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Tolman surface brightness test
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<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Source_counts/e8saouuc">Source counts</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tired_light/Ff0Yyb8N">Tired light</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Time_dilation/fYj7FYbK">Time dilation</a></li></ul> <h2 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h2> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Richard, Tolman (1934). "Relativity Thermodynamics and Cosmology". International Series of Monographs on Physics. (Oxford). 18 (231): 327–328. doi:10.2307/3605486. JSTOR 3605486. <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mathematical-gazette/article/abs/relativity-thermodynamics-and-cosmology-by-r-c-tolman-pp-xv-502-30s-1934-international-series-of-monographs-on-physics-oxford/C042FFFF911A97B3C7BB716F6C0BFF30" target="_blank">https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mathematical-gazette/article/abs/relativity-thermodynamics-and-cosmology-by-r-c-tolman-pp-xv-502-30s-1934-international-series-of-monographs-on-physics-oxford/C042FFFF911A97B3C7BB716F6C0BFF30</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Pahre, Michael A.; Djorgovski, S. G.; Carvalho, R. R. de (10 January 1996). "A Tolman Surface Brightness Test for Universal Expansion and the Evolution of Elliptical Galaxies in Distant Clusters* **". The Astrophysical Journal. 456 (2): L79. arXiv:astro-ph/9511061. Bibcode:1996ApJ...456L..79P. doi:10.1086/309872. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 14419860. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F309872" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1086%2F309872</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Lerner, Eric J.; Falomo, Renato; Scarpa, Riccardo (1 May 2014). "UV surface brightness of galaxies from the local universe to z ~ 5". International Journal of Modern Physics D. 23 (6): 1450058. arXiv:1405.0275. Bibcode:2014IJMPD..2350058L. doi:10.1142/S0218271814500588. ISSN 0218-2718. S2CID 119272816. <a href="https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218271814500588" target="_blank">https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218271814500588</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Allan Sandage and Lori M. Lubin, 2271-88; Lori M. Lubin and Allan Sandage, "The Tolman Surface Brightness Test for the Reality of the Expansion. II. The Effect of the Point-Spread Function and Galaxy Ellipticity on the Derived Photometric Parameters," Astronomical Journal 121 (2001): 2289-300; Lori M. Lubin and Allan Sandage, "The Tolman Surface Brightness Test for the Reality of the Expansion. III. Hubble Space Telescope Profile and Surface Brightness Data for Early-Type Galaxies in Three High-Redshift Clusters," Astronomical Journal 122 (2001): 1071-83; Lori M. Lubin and Allan Sandage, "The Tolman Surface Brightness Test for the Reality of the Expansion. IV. A Measurement of the Tolman Signal and the Luminosity Evolution of Early-Type Galaxies," Astronomical Journal, 122 (2001): 1084-1103. <a href="/wiki/Allan_Sandage" target="_blank">/wiki/Allan_Sandage</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Lerner, Eric J.; Falomo, Renato; Scarpa, Riccardo (1 May 2014). "UV surface brightness of galaxies from the local universe to z ~ 5". International Journal of Modern Physics D. 23 (6): 1450058. arXiv:1405.0275. Bibcode:2014IJMPD..2350058L. doi:10.1142/S0218271814500588. ISSN 0218-2718. S2CID 119272816. <a href="https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218271814500588" target="_blank">https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218271814500588</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Lerner, Eric J (July 2018). "Observations contradict galaxy size and surface brightness predictions that are based on the expanding universe hypothesis". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 477 (3): 3185–3196. arXiv:1803.08382. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty728. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/477/3/3185/4951333" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/477/3/3185/4951333</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Lerner, Eric J (July 2018). "Observations contradict galaxy size and surface brightness predictions that are based on the expanding universe hypothesis". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 477 (3): 3185–3196. arXiv:1803.08382. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty728. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/477/3/3185/4951333" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/477/3/3185/4951333</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Errors in Tired Light Cosmology". www.wolff.ch. Retrieved 2024-09-21. <a href="https://www.wolff.ch/astro/Wright_1.htm" target="_blank">https://www.wolff.ch/astro/Wright_1.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Goldhaber, G.; Groom, D. E.; Kim, A.; Aldering, G.; Astier, P.; Conley, A.; Deustua, S. E.; Ellis, R.; Fabbro, S.; Fruchter, A. S.; Goobar, A.; Hook, I.; Irwin, M.; Kim, M.; Knop, R. A. (2001-09-01). "Timescale Stretch Parameterization of Type Ia Supernova B-Band Light Curves". The Astrophysical Journal. 558 (1): 359–368. arXiv:astro-ph/0104382. Bibcode:2001ApJ...558..359G. doi:10.1086/322460. ISSN 0004-637X. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ApJ...558..359G/abstract" target="_blank">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ApJ...558..359G/abstract</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>White, R. M. T.; Davis, T. M.; Lewis, G. F.; Brout, D.; Galbany, L.; Glazebrook, K.; Hinton, S. R.; Lee, J.; Lidman, C.; Möller, A.; Sako, M.; Scolnic, D.; Smith, M.; Sullivan, M.; Sánchez, B. O. (2024-09-01). "The Dark Energy Survey Supernova Program: slow supernovae show cosmological time dilation out to z 1". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 533 (3): 3365–3378. arXiv:2406.05050. Bibcode:2024MNRAS.533.3365W. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2008. ISSN 0035-8711. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstae2008" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstae2008</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>