This tinge is due to a coating of huge numbers of <a href="/facts/Diatoms/x2oEcP1P">diatoms</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> (<a href="/facts/Herman_Melville/Jdu6YsGY">Herman Melville</a> briefly refers to "sulphur bottom" whales in his novel <i><a href="/facts/Moby-Dick/lBQqePwN">Moby-Dick</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a>) </p> <h3>Evolution</h3> <table><tbody><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Balaenopteridae/wwUb7h1P">Balaenopteridae</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Minke_whale/KJBunbMK">Minke whale</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>B. musculus</i> (blue whale)</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>B. borealis</i> (<a href="/facts/Sei_whale/gBW41RDj">sei whale</a>)</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Eschrichtius robustus</i> (<a href="/facts/Gray_whale/qhxcNHJ6">gray whale</a>)</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>B. physalus</i> (<a href="/facts/Fin_whale/EbQkHPYc">fin whale</a>)</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Megaptera novaeangliae</i> (<a href="/facts/Humpback_whale/UJb1KpJb">humpback whale</a>)</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td>A <a href="/facts/Phylogenetic_tree/f5vVEpeY">phylogenetic tree</a> of six baleen whale species<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Blue whales are <a href="/facts/Rorquals/wwUb7h1P">rorquals</a> in the family <a href="/facts/Balaenopteridae/wwUb7h1P">Balaenopteridae</a>. A 2018 analysis estimates that the Balaenopteridae family diverged from other families in between 10.48 and 4.98 million years ago during the late <a href="/facts/Miocene/cBRRzq4g">Miocene</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> The earliest discovered anatomically modern blue whale is a partial skull fossil from southern <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a> identified as <i>B.</i> cf. <i>musculus</i>, dating to the Early <a href="/facts/Pleistocene/0ya9eUp5">Pleistocene</a>, roughly 1.5–1.25 million years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> The Australian <a href="/facts/Pygmy_blue_whale/KM5Dsj7T">pygmy blue whale</a> diverged during the <a href="/facts/Last_Glacial_Maximum/BXQyc9IP">Last Glacial Maximum</a>. Their more recent divergence has resulted in the subspecies having a relatively low genetic diversity,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> and New Zealand blue whales have an even lower genetic diversity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Whole_genome_sequencing/WNuHaU2K">Whole genome sequencing</a> suggests that blue whales are most closely related to <a href="/facts/Sei_whale/gBW41RDj">sei whales</a> with gray whales as a <a href="/facts/Sister_group/pNNuVex4">sister group</a>. This study also found significant <a href="/facts/Gene_flow/EuvXPhHt">gene flow</a> between minke whales and the ancestors of the blue and sei whale. Blue whales also displayed high genetic diversity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h4>Hybridization</h4> <p>Blue whales are known to <a href="/facts/Interbreed/pzVJ54xU">interbreed</a> with <a href="/facts/Fin_whale/EbQkHPYc">fin whales</a>. The earliest description of a possible hybrid between a blue whale and a fin whale was a 20 m (66 ft) anomalous female whale with the features of both the blue and the fin whales taken in the North Pacific.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> A whale captured off northwestern Spain in 1984, was found to have been the product of a blue whale mother and a fin whale father.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>Two live blue-fin whale <a href="/facts/Hybrid_(biology)/pzVJ54xU">hybrids</a> have since been documented in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada), and in the Azores (Portugal).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> DNA tests done in Iceland on a blue whale killed in July 2018 by the Icelandic whaling company <a href="/facts/Hvalur_hf./lr70md5S">Hvalur hf</a>, found that the whale was the offspring of a male fin whale and female blue whale;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> however, the results are pending independent testing and verification of the samples. Because the International Whaling Commission classified blue whales as a "Protection Stock", trading their meat is illegal, and the kill is an infraction that must be reported.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Blue-fin hybrids have been detected from genetic analysis of whale meat samples taken from Japanese markets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> Blue-fin whale hybrids are capable of being fertile. Molecular tests on a 21 m (70 ft) pregnant female whale caught off Iceland in 1986 found that it had a blue whale mother and a fin whale father, while its fetus was sired by a blue whale.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>In 2024, a genome analysis of North Atlantic blue whales found evidence that approximately 3.5% of the blue whales' genome was derived from hybridization with fin whales. Gene flow was found to be unidirectional from fin whales to blue whales. Comparison with Antarctic blue whales showed that this hybridization began after the separation of the northern and southern populations. Despite their smaller size, fin whales have similar cruising and sprinting speeds to blue whales, which would allow fin males to complete courtship chases with blue females.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p>There is a reference to a humpback–blue whale hybrid in the <a href="/facts/South_Pacific_Ocean/bdxgXRVM">South Pacific</a>, attributed to marine biologist Michael Poole.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h3>Subspecies and stocks</h3> <p>At least four subspecies of blue whale are traditionally recognized, some of which are divided into population stocks or "management units".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> They have a worldwide distribution, but are mostly absent from the <a href="/facts/Arctic_Ocean/l6HS3QyV">Arctic Ocean</a> and the <a href="/facts/Mediterranean/Vr2pzVbM">Mediterranean</a>, <a href="/facts/Sea_of_Okhotsk/T4QL1000">Okhotsk</a>, and <a href="/facts/Bering_Sea/xE9Gzouv">Bering Sea</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Northern subspecies (<i>B. m. musculus</i>) <ul><li>North Atlantic population – This population is mainly documented from <a href="/facts/New_England/ufw2BmSl">New England</a> along eastern Canada to Greenland, particularly in the <a href="/facts/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence/SnURDrbt">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a>, during summer though some individuals may remain there all year. They also aggregate near Iceland and have increased their presence in the <a href="/facts/Norwegian_Sea/mtmQwGxS">Norwegian Sea</a>. They are reported to migrate south to the <a href="/facts/West_Indies/PpnoN692">West Indies</a>, the <a href="/facts/Azores/yWF1EGs8">Azores</a> and northwest Africa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></li> <li>Eastern North Pacific population – Whales in this region mostly feed off California's coast from summer to fall and then Oregon, Washington State, the <a href="/facts/Alaska_Current/bYqcpLlq">Alaska Gyre</a> and <a href="/facts/Aleutian_Islands/HDnCEHMu">Aleutian Islands</a> later in the fall. During winter and spring, blue whales migrate south to the waters of Mexico, mostly the <a href="/facts/Gulf_of_California/6Da8barh">Gulf of California</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Costa_Rica_Thermal_Dome/dzspwdr3">Costa Rica Dome</a>, where they both feed and breed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li> <li>Central/Western Pacific population – This stock is documented around the <a href="/facts/Kamchatka_Peninsula/w9DK3jE6">Kamchatka Peninsula</a> during the summer; some individuals may remain there year-round. They have been recorded wintering in Hawaiian waters, though some can be found in the <a href="/facts/Gulf_of_Alaska/2z2bXRWy">Gulf of Alaska</a> during fall and early winter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>Northern Indian Ocean subspecies (<i>B. m. indica</i>) – This subspecies can be found year-round in the northwestern Indian Ocean, though some individuals have recorded travelling to the <a href="/facts/Crozet_Islands/pQV5djnP">Crozet Islands</a> during between summer and fall.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li>Pygmy blue whale (<i>B. m. brevicauda</i>) <ul><li>Madagascar population – This population migrates between the <a href="/facts/Seychelles/Ub9we8XU">Seychelles</a> and <a href="/facts/Amirante_Islands/tzuQV6qj">Amirante Islands</a> in the north and the <a href="/facts/Crozet_Island/pQV5djnP">Crozet Islands</a> and <a href="/facts/Prince_Edward_Islands/0K0mX8PB">Prince Edward Islands</a> in the south were they feed, passing through the <a href="/facts/Mozambique_Channel/GAr7jtt3">Mozambique Channel</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li>Australia/Indonesia population – Whales in this region appear to winter off Indonesia and migrate to their summer feeding grounds off the coast of Western Australia, with major concentrations at <a href="/facts/Perth_Canyon/H0t6TJ4r">Perth Canyon</a> and an area stretching from the <a href="/facts/Great_Australian_Bight/b6jmjxI8">Great Australian Bight</a> and <a href="/facts/Bass_Strait/9nC9r2Wl">Bass Strait</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li> <li>Eastern Australia/New Zealand population – This stock may reside in the <a href="/facts/Tasman_Sea/oTAF2bs3">Tasman Sea</a> and the <a href="/facts/Lau_Basin/kku6gC9N">Lau Basin</a> in winter and feed mostly in the <a href="/facts/South_Taranaki_Bight/a7dNsxFB">South Taranaki Bight</a> and off the coast of eastern <a href="/facts/North_Island/RUGtJJev">North Island</a>. Blue whales have been detected around New Zealand throughout the year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>Antarctic subspecies (<i>B. m. intermedia</i>) – This subspecies includes all populations found around the Antarctic. They have been recorded to travel as far north as eastern tropical Pacific, the central Indian Ocean, and the waters of southwestern Australia and northern New Zealand.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></li></ul> <p>Blue whales off the <a href="/facts/Chile/uEyTfEcx">Chilean</a> coast might be a separate subspecies based on their geographic separation, genetics, and unique song types.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> Chilean blue whales might overlap in the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Tropical_Pacific/7dJv5m6v">Eastern Tropical Pacific</a> with <a href="/facts/Antarctica/bEM5Lem5">Antarctica</a> blue whales and Eastern North Pacific blue whales. Chilean blue whales are genetically differentiated from Antarctica blue whales such that <a href="/facts/Interbreeding/pzVJ54xU">interbreeding</a> is unlikely. However, the genetic distinction is less between them and the Eastern North Pacific blue whale, hence there might be gene flow between the Southern and Northern Hemispheres.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> A 2019 study by Luis Pastene, Jorge Acevedo and Trevor Branch provided new morphometric data from a survey of 60 Chilean blue whales, hoping to address the debate about the possible distinction of this population from others in the Southern Hemisphere. Data from this study, based on whales collected in the <a href="/facts/Whaling_in_Chile/JHwssFwu">1965/1966 whaling season</a>, shows that both the maximum and mean body length of Chilean blue whales lies between these values in pygmy and Antarctic blue whales. Data also indicates a potential difference in snout-eye measurements between the three, and a significant difference in fluke-anus length between the Chilean population and pygmy blue whales. This further confirms Chilean blue whales as a separate population, and implies that they do not fall under the same subspecies as the pygmy blue whale (<i>B. m. brevicauda</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p><p>A 2024 genomic study of the global blue whale population found support for the subspecific status of Antarctic and Indo-western Pacific blue whales but not eastern Pacific blue whales. The study found "...divergence between the eastern North and eastern South Pacific, and among the eastern Indian Ocean, the western South Pacific and the northern Indian Ocean." and "no divergence within the Antarctic".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>The blue whale is a slender-bodied cetacean with a broad U-shaped head; thin, elongated <a href="/facts/Flipper_(anatomy)/dv4PuQVY">flippers</a>; a small 33 centimeters (13 in) sickle-shaped dorsal fin located close to the tail, and a large tail stock at the root of the wide and thin <a href="/facts/Fluke_(tail)/H2Rjvfo3">flukes</a>. The upper jaw is lined with 70–395 black <a href="/facts/Baleen/WEWk6WMc">baleen</a> plates. The throat region has 60–88 grooves which allows the skin to expand during feeding.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> It has two <a href="/facts/Blowhole_(anatomy)/5ccbhgLC">blowholes</a> that can squirt 9.1–12.2 meters (30–40 ft) up in the air.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> The skin has a mottled grayish-blue coloration, appearing blue underwater.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> The mottling patterns near the <a href="/facts/Dorsal_fin/zAPuxI1G">dorsal fin</a> vary between individuals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> The underbelly has lighter pigmentation and can appear yellowish due to <a href="/facts/Diatom/x2oEcP1P">diatoms</a> in the water,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> which historically earned them the nickname "sulphur bottom".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> The male blue whale has the <a href="/facts/Blue_whale_penis/nMerQwqo">largest penis</a> in the animal kingdom, at around 3 m (9.8 ft) long and 12 in (30 cm) wide.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> </p> <h3>Size</h3> <p>The blue whale is the largest animal known ever to have existed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> Some studies have estimated that certain <a href="/facts/Shastasauridae/Vf54M2Lw">shastasaurid</a> <a href="/facts/Ichthyosaur/fBNIIJaJ">ichthyosaurs</a> and the ancient whale <i><a href="/facts/Perucetus/p3ddvLR4">Perucetus</a></i> could have rivalled the blue whale in size, with <i>Perucetus</i> also being heavier than the blue whale with a mean weight of 180 t (180 long tons; 200 short tons).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> These estimates are based on fragmentary remains, and the proposed size for the latter has been disputed in 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> Other studies estimate that on land, large <a href="/facts/Sauropoda/8Iqh2yEJ">sauropods</a> like <i><a href="/facts/Bruhathkayosaurus/gx1Pk81P">Bruhathkayosaurus</a></i> (mean weight: 110–170 tons) and <i><a href="/facts/Maraapunisaurus/IDxvpgQx">Maraapunisaurus</a></i> (mean weight: 80–120 tons) would have easily rivalled the blue whale, with the former even exceeding the blue whale based on its most liberal estimations (240 tons), although these estimates are based on even more fragmentary specimens that had disintegrated by the time those estimates were made.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/International_Whaling_Commission/LVQv5Ldy">International Whaling Commission</a> (IWC) whaling database reports 88 individuals longer than 30 meters (98 ft), including one of 33 meters (108 ft).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Discovery_Committee/s2mo79LX">Discovery Committee</a> reported lengths up to 31 meters (102 ft).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> The longest scientifically measured individual blue whale was 30 meters (98 ft) from rostrum tip to tail notch.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> Female blue whales are larger than males.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> Hydrodynamic models suggest a blue whale could not exceed 33 metres (108 ft) because of metabolic and energy constraints.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> </p><p>The average length of sexually mature female blue whales is 22.0 meters (72.1 ft) for Eastern North Pacific blue whales, 24 meters (79 ft) for central and western North <a href="/facts/Pacific/bdxgXRVM">Pacific</a> blue whales, 21–24 meters (68–78 ft) for North <a href="/facts/Atlantic/EI4uChIb">Atlantic</a> blue whales, 25.4–26.3 meters (83.4–86.3 ft) for Antarctic blue whales, 23.5 meters (77.1 ft) for Chilean blue whales, and 21.3 meters (69.9 ft) for pygmy blue whales.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> </p><p>In the Northern Hemisphere, males weigh an average 100 metric tons (220,000 lb) and females 112 metric tons (247,000 lb). Eastern North <a href="/facts/Pacific/bdxgXRVM">Pacific</a> blue whale males average 88.5 tonnes (195,000 lb) and females 100 tonnes (220,000 lb). Antarctic males average 112 tonnes (247,000 lb) and females 130 tonnes (290,000 lb). Pygmy blue whale males average 83.5 tonnes (184,000 lb) to 99 tonnes (218,000 lb).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> The weight of the heart of a stranded North Atlantic blue whale was 180 kg (400 lb), the largest known in any animal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> The record-holder blue whale was recorded at 173 <a href="/facts/Tonne/gMymLmWv">tonnes</a> (190 <a href="/facts/Short_ton/b2fcrxHq">short tons</a>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> with estimates of up to 199 <a href="/facts/Tonne/gMymLmWv">tonnes</a> (220 <a href="/facts/Short_ton/b2fcrxHq">short tons</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a> </p><p>In 2024, Motani and Pyenson calculated the body mass of blue whales at different lengths, compiling records of their sizes from previous academic literatures and using regression analyses and volumetric analyses. A 25 metres (82 ft) long individual was estimated to weigh approximately 101–119 tonnes (111–131 short tons), while a 30 metres (98 ft) long individual was estimated to weigh approximately 184–205 tonnes (203–226 short tons). Considering that the largest blue whale was indeed 33 metres (108 ft) long, they estimated that a blue whale of such length would have weighed approximately 252–273 tonnes (278–301 short tons).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a> </p><p>During the harvest of a female blue whale, Messrs. Irvin and Johnson collected a fetus that is now 70% preserved and used for educational purposes. The fetus was collected in 1922, so some shrinkage may have occurred, making visualization of some features fairly difficult. However, due to this collection researchers now know that the external anatomy of a blue whale fetus is approximately 133 mm. Along with during the developmental phases, the fetus is located where the embryonic and fetal phases converge. This fetus is the youngest gestational age of the specimen recorded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> </p> <h3>Life span</h3> <p>Blue whales live around 80–90 years or more.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a> Scientists look at a blue whale's <a href="/facts/Earwax/SKTW6B7X">earwax</a> or ear plug to estimate its age. Each year, a light and dark layer of wax is laid corresponding with fasting during migration and feeding time. Each set is thus an indicator of age.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a> The oldest blue whale found was determined, using this method, to be 110 years old.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a> The maximum age of a pygmy blue whale determined this way is 73 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a> In addition, female blue whales develop scars or <a href="/facts/Corpora_albicantia/rA91PnaC">corpora albicantia</a> on their ovaries every time they ovulate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a> In a female pygmy blue whale, one corpus albicans is formed on average every 2.6 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="behaviour-and-ecology">Behaviour and ecology</h2> <p>The blue whale is usually solitary, but can be found in pairs. When productivity is high enough, blue whales can be seen in gatherings of more than 50 individuals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a> Populations may go on long <a href="/facts/Animal_migration/bXLzgFDb">migrations</a>, traveling to their summer feeding grounds towards the poles and then heading to their winter breeding grounds in more equatorial waters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a> The animals appear to use memory to locate the best feeding areas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a> There is evidence of alternative strategies, such as year-round residency, and partial (where only some individuals migrate) or age/sex-based migration. Some whales have been recorded feeding in breeding grounds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a> Blue whale typically swim at 2–8 kilometers per hour (1.2–5.0 mph) but may swim faster at 32–36 kilometers per hour (20–22 mph) during encounters with boats, predators or other individuals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a> Their massive size limits their ability to <a href="/facts/Cetacean_surfacing_behaviour/56FGo1jt">breach</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a> </p><p>The greatest dive depth reported from tagged blue whales was 315 meters (1,033 ft).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a> Their theoretical aerobic dive limit was estimated at 31.2 minutes,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a> however, the longest dive measured was 15.2 minutes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a> The deepest confirmed dive from a pygmy blue whale was 506 meters (1,660 ft).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a> A blue whale's heart rate can drop to 2 beats per minute (bpm) at deep depths, but upon surfacing, can rise to 37 bpm, which is close to its peak heart rate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a> </p> <h3>Diet and feeding</h3> <p>The blue whale's diet consists almost exclusively of <a href="/facts/Krill/q11notjt">krill</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a> Blue whales capture krill through lunge feeding; they swim towards them at high speeds as they open their mouths up to 80°.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a> They may engulf 220 metric tons (220 long tons; 240 short tons) of water at one time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a> They squeeze the water out through their baleen plates with pressure from the throat pouch and tongue, and swallow the remaining krill.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a> Blue whales have been recorded making 180° rolls during lunge-feeding, possibly allowing them to search the prey field and find the densest patches.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a> </p><p>While pursuing krill patches, blue whales maximize their calorie intake by increasing the number of lunges while selecting the thickest patches. This provides them enough energy for everyday activities while storing additional energy necessary for migration and reproduction. Due to their size, blue whales have larger energetic demands than most animals resulting in their need for this specific feeding habit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a> Blue whales have to engulf densities greater than 100 krill/m3 to maintain the cost of lunge feeding.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a> They can consume 34,776–1,912,680 kilojoules (8,312–457,141 kcal) from one mouthful of krill, which can provide up to 240 times more energy than used in a single lunge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a> It is estimated that an average-sized blue whale must consume 1,120 ± 359 kilograms (2,469 ± 791 lb) of krill a day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a> On average, an blue whale eats 4 t (3.9 long tons; 4.4 short tons) each day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a> </p><p>In the southern ocean, blue whales feed on <a href="/facts/Antarctic_krill/k8mwdXbn">Antarctic krill</a> (<i>Euphausia superba</i>). In the South Australia, pygmy blue whales (<i>B. m. brevicauda</i>) feeds on <i>Nyctiphanes australis</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a> In California, they feed mostly on <i>Thysanoessa spinifera,</i> but also less commonly on North pacific krill (<i><a href="/facts/Euphausia_pacifica/v14Du4Gl">Euphausia pacifica</a></i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a> Research of the Eastern North Pacific population shows that when diving to feed on krill, the whales reach an average depth of 201 meters, with dives lasting 9.8 minutes on average.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a> </p><p>While most blue whales feed almost exclusively on krill, the Northern Indian Ocean subspecies (<i>B. m. indica</i>) instead feeds predominantly on <a href="/facts/Sergestidae/SeP8kYk4">sergestid</a> shrimp. To do so, they dive deeper and for longer periods of time than blue whales in other regions of the world, with dives of 10.7 minutes on average, and a hypothesized dive depth of about 300 meters. Fecal analysis also found the presence of fish, krill, <a href="/facts/Amphipoda/cCNathWY">amphipods</a>, <a href="/facts/Cephalopod/80GlMxHG">cephalopods</a>, and <a href="/facts/Scyphozoa/ttY7jL3W">scyphozoan jellyfish</a> in their diet.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a> </p><p>Blue whales appear to avoid directly competing with other baleen whales.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a> Different whale species select different feeding spaces and times as well as different prey species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a> In the <a href="/facts/Southern_Ocean/F15W9ADT">Southern Ocean</a>, baleen whales appear to feed on <a href="/facts/Antarctic_krill/k8mwdXbn">Antarctic krill</a> of different sizes, which may lessen competition between them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a> </p><p>Blue whale feeding habits may differ due to situational disturbances, like environmental shifts or human interference. This can cause a change in diet due to stress response. Due to these changing situations, there was a study performed on blue whales measuring cortisol levels and comparing them with the levels of stressed individuals, it gave a closer look to the reasoning behind their diet and behavioral changes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a> </p> <h3>Reproduction and birth</h3> <p>The age of sexual maturity for blue whales is thought to be 5–15 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a> In the Northern Hemisphere, the length at which they reach maturity is 21–23 meters (69–75 ft) for females and 20–21 meters (66–69 ft) for males. In the Southern Hemisphere, the length of maturity is 23–24 meters (75–79 ft) and 22 meters (72 ft) for females and males respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a> Male pygmy blue whales average 18.7 meters (61.4 ft) at sexual maturity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a> Female pygmy blue whales are 21.0–21.7 meters (68.9–71.2 ft) in length<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a> and roughly 10 years old at the age of sexual maturity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a> Since corpora are added every ~2.5 years after sexual maturity, physical maturity is assumed to occur at 35 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a> Little is known about mating behavior, or breeding and birthing areas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a> Blue whales appear to be <a href="/facts/Polygyny_in_animals/9QVUtGHj">polygynous</a>, with males competing for females.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a> A male blue whale typically trails a female and will fight off potential rivals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148"><sup>148</sup></a> The species mates from fall to winter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149"><sup>149</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150"><sup>150</sup></a> </p><p>Pregnant females eat roughly four percent of their body weight daily,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151"><sup>151</sup></a> amounting to 60% of their overall body weight throughout summer foraging periods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152"><sup>152</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153"><sup>153</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Gestation/QKgkykw5">Gestation</a> may last 10–12 months with calves being 6–7 meters (20–23 ft) long and weighing 2–3 metric tons (2.0–3.0 long tons; 2.2–3.3 short tons) at birth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154"><sup>154</sup></a> Estimates suggest that because calves require 2–4 kilograms (4.4–8.8 lb) milk per kg of mass gain, blue whales likely produce 220 kilograms (490 lb) of milk per day (ranging from 110 to 320 kilograms (240 to 710 lb) of milk per day).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155"><sup>155</sup></a> The first video of a calf thought to be nursing was filmed in New Zealand in 2016.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156"><sup>156</sup></a> Calves may be <a href="/facts/Weaned/Xm2LLpFn">weaned</a> when they reach 6–8 months old at a length of 16 meters (53 ft).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157"><sup>157</sup></a> They gain roughly 37,500 pounds (17,000 kg) during the weaning period.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158"><sup>158</sup></a> Interbirth periods last two to three years;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159"><sup>159</sup></a> they average 2.6 years in pygmy blue whales.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160"><sup>160</sup></a> Mother-calf pairings are infrequently observed, and this may be due to mothers birthing and weaning their young in-between their entry and return to their summer feeding grounds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161"><sup>161</sup></a> </p> <h3>Vocalizations</h3> <p>Blue whales produce some of the loudest and lowest <a href="/facts/Frequency/QUSbPaW8">frequency</a> vocalizations in the animal kingdom,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162"><sup>162</sup></a> and their inner ears appear well adapted for detecting <a href="/facts/Low_frequency/RhDqfDW4">low-frequency</a> sounds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163"><sup>163</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Fundamental_frequency/TJBJKHow">fundamental frequency</a> for blue whale <a href="/facts/Animal_communication/nHBjVw3c">vocalizations</a> ranges from 8 to 25 Hz.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164"><sup>164</sup></a> Blue whale songs vary between populations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165"><sup>165</sup></a> </p><p>Vocalizations produced by the Eastern North Pacific population have been well studied. This population produces pulsed calls ("A") and tonal calls ("B"), upswept tones that precede type B calls ("C") and separate downswept tones ("D").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166"><sup>166</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167"><sup>167</sup></a> A and B calls are often produced in repeated co-occurring sequences and sung only by males, suggesting a reproductive function.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168"><sup>168</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169"><sup>169</sup></a> D calls may have multiple functions. They are produced by both sexes during social interactions while feeding.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170"><sup>170</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171"><sup>171</sup></a> and by males when competing for mates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172"><sup>172</sup></a> </p><p>Blue whale calls recorded off Sri Lanka have a three-unit phrase. The first unit is a 19.8 to 43.5 Hz pulsive call, and is normally 17.9 ± 5.2 seconds long. The second unit is a 55.9 to 72.4 Hz <a href="/facts/Frequency_modulation/qIExDdtv">FM</a> upsweep that is 13.8 ± 1.1 seconds long. The final unit is 28.5 ± 1.6 seconds long with a tone of 108 to 104.7 Hz.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173"><sup>173</sup></a> A blue whale call recorded off Madagascar, a two-unit phrase,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174"><sup>174</sup></a> consists of 5–7 pulses with a <a href="/facts/Center_frequency/zT6AoYXR">center frequency</a> of 35.1 ± 0.7 Hz lasting 4.4 ± 0.5 seconds proceeding a 35 ± 0 Hz tone that is 10.9 ± 1.1 seconds long.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175"><sup>175</sup></a> In the Southern Ocean, blue whales produce 18-second vocals which start with a 9-second-long, 27 Hz tone, and then a 1-second downsweep to 19 Hz, followed by a downsweep further to 18 Hz.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176"><sup>176</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177"><sup>177</sup></a> Other vocalizations include 1–4 second long, frequency-modulated calls with a frequency of 80 and 38 Hz.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178"><sup>178</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179"><sup>179</sup></a> </p><p>There is evidence that some blue whale songs have temporally declined in tonal frequency.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180"><sup>180</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181"><sup>181</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182"><sup>182</sup></a> The vocalization of blue whales in the Eastern North Pacific decreased in tonal frequency by 31% from the early 1960s to the early 21st century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183"><sup>183</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184"><sup>184</sup></a> The frequency of pygmy blue whales in the Antarctic has decreased by a few tenths of a hertz every year starting in 2002.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185"><sup>185</sup></a> It is possible that as blue whale populations recover from whaling, there is increasing sexual selection pressure (i.e., a lower frequency indicates a larger body size).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186"><sup>186</sup></a> </p> <h3>Predators and parasites</h3> <p>The only known natural predator to blue whales is the <a href="/facts/Orca/AaDEqz8T">orca</a>, although the rate of fatal attacks by orcas is unknown. Photograph-identification studies of blue whales have estimated that a high proportion of the individuals in the <a href="/facts/Gulf_of_California/6Da8barh">Gulf of California</a> have rake-like scars, indicative of encounters with orcas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187"><sup>187</sup></a> Off southeastern <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a>, 3.7% of blue whales photographed had rake marks and 42.1% of photographed pygmy blue whales off Western Australia had rake marks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188"><sup>188</sup></a> Documented <a href="/facts/Predation/JEGdrX3f">predation</a> by orcas has been rare. A blue whale mother and calf were first observed being chased at high speeds by orcas off southeastern Australia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189"><sup>189</sup></a> The first documented attack occurred in 1977 off southwestern <a href="/facts/Baja_California,_Mexico/CsktAQot">Baja California, Mexico</a>, but the injured whale escaped after five hours.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190"><sup>190</sup></a> Four more blue whales were documented as being chased by a group of orcas between 1982 and 2003.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191"><sup>191</sup></a> The first documented predation event by orcas occurred in September 2003, when a group of orcas in the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Tropical_Pacific/7dJv5m6v">Eastern Tropical Pacific</a> was encountered feeding on a recently killed blue whale calf.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192"><sup>192</sup></a> In March 2014, a commercial whale watch boat operator recorded an incident involving a group of orcas harassing a blue whale in <a href="/facts/Monterey_Bay/XqsYyI1I">Monterey Bay</a>. The blue whale defended itself by slapping its tail.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193"><sup>193</sup></a> A similar incident was recorded by a drone in Monterey Bay in May 2017.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194"><sup>194</sup></a> The first direct observations of orca predation occurred off the south coast of Western Australia, two in 2019 and one more in 2021. The first victim was estimated to be 18–22 meters (59–72 ft).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195"><sup>195</sup></a> </p><p>In Antarctic waters, blue whales accumulate diatoms of the species <i><a href="/facts/Cocconeis/khvawv8k">Cocconeis</a> ceticola</i> and the genera <i>Navicola</i>, which are normally removed when the whales enter warmer waters. Other external parasites include <a href="/facts/Barnacle/cF33rlfE">barnacles</a> such as <i><a href="/facts/Coronula_diadema/I4Tt2Umq">Coronula diadema</a></i>, <i>Coronula reginae</i>, and <i><a href="/facts/Cryptolepas_rhachianecti/kx3pWhNj">Cryptolepas rhachianecti</a></i>, which latch on their skin deep enough to leave behind a pit if removed. <a href="/facts/Whale_lice/aplTsjhB">Whale lice</a> species make their home in cracks of the skin and are relatively harmless. The <a href="/facts/Copepod/TkVLaj0c">copepod</a> species <i><a href="/facts/Pennella_balaenopterae/7yM7R2z9">Pennella balaenopterae</a></i> digs in and attaches itself to the blubber to feed on. Intestinal parasites include the <a href="/facts/Trematode/d3J87oDn">trematode</a> genera <i>Ogmogaster</i> and <i>Lecithodesmus</i>; the <a href="/facts/Tapeworm/XQpcfzUx">tapeworm</a> genera <i>Priapocephalus</i>, <i>Phyllobotrium</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Tetrabothrius/lJ7wfweT">Tetrabothrius</a></i>, <i>Diphyllobotrium</i>, and <i>Diplogonoporus</i>; and the <a href="/facts/Thorny-headed_worm/dJqMq426">thorny-headed worm</a> genus <i><a href="/facts/Bolbosoma/8JhlpfKF">Bolbosoma</a></i>. In the North Atlantic, blue whales also contain the protozoans <i><a href="/facts/Entamoeba/KlGvG1gh">Entamoeba</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Giardia/o2FyCs8Y">Giardia</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Balantidium/Ss6zkcBp">Balantidium</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196"><sup>196</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="conservation">Conservation</h2> <p>The global blue whale population is estimated to be 5,000–15,000 mature individuals and 10,000–25,000 total as of 2018. By comparison, there were at least 140,000 mature whales in 1926. There are an estimated total of 1,000–3,000 whales in the North Atlantic, 3,000–5,000 in the North Pacific, and 5,000–8,000 in the Antarctic. There are possibly 1,000–3,000 whales in the eastern South Pacific while the pygmy blue whale may number 2,000–5,000 individuals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197"><sup>197</sup></a> Blue whales have been protected in areas of the Southern Hemisphere since 1939. In 1955, they were given complete protection in the North Atlantic under the <a href="/facts/International_Convention_for_the_Regulation_of_Whaling/slkEvtPv">International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling</a>; this protection was extended to the Antarctic in 1965 and the North Pacific in 1966.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198"><sup>198</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199"><sup>199</sup></a> The protected status of North Atlantic blue whales was not recognized by Iceland until 1960.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200"><sup>200</sup></a> In the United States, the species is protected under the <a href="/facts/Endangered_Species_Act/voufDnBj">Endangered Species Act</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201"><sup>201</sup></a> </p><p>Blue whales are formally classified as <a href="/facts/Endangered_species/L7cIweSW">endangered</a> under both the U.S. <a href="/facts/Endangered_Species_Act/voufDnBj">Endangered Species Act</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202"><sup>202</sup></a> and the <a href="/facts/IUCN_Red_List/8gemqCLu">IUCN Red List</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203"><sup>203</sup></a> They are also listed on Appendix I under the <a href="/facts/Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species_of_Wild_Fauna_and_Flora/hCahxMSr">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora</a> (CITES)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204"><sup>204</sup></a> and the <a href="/facts/Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_Migratory_Species_of_Wild_Animals/TLvaMR0P">Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205"><sup>205</sup></a> Although, for some populations, there is not enough information on current abundance trends (e.g., pygmy blue whales), others are <a href="/facts/Critically_endangered/UI5nTQwF">critically endangered</a> (e.g., Antarctic blue whales).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206"><sup>206</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207"><sup>207</sup></a> </p> <h3>Threats</h3> <p>In 2017, <a href="/facts/DNA/nB89Iauz">DNA</a> evidence was used to identify whale bones at <a href="/facts/Iceland/E4KGYs2j">Icelandic</a> archaeological sites. Of the 124 bones analyzed more than 50% were from blue whales and some dated as far back as 900 CE. This, and other evidence, suggests that Icelanders were hunting whales as early as the 9th century, just as the <a href="/facts/Settlement_of_Iceland/q86dQNtx">settlement of Iceland</a> began. Thus Icelanders would have been among the earliest known humans to hunt the blue whale.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208"><sup>208</sup></a> </p><p>Blue whales were initially difficult to hunt because of their size and speed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209"><sup>209</sup></a> This began to change in the mid-19th century with the development of harpoons that can be shot as projectiles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210"><sup>210</sup></a> Blue whale whaling peaked between 1930 and 1931 with 30,000 animals taken. Harvesting of the species was particularly high in the Antarctic, with 350,000–360,000 whales taken in the first half of the 20th century. In addition, 11,000 North Atlantic whales (mostly around Iceland) and 9,500 North Pacific whales were killed during the same period.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211"><sup>211</sup></a> The International Whaling Commission banned all hunting of blue whales in 1966 and gave them worldwide protection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212"><sup>212</sup></a> However, the <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> continued to illegally hunt blue whales and other species up until the 1970s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213"><sup>213</sup></a> </p> <p><a href="/facts/Environmental_impact_of_shipping/RSMxztxe">Ship strikes</a> are a significant mortality factor for blue whales, especially off the <a href="/facts/U.S._West_Coast/I4cXGCq0">U.S. West Coast</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214"><sup>214</sup></a> A total of 17 blue whales were killed or suspected to have been killed by ships between 1998 and 2019 off the U.S. West Coast.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215"><sup>215</sup></a> Five deaths in 2007 off California were considered an unusual mortality event, as defined under the <a href="/facts/Marine_Mammal_Protection_Act/Xefc0v5y">Marine Mammal Protection Act</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216"><sup>216</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217"><sup>217</sup></a> Lethal ship strikes are also a problem in Sri Lankan waters, where their habitat intersects with one of the world's most active shipping routes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218"><sup>218</sup></a> Here, strikes caused the deaths of eleven blue whales in 2010 and 2012,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219"><sup>219</sup></a> and at least two in 2014.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220"><sup>220</sup></a> Ship-strike mortality claimed the lives of two blue whales off southern Chile in the 2010s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221"><sup>221</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222"><sup>222</sup></a> Possible measures for reducing future ship strikes include better predictive models of whale distribution, changes in shipping lanes, vessel speed reductions, and seasonal and dynamic management of shipping lanes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223"><sup>223</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224"><sup>224</sup></a> Few cases of blue whale entanglement in commercial fishing gear have been documented. The first report in the U.S. occurred off California in 2015, reportedly some type of deep-water trap/pot fishery.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225"><sup>225</sup></a> Three more entanglement cases were reported in 2016.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226"><sup>226</sup></a> In Sri Lanka, a blue whale was documented with a net wrapped through its mouth, along the sides of its body, and wound around its tail.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227"><sup>227</sup></a> </p><p>Increasing <a href="/facts/Anthropogenic_hazard/d7oHeBe7">man-made</a> underwater noise impacts blue whales.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228"><sup>228</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229"><sup>229</sup></a> They may be exposed to noise from commercial shipping<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230"><sup>230</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231"><sup>231</sup></a> and seismic surveys as a part of oil and gas exploration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232"><sup>232</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233"><sup>233</sup></a> Blue whales in the <a href="/facts/Southern_California_Bight/gzUJFaRV">Southern California Bight</a> decreased calling in the presence of mid-frequency active (MFA) <a href="/facts/Sonar/0Rg2G40e">sonar</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234"><sup>234</sup></a> Exposure to simulated MFA sonar was found to interrupt blue whale deep-dive feeding, but no changes in behavior were observed in individuals feeding at shallower depths. The responses also depended on the animal's behavioral state, its (horizontal) distance from the sound source and the availability of prey.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235"><sup>235</sup></a> </p><p>The potential impacts of <a href="/facts/Pollutants/4f9kmFzq">pollutants</a> on blue whales is unknown. However, because blue whales feed low on the <a href="/facts/Food_chain/mvDKQTGu">food chain</a>, there is a lesser chance for <a href="/facts/Bioaccumulation/KaHzFKnL">bioaccumulation</a> of organic chemical contaminants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236"><sup>236</sup></a> Analysis of the earwax of a male blue whale killed by a collision with a ship off the coast of California showed contaminants like pesticides, flame retardants, and mercury. Reconstructed <a href="/facts/Persistent_organic_pollutant/80UtnJEp">persistent organic pollutant</a> (POP) profiles suggested that a substantial <a href="/facts/Maternal_transfer_in_aquatic_mammals/s6VwpyKl">maternal transfer</a> occurred during gestation and/or lactation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237"><sup>237</sup></a> Male blue whales in the <a href="/facts/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence/SnURDrbt">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a>, Canada, were found to have higher concentrations of PCBs, <a href="/facts/Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane/RfYXlCuF">dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane</a> (DDT), <a href="/facts/Metabolites/nAyywVtA">metabolites</a>, and several other organochlorine compounds relative to females, reflecting maternal transfer of these persistent contaminants from females into young.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238"><sup>238</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Cetaceans portal</li><li>Mammals portal</li><li>Marine life portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Largest_organisms/F3HjLlq7">Largest organisms</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_cetaceans/0TTaA0MA">List of cetaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_largest_mammals/IfACUjqb">List of largest mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_whale_vocalizations/xora5ox5">List of whale vocalizations</a></li></ul> <h2 id="note">Note</h2> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Calambokidis, J. & Steiger, G. (1998). <a href="https://archive.org/details/bluewhales0000cala"><i>Blue Whales</i></a>. <a href="/facts/Voyageur_Press/Ecn3jFez">Voyageur Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-89658-338-2.</li> <li><a href="http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=41">"Blue whale, <i>Balaenoptera musculus</i>"</a>. <i>MarineBio.org</i>. Retrieved 21 April 2006.</li> <li><a href="http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/bluewhale.htm">NOAA Fisheries, Office of Protected Resources</a> Blue whale biology & status</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226002906/http://www.birds.cornell.edu/brp/listen-to-project-sounds/blue-whale">Blue whale vocalizations</a> – Cornell Lab of Ornithology—Bioacoustics Research Program (archived 26 February 2015)</li> <li><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/species/Blue_Whale">Blue whale video clips and news from the BBC – BBC Wildlife Finder</a></li> <li><a href="http://voicesinthesea.ucsd.edu/species/baleenWhales/blue.html">Voices in the Sea – Sounds of the Blue Whale</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/blue-whale">NOAA Stock Assessments</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.bbcamerica.com/shows/the-hunt/video-extras/life-of-a-hunter-blue-whale">Life of a Hunter: Blue Whale</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231040638/http://www.bbcamerica.com/shows/the-hunt/video-extras/life-of-a-hunter-blue-whale">Archived</a> 31 December 2019 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> – BBC America</li> <li><a href="http://www.bbcamerica.com/shows/the-hunt/season-1/episode-07-living-with-predators">Living With Predators</a> – BBC America</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>The extinct whale species Perucetus colossus (described in 2023) has been suggested as a potential contender of the blue whale in size,[3] however, this was later disputed in 2024.[4] Several extinct dinosaurs may also have reached a similar mass to the blue whale.[5] <a href="/wiki/Perucetus" target="_blank">/wiki/Perucetus</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Reeves, R. R.; Stewart, P. J.; Clapham, J.; Powell, J. A. (2002). Whales, dolphins, and porpoises of the eastern North Pacific and adjacent Arctic waters: A guide to their identification. New York: Knopf. pp. 234–237. <a href="/wiki/Knopf" target="_blank">/wiki/Knopf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Reeves, R. R.; Stewart, P. J.; Clapham, J.; Powell, J. A. (2002). Whales, dolphins, and porpoises of the eastern North Pacific and adjacent Arctic waters: A guide to their identification. New York: Knopf. pp. 234–237. <a href="/wiki/Knopf" target="_blank">/wiki/Knopf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Calambokidis, J.; Steiger, G. H. (1997). Blue Whales. McGregor, MN: Voyager Press. p. 72. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Stockholm, Holmia: Laurentius Salvius. p. 824. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" target="_blank">/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Sibbald, Robert (1692). "Phalainologia Nova". Blue Whale ("Balaenoptera Musculus"): 675–678. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sibbald" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Sibbald</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Bortolotti, D. (2008). Wild Blue: A Natural History of the World's Largest Animal. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" target="_blank">/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Sibbald, Robert (1692). "Phalainologia Nova". Blue Whale ("Balaenoptera Musculus"): 675–678. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sibbald" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Sibbald</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Bennett, A G (1920). "On the occurrence of diatoms on the skin of whales". Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 91 (641): 352–357. doi:10.1098/rspb.1920.0021. <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.1920.0021" target="_blank">https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.1920.0021</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Bennett, A G (1920). "On the occurrence of diatoms on the skin of whales". Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 91 (641): 352–357. doi:10.1098/rspb.1920.0021. <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.1920.0021" target="_blank">https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.1920.0021</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Melville, H. (1851). Moby-Dick. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 398. <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" target="_blank">/wiki/Herman_Melville</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Árnason, U.; Lammers, F.; Kumar, V.; Nilsson, M. A.; Janke, A. (2018). "Whole-genome sequencing of the blue whale and other rorquals finds signatures for introgressive gene flow". Science Advances. 4 (4): eaap9873. Bibcode:2018SciA....4.9873A. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aap9873. PMC 5884691. PMID 29632892. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5884691" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5884691</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Árnason, U.; Lammers, F.; Kumar, V.; Nilsson, M. A.; Janke, A. (2018). "Whole-genome sequencing of the blue whale and other rorquals finds signatures for introgressive gene flow". Science Advances. 4 (4): eaap9873. Bibcode:2018SciA....4.9873A. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aap9873. PMC 5884691. PMID 29632892. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5884691" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5884691</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Bianucci, G.; Marx, F. G.; Collareta, A.; Di Stefano, A.; Landini, W.; Morigi, C.; Varola, A. (2019). "Rise of the titans: baleen whales became giants earlier than thought". Biology Letters. 15 (5): 20190175. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0175. PMC 6548731. PMID 31039728. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6548731" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6548731</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Attard, C. R. M.; Beheregaray, L. B.; Jenner, K. C. S.; Gill, P. C.; Jenner, M.-N. M.; Morrice, M. G.; Teske, P. R.; Moller, L. M. (2015). "Low genetic diversity in pygmy blue whales is due to climate-induced diversification rather than anthropogenic impacts". Biology Letters. 11 (5): 20141037. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2014.1037. PMC 4455730. PMID 25948571. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4455730" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4455730</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Barlow, D. R.; Torres, L. G.; Hodge, K. B.; Steel, D.; Baker, C. S.; Chandler, T. E.; Bott, N.; Constantine, R.; Double, M. C.; Gill, P.; Glasgow, D.; Hamner, R. M.; Lilley, C.; Ogle, M.; Olson, P. A. (2018). "Documentation of a New Zealand blue whale population based on multiple lines of evidence". Endangered Species Research. 36: 27–40. doi:10.3354/esr00891. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fesr00891" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fesr00891</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Árnason, U.; Lammers, F.; Kumar, V.; Nilsson, M. A.; Janke, A. (2018). "Whole-genome sequencing of the blue whale and other rorquals finds signatures for introgressive gene flow". Science Advances. 4 (4): eaap9873. Bibcode:2018SciA....4.9873A. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aap9873. PMC 5884691. PMID 29632892. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5884691" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5884691</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Doroshenko, V. N. (1970). "A whale with features of the fin and the blue whale". Izvestia TINRO. 70: 255–257. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Bérubé, M.; Aguilar, A. (1998). "A new hybrid between a blue whale, Balaenoptera Musculus, and a fin whale, "B. Physalus:" frequency and implications of hybridization". Marine Mammal Science. 14 (1): 82–98. Bibcode:1998MMamS..14...82B. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00692.x. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Berube, M.; Oosting, T.; Aguilar, A.; Berrow, S.; Hao, W.; Heide-Jørgensen, M. P.; Kovacs, K. M.; Landry, S.; Lydersen, C.; Martin, V.; Øien, N.; Panigada, S.; Prieto, R.; Ramp, C.; Robbins, J. (2017). Are the "Bastards" coming back? Molecular identification of live blue and fin whale hybrids in the North Atlantic ocean. 22nd Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Kilvert, Nick (20 July 2018). "DNA test shows slaughtered blue whale is a hybrid, Iceland marine institute says". ABC. 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