Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Valediction
open-in-new
<h2 id="oral-valedictions">Oral valedictions</h2> <p>Parting phrases are used to acknowledge the parting of individuals or groups of people from each other. They are an element of <a href="/facts/Parting_traditions/UyBbM4Gm">parting traditions</a>. Parting phrases are specific to culture and situation, and vary based on the social status and relationship of the persons involved. </p> <h3>Religious and traditional parting phrases</h3> <ul><li>"<i><a href="/facts/As-Salamu_Alaykum/t5A7GvAR">As-Salamu Alaykum</a></i>" or "<i><a href="/facts/S-L-M/52r0SjIP">Salam</a></i>" ("Peace be upon you"), used among <a href="/facts/Muslims/W2ukq4pg">Muslims</a> and <a href="/facts/Arabs/E77duPsg">Arabs</a></li> <li>"Goodbye", an English parting phrase used in the West, is a contraction of "<a href="/facts/God_in_Christianity/L00rNhTu">God</a> be by ye".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li>"<i><a href="/facts/Khuda_Hafiz/esy8j3eY">Khuda Hafiz</a></i>" ("God protect (you)"), used among <a href="/facts/Iranian_peoples/gnzfoI8h">Iranians</a> and <a href="/facts/South_Asian/7gTqe3hY">South Asian</a> <a href="/facts/Muslims/W2ukq4pg">Muslims</a></li> <li>"<i><a href="/facts/Namaste/kRU5unah">Namaste</a></i>", parting phrase of Indian origin</li> <li>"<i><a href="/facts/Shalom/46lvMjVN">Shalom</a></i>" ("Peace"), used among <a href="/facts/Jews/T9Y4wE6A">Jewish</a> parting and greeting phrase</li></ul> <h2 id="written-valedictions">Written valedictions</h2> <p>Valedictions normally immediately precede the signature in written correspondence. The word or words used express respect, esteem, or regard for the person to whom the correspondence is directed, and the exact form used depends on a number of factors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>In British English, valedictions have largely been replaced by the use of "Yours <a href="/facts/Sincerity/W0Y9aQDE">sincerely</a>" or "Yours faithfully". "Yours sincerely" is typically employed in English when the recipient is addressed by name (e.g. "Dear John") and is known to the sender to some degree, whereas "Yours faithfully" is used when the recipient is not addressed by name (i.e., the recipient is addressed by a phrase such as "Dear Sir/Madam") or when the recipient is not known personally by the sender.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h3>Formal usage</h3> <p>Historically, valedictions were often elaborate and formal. Vestiges of such formality remain in various cases. The examples below are subject to some variation but generally follow the pattern described. </p> <h4>United Kingdom</h4> <ul><li>Letters to the <a href="/facts/King_of_the_United_Kingdom/hLC5tHrf">King of the United Kingdom</a> should end, "I have the honour to remain, Sir, Your Majesty's most humble and obedient servant."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Alternatively, "I remain, with the profoundest veneration, your Majesty's most faithful subject and dutiful servant."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li>Letters to other <a href="/facts/British_royal_family/mx49mfWs">members of the royal family</a> should end, "I have the honour to remain, Sir/Madam, Your Royal Highness's most humble and obedient servant."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li>Letters to <a href="/facts/Ambassador/hVpzsRdy">ambassadors</a> should end, "I have the honour to be, with the highest consideration, Your Excellency's obedient servant."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li>Letters to <a href="/facts/High_commissioner_(Commonwealth)/PytwuhrC">high commissioners</a> should end, "I have the honour to be Your Excellency's obedient servant."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li>Letters to the <a href="/facts/Pope/9zVokNjn">pope</a> should end, "I have the honour to be Your Holiness's most devoted and obedient child." (substituting "obedient servant" if not a <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic/rJ4F4gqH">Roman Catholic</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li>Letters to a <a href="/facts/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)/Acxx5Hd4">cardinal</a> should end, "I have the honour to be, My Lord Cardinal, Your Eminence's devoted and obedient child." (substituting "obedient servant" if not a Roman Catholic).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>Letters to an <a href="/facts/Archbishop/5qxa8woF">archbishop</a> should end, "I have the honour to be Your Grace's devoted and obedient child." (substituting "obedient servant" if not a co-religionist).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li>Letters to a <a href="/facts/Bishop/n2QGsDWx">bishop</a> should end, "I have the honour to be Your Lordship's obedient child." (substituting "obedient servant" if not a co-religionist).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li>Letters to an <a href="/facts/Abbot/qBsBj5EW">abbot</a> should end, "I beg to remain, my Lord Abbot, your devoted and obedient servant."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Business usage in the United States</h3> <p>The following table contains complimentary closings as recommended for business hard-letter use by two American authorities: <a href="/facts/Barron%2527s_Educational_Series/jkPaR38h">Barron's Educational Series</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/American_Management_Association/AUPL9Q7s">American Management Association</a> (AMACOM).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Closing</th><th>Recommended use</th></tr><tr><td>Yours truly,</td><td>"formal closing" (Barron's); "no personal connection between writer and recipient" (AMACOM)</td></tr><tr><td>Very truly yours,</td><td>"no personal connection between writer and recipient" (AMACOM)</td></tr><tr><td>Respectfully yours,</td><td>"formal closing" (Barron's); to person of acknowledged authority or "great formality" (AMACOM)</td></tr><tr><td>Sincerely, or Sincerely yours,</td><td>"less formal closing" (Barron's); personal and business relationship (AMACOM)</td></tr><tr><td>Cordially,</td><td>"less formal closing" (Barron's)</td></tr><tr><td>Cordially yours,</td><td>often used, but it is "incorrect" (AMACOM)</td></tr><tr><td>Regards, Personal regards, Kindest regards,</td><td>"personal closing" (Barron's)</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Diplomatic usage</h3> <p>A diplomatic <i><a href="/facts/Note_verbale/besApWKs">note verbale</a></i> always ends with an elaborate valediction, most commonly "[Sender] avails itself of this opportunity to renew to [recipient] the assurances of its highest consideration".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h3>Valedictions in e-mail</h3> <p>Valedictions in formal <a href="/facts/E-mail/6pD9GLtI">e-mail</a> are similar to valedictions in letters; on the whole, they are variations of "regards" and "yours".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> However, a wide range of popular valedictions are used in casual e-mail but very rarely in letters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h3>Other forms</h3> <ul><li>"Yours aye" is a Scottish expression meaning "Yours always", still commonly used as a valediction to end written correspondence in the Royal Navy and British Army,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> and occasionally used by sailors or people working in a maritime context. It is commonly used in the Royal Australian Navy as a sign-off in written communication such as emails.</li> <li>"Yours, etc." is used historically for abbreviated endings. It can be found in older newspaper letters to the editor, and often in US legal correspondence. "&c." may be seen as an alternative abbreviation of <a href="/facts/Et_cetera/ybKaYhN6">et cetera</a>, the <a href="/facts/Ampersand/emmXUXuB">ampersand</a> functioning as a <a href="/facts/Orthographic_ligature/urMIGfmN">ligature</a> form of "et". "I am, etc." and "I remain, etc." are also used.</li></ul> <h3>United States military usage</h3> <p>Current regulations of the <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">United States Department of Defense</a>, the <a href="/facts/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff/Uvqu4MJ1">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>, the <a href="/facts/U.S._Air_Force/7MxWBYlc">U.S. Air Force</a>, the <a href="/facts/U.S._Army/WACWBEK9">U.S. Army</a>, and the <a href="/facts/U.S._Navy/xYK0fUou">U.S. Navy</a> call for two complimentary closings for letters: "Respectfully yours" and "Sincerely". "Respectfully yours" is reserved for the president (and, for the Army only, the president's spouse) and the president-elect. "Sincerely" is used in all other cases.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="phrases-from-fictional-works">Phrases from fictional works</h2> <ul><li>"<a href="/facts/Hasta_la_vista%2c_baby/9yQcdSB9">Hasta la vista, baby</a>" and "<a href="/facts/I%2527ll_be_back/XbdC6Nu5">I'll be back</a>", both popularized by <i><a href="/facts/The_Terminator/xXkApgF1">The Terminator</a></i> entertainment franchise</li> <li>"<a href="/facts/Live_long_and_prosper/7B3Cqt31">Live long and prosper</a>", a <a href="/facts/Vulcan_salute/7B3Cqt31">Vulcan salute</a> from the <i><a href="/facts/Star_Trek/kKGkVK5y">Star Trek</a></i> entertainment franchise</li> <li>"<a href="/facts/May_the_Force_be_with_you/CV50JDw4">May the Force be with you</a>", a parting phrase from the <i><a href="/facts/Star_Wars/9Y5j3IPP">Star Wars</a></i> entertainment franchise</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Business_letter/cc271gMN">Business letter</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Greeting/h7wfnsyK">Greeting</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Salutation_(greeting)/KfReVdMs">Salutation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/The_Parting_Glass/bqzPzRlk">The Parting Glass</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Look up <i>valediction</i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020603022433/http://www.askoxford.com/languages/fr/french_letters/">AskOxford: French valedictions for English speakers</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Jennifer_Speake/EocwvKay">Speake, Jennifer</a>, ed. (1997). <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780965016070"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-19-863159-6.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Oxford Concise Dictionary of English Etymology. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. 1996. p. 519. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Complimentary close on The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition. <a href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Complimentary+close" target="_blank">http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Complimentary+close</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Valediction – Definition from American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. (2011). as cited by The Free Dictionary. <a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/valediction" target="_blank">http://www.thefreedictionary.com/valediction</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Valediction Dictionary.co.uk Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine. <a href="http://www.dictionary.co.uk/browse.aspx?word=valediction" target="_blank">http://www.dictionary.co.uk/browse.aspx?word=valediction</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Valediction – Definition from American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. (2011). as cited by The Free Dictionary. <a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/valediction" target="_blank">http://www.thefreedictionary.com/valediction</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Shipley, Joseph T. (15 January 1955). Dictionary of Early English. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 305. ISBN 9781442233997. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) <a href="9781442233997" target="_blank">9781442233997</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Scheyder, Elizabeth (2003). "The Use of Complimentary Closings in E-mail: American English Examples". Working Papers in Educational Linguistics. 19 (1): 27–42. Retrieved 13 February 2014. <a href="http://works.bepress.com/elizabeth_scheyder/1/" target="_blank">http://works.bepress.com/elizabeth_scheyder/1/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely?". Daily Writing Tips. 6 March 2009. <a href="http://www.dailywritingtips.com/yours-faithfully-or-yours-sincerely/" target="_blank">http://www.dailywritingtips.com/yours-faithfully-or-yours-sincerely/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Addressing Royalty: Communicating With the Queen". Debrett's. <a href="https://www.debretts.com/expertise/forms-of-address/addressing-royalty/" target="_blank">https://www.debretts.com/expertise/forms-of-address/addressing-royalty/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Ltd, Cassell (1869). Cassell's Household Guide - Hints to Letter Writers. Рипол Классик. ISBN 9785871686072. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) <a href="9785871686072" target="_blank">9785871686072</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Addressing Royalty: Communicating With the Queen". Debrett's. <a href="https://www.debretts.com/expertise/forms-of-address/addressing-royalty/" target="_blank">https://www.debretts.com/expertise/forms-of-address/addressing-royalty/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Diplomatic Service: Forms of Address". Debrett's. <a href="https://www.debretts.com/expertise/forms-of-address/professions/the-diplomatic-service/" target="_blank">https://www.debretts.com/expertise/forms-of-address/professions/the-diplomatic-service/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Diplomatic Service: Forms of Address". Debrett's. <a href="https://www.debretts.com/expertise/forms-of-address/professions/the-diplomatic-service/" target="_blank">https://www.debretts.com/expertise/forms-of-address/professions/the-diplomatic-service/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"The Roman Catholic Church: Forms of Address". Debrett's. <a href="https://www.debretts.com/expertise/forms-of-address/professions/religion//" target="_blank">https://www.debretts.com/expertise/forms-of-address/professions/religion//</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"The Roman Catholic Church: Forms of Address". Debrett's. <a href="https://www.debretts.com/expertise/forms-of-address/professions/religion//" target="_blank">https://www.debretts.com/expertise/forms-of-address/professions/religion//</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"The Roman Catholic Church: Forms of Address". Debrett's. <a href="https://www.debretts.com/expertise/forms-of-address/professions/religion//" target="_blank">https://www.debretts.com/expertise/forms-of-address/professions/religion//</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"The Roman Catholic Church: Forms of Address". Debrett's. <a href="https://www.debretts.com/expertise/forms-of-address/professions/religion//" target="_blank">https://www.debretts.com/expertise/forms-of-address/professions/religion//</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"The Roman Catholic Church: Forms of Address". Debrett's. <a href="https://www.debretts.com/expertise/forms-of-address/professions/religion//" target="_blank">https://www.debretts.com/expertise/forms-of-address/professions/religion//</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Alan Bond, 300+ Successful Business Letters for All Occasions, 2nd Edition (Barron's Educational Series, 2005), 7. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>James Stroman, Kevin Wilson, Jennifer Wauson, Administrative Assistant's and Secretary's Handbook, 5th Edition (AMACOM: American Management Association, 2014), 299. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Diplomatic Translation". Translation Journal. Retrieved 11 April 2018. <a href="http://translationjournal.net/journal/10dipl.htm" target="_blank">http://translationjournal.net/journal/10dipl.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Kallos, Judith. "Email Sign-off Considerations". Net M@nners. Retrieved October 10, 2015. <a href="http://www.netmanners.com/email-etiquette/email-sign-off-considerations/" target="_blank">http://www.netmanners.com/email-etiquette/email-sign-off-considerations/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Kallos, Judith. "Email Sign-off Considerations". Net M@nners. Retrieved October 10, 2015. <a href="http://www.netmanners.com/email-etiquette/email-sign-off-considerations/" target="_blank">http://www.netmanners.com/email-etiquette/email-sign-off-considerations/</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"Walking down the street, opening doors and wearing hats at weddings"[permanent dead link], The Sunday Times. <a href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/court_and_social/modern_times/article4034543.ece" target="_blank">http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/court_and_social/modern_times/article4034543.ece</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Department of Defense (October 26, 2010). Manual for Written Material: Correspondence Management (PDF). DoDM 5110.04-M-V1. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 22, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110322213548/http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/511004m_v1.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110322213548/http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/511004m_v1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Joint Chiefs of Staff (April 2013). Joint Staff Guide, DOM/SJS, JS Guide 5711. <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Editorial Guidance and Accepted Usage for Joint Staff Correspondence, Enclosure K, K-1 to K-10 (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 5, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130705144108/http://www.dtic.mil/cjcs_directives/jdata/unlimit/g571101.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130705144108/http://www.dtic.mil/cjcs_directives/jdata/unlimit/g571101.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Army Regulation 25–50, Preparing and Managing Correspondence (PDF), 6 July 2015, archived from the original (PDF) on January 19, 2004, retrieved September 8, 2015 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040119065029/http://www.apd.army.mil/pdffiles/r25_50.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20040119065029/http://www.apd.army.mil/pdffiles/r25_50.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>SECNAV Manual M-216.5 Appendix B, Civilian Models of Address, B1-B10 (PDF), March 2010, retrieved September 8, 2015 <a href="http://www.sc.edu/nrotc/content/Documents/SECNAVINST%205216.5.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.sc.edu/nrotc/content/Documents/SECNAVINST%205216.5.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Air Force Handbook 33-337, "Communications and Information" THE TONGUE AND QUILL (PDF), 27 May 2015, pp. 197–213, archived from the original (PDF) on February 13, 2013, retrieved September 8, 2015 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130213203739/http://static.e-publishing.af.mil/production/1/saf_cio_a6/publication/afh33-337/afh33-337.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130213203739/http://static.e-publishing.af.mil/production/1/saf_cio_a6/publication/afh33-337/afh33-337.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>"Department of the Navy Correspondence Manual" (PDF). US Department of the Navy. Retrieved 10 May 2018. <a href="http://navybmr.com/study%20material/SECNAV%20M-5216.5%20(2015).pdf" target="_blank">http://navybmr.com/study%20material/SECNAV%20M-5216.5%20(2015).pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>