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Lexical function
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<h2 id="standard-lexical-functions">Standard Lexical Functions</h2> <p>Standard LFs form a proper <a href="/facts/Subset/SJGERmbA">subset</a> of normal LFs. A normal LF ƒ is called Standard if and only if it satisfies both following conditions: </p><p>1. Broadness of the <a href="/facts/Function_(mathematics)/CdReEKCh">domain</a> of ƒ: ƒ is defined for a relatively large number of keywords; 2. Diversity of the <a href="/facts/Function_(mathematics)/CdReEKCh">range</a> of ƒ: ƒ has a relatively large number of expressions as elements of its possible values and these expressions are more or less equitably distributed between different keywords. </p><p>Normal LFs that do not satisfy both Conditions 1 and 2, on the one hand, and degenerate LFs, on the other, are called Non-Standard. An example of a Non-Standard LF is the meaning ‘without addition of dairy product’. It has two expressions in English, a phraseological one—BLACK (with COFFEE: black coffee), and a free one—WITHOUT MILK (tea without milk is not *<i>black tea</i>). This meaning fails Condition 1: it is too specific and applicable only to one beverage. It thus corresponds to a Non-Standard LF. </p> <h3>Simple Standard LFs</h3> <p>1. Syn [Lat. <i>synonymum</i>] = synonym. </p> Syn(<i>helicopter</i>) = <i>copter, chopper</i> Syn(<i>telephone</i>V) = <i>phone</i>V <p>2. Anti [Lat. <i>antonymum</i>] = antonym. 3. Convijk [Lat. <i>conversivum</i>] = conversive. </p> This LF returns for L an LU L´ with the same meaning as L but with its Deep Syntactic Actants (roughly, syntactic arguments) i, j and k permuted —for example, the DSyntAs k, i and j of L are permuted in L´ such that [i→k, j→i, and k→j]. Conv21(<i>include</i>) = <i>belong</i> Conv231⊃(<i>opinion</i>) = <i>reputation</i> Conv21(<i>behind</i>) = <i>in front of</i> Conv21(<i>precede</i>) = <i>follow</i> <p>4. Gener [Lat. <i>genus</i>] = the closest generic concept for L. </p> The value of this LF must appear in one of the following two constructions: 1) ‘Gener(L)−ATTR→DER(L)’ = ‘L’ [where DER is any DSynt-derivative, see 6–9 below]; or 2) <i>L, X1, X2, ..., Xn and other (kinds of)</i> Gener(L). Gener(<i>republic</i>) = <i>state</i> [<i>republican state = republic</i>] Gener(<i>liquid</i>N) = <i>substance</i> [<i>liquid</i>A <i>substance</i> = <i>liquid</i>N] Gener(<i>arrest</i>N) = <i>reprisals</i> [<i>arrests and other (kinds of) reprisals</i>] <p>5. Figur [Lat. <i>figuraliter</i> ‘figuratively’] = standard received metaphor for L. </p> Figur(<i>fog</i>) = <i>wall</i> [<i>wall of fog ≈ fog</i>] Figur(<i>rain</i>) = <i>curtain</i> [<i>curtain of rain ≈ rain</i>] Figur(<i>remorse</i>) = <i>pangs</i> [<i>pangs of remorse ≈ remorse</i>] <p>6. S0 = Substantival, output N having a congruent meaning to L (which can be of any part of speech except N): </p> S0(<i>analyze</i>) = <i>analysis</i> <p>7. A0 = Adjectival, output A having a congruent meaning to L (which can be of any part of speech except A): </p> A0(<i>city</i>) = <i>urban</i> <p>8. V0 = Verbal, output V having a congruent meaning to L (which can be of any part of speech except V): </p> V0(<i>analysis</i>) = <i>analyze</i> <p>9. Adv0 = Adverbial, output Adv having a congruent meaning to L (which can be of any part of speech except Adv): </p> Adv0(<i>followV</i> [N]) = <i>after</i> [N] <p>10. Si = standard name of the <i>i</i>-th (Deep-Syntactic) actant of L. </p> For the verb TEACH: ‘Person X1 teaches subject Y2 to people Z3’ S1(<i>teach</i>) = <i>teacher</i> S2(<i>teach</i>) = <i>subject</i>/<i>matter</i> [<i>in high school</i>] S3(<i>teach</i>) = <i>pupil</i> For the noun LETTER: ‘Letter by person X to person Y about Z’ S1(<i>letter</i>) = <i>author, sender</i> [<i>of the letter</i>] S2(<i>letter</i>) = <i>addressee</i> [<i>of the letter</i>] S3(<i>letter</i>) = <i>contents</i> [<i>of the letter</i>] <p>11. Sinstr = standard name of the instrument used in the situation denoted by L. </p> Sinstr⊃(<i>shoot</i>) = <i>firearm</i> Sinstr(<i>murder</i>V,N) = <i>murder weapon</i> <p>12. Smed = standard name of the means used to bring about the situation denoted by L. </p> Smed⊃(<i>shoot</i>) = <i>ammunition</i> <p>13. Smod = standard name of the mode through which the situation denoted by L is realized. </p> Smod(<i>consider</i> [<i>an issue</i>]) = <i>approach</i> [<i>I consider this issue ...</i> ~<i> My approach to this issue ...</i>] <p>14. Sloc = standard name of the location where the situation denoted by L is realized. </p> Sloc(<i>fight</i>V [<i>two armies</i>]) = <i>battlefield</i> Sloc(<i>war</i>) = <i>theater</i> (<i>of war</i>) <p>15. Sres = standard name of the result of the situation denoted by L. </p> Sres⊃(<i>learn</i>) = <i>knowledge, skills</i> Sres⊃(explosion) = <i>shockwave</i> Sres⊃(<i>copy</i>V) = <i>copy</i>N, <i>reproduction</i> <p>16. Ablei [Lat. <i>habilis</i> ‘able, manageable’] = determining property of the <i>i</i>-th potential DSyntA of L (‘such that it can L easily’/‘such that it can be L-ed easily’): </p> Able1(<i>cry</i>V) = <i>tearful</i> Able1(<i>vary</i>) = <i>variable</i> Able2(<i>prove</i>) = <i>provable</i> Able2(<i>trust</i>V) = <i>trustworthy</i> <p>17. Quali [Lat. <i>qualitas</i>] = determining property of the <i>i</i>-th probable DSynt-actant of L (‘such that it is predisposed to L’/‘such that it is predisposed to be L-ed’): </p> Qual1(<i>cry</i>V/N) = <i>sad</i> Qual1(<i>laugh</i>V/N) = <i>cheerful</i> Qual2(<i>doubt</i>V/N) = <i>implausible</i> Qual2(<i>laugh</i>V/N) = <i>awkward, absurd</i> <p>18. Ai = determining property of the <i>i</i>-th DSyntA of L from the viewpoint of its role in the situation ‘L’. </p> A1 is semantically roughly equivalent to an active participle (≈ ‘which is L-ing’), and A2 to a passive participle (≈ ‘which is being L-ed’): A1(<i>anger</i>) = <i>in</i> [<i>anger</i>] //<i>angry</i> A1(<i>speed</i>) = <i>with</i> [<i>a speed of ...</i>] A2(<i>analyze</i>) = //<i>under analysis</i> A2(<i>conduct</i> [<i>an orchestra</i>])= //<i>under the baton</i> [<i>of</i> N] <p>19. Advi = the determining property of the action by the <i>i</i>-th DSyntA of L from the viewpoint of the role of the DSyntAi of L in the situation denoted by L. </p> Adv1 is semantically roughly equivalent to an active verbal adverb (≈ ‘while L-ing’), and Adv2, to a passive verbal adverb (≈ ‘while being L-ed’): Adv1(<i>anger</i>) = <i>with</i> [~] //<i>angrily</i> Adv1(<i>decrease</i>N,V) = //<i>down</i> […<i> a decrease of 2.7%</i> = ... <i>down 2.7%</i>.] Adv2(<i>applause</i>) = <i>to</i> [<i>the</i> ~] Adv2(<i>bombard</i>) = //<i>under bombardment</i> [<i>They came under heavy bombardment.</i>] <p>20. Imper [Lat. <i>imperāre</i> ‘[to] command’] = imperative expression meaning ‘do L!’ </p> Imper(<i>shoot</i>) = <i>Fire!</i> Imper(<i>speak low</i>) = <i>Shhh!</i> Imper(<i>stop</i> [to a horse]) = <i>Whoa!</i> <p>21. Result [Lat. <i>resultāre</i> ‘[to] result’] = ‘[to] be the expected result of L’: </p> Result(<i>buy</i>V) = <i>own</i>V Result(<i>lie down</i>) = <i>be lying</i> Result(<i>have learnt</i>) = <i>know</i> [<i>how</i>], <i>have the necessary skills</i> <p>22. Centr [Lat. <i>centrum</i> ‘center’] =‘the center/culmination of L’ </p> Syntactically, Centr(L) is a noun that takes the name of L as its DSyntA II: Centr−II→L, etc. Centr(<i>forest</i>) = <i>the thick</i> [<i>of th</i>e ~] Centr(<i>crisis</i>) = <i>the height</i> [<i>of the</i> ~] Centr(<i>glory</i>) = <i>summit</i> [<i>of</i> ~] Centr(<i>life</i>) = <i>prime</i> [<i>of</i> ~] <p>23. Magn [Lat. <i>magnus</i> ‘big, great’] = ‘very’, ‘to a (very) high degree’, ‘intense(ly)’: </p> Magn(<i>naked</i>) = <i>stark</i> Magn(<i>laughV</i>) = <i>heartily; one’s head off</i> Magn(patience) = <i>infinite</i> Magn(<i>skinny</i> [<i>person</i>]) = <i>as a rake</i> <p>24. Ver [Lat. <i>verus</i> ‘real, genuine’] = ‘as it should be’, ‘meeting intended requirements’: </p> Ver(<i>surprise</i>) = <i>sincere, genuine, unfeigned</i> Ver(<i>punishment</i>) = <i>well-deserved, just</i> Ver(<i>instrument</i>) = <i>precise</i> Ver(<i>walkV</i>) = <i>steadily</i> <p>25. Bon [Lat. <i>bonus</i> ‘good’] = ‘good’: </p> Bon(<i>cutV</i>) = <i>neatly, cleanly</i> Bon(<i>proposal</i>) = tempting Bon(<i>service</i>) = first-class Bon(<i>assistance</i>) = invaluable <p>26. Locin [Lat. <i>locus</i> ‘place’] = preposition governing L and designating a containing spatial location (‘being in’): </p> Locin(<i>height</i>) = <i>at</i> [<i>a height of ...</i>] <p>27. Locad [Lat. locus ‘place’] = preposition governing L and designating an entering spatial relation (‘moving into’): </p> Locad(<i>height</i>) = <i>to</i> [<i>a height of ...</i>] <p>28. Locab [Lat. locus ‘place’] = preposition governing L and designating an exiting spatial relation (‘moving out of’): </p> Locab(<i>height</i>) = <i>from</i> [<i>a height of ...</i>] <p>29. Instr [Lat. <i>instrumentum</i> ‘instrument’] = preposition meaning ‘by means of L’: </p> Instr(<i>typewriter</i>) = <i>on</i> [ART ~] Instr(<i>satellite</i>) = <i>via</i> [~] Instr(<i>mail</i>) = <i>by</i> [~] Instr(<i>argument</i>) = <i>with</i> [ART ~] <p>30. Propt [Lat. <i>propter</i> ‘because of’] = preposition meaning ‘because of’/‘as a result of L’: </p> Propt(<i>fear</i>) = <i>from, out of</i> [~] Propt(<i>love</i>) = <i>out of</i> [<i>one’s ~ of</i> ...] <p>31. Operi [Lat. <i>operāri</i> ‘[to] do, carry out’] = a light verb used as part of the expression ‘realize/carry out L': </p> The DSyntA I of this verb (and its Subject) is the expression that is described in the Government Pattern of L as the <i>i</i>-th DSyntA of L, and Operi’s DSyntA II (= its Primary Object) is L itself. Oper1(<i>blowN</i>) = [<i>to</i>] <i>deal</i> [ART ~ <i>to</i> N] Oper1(<i>supportN</i>) = [<i>to</i>] <i>lend</i> [~ <i>to</i> N] Oper2(<i>blowN</i>) = [<i>to</i>] <i>receive</i> [ART ~ <i>from</i> N] Oper2(<i>supportN</i>) = [<i>to</i>] <i>receive</i> [~ <i>from</i> N] <p>32. Funci [Lat. <i>functionāre</i> ‘[to] function’]: </p> The DSyntA I of this verb (and its Subject) is L itself, and its DSyntA II (its Primary Object) is the <i>i</i>-th DSyntA of L. Func1(<i>blowN</i>) = <i>comes</i> [<i>from</i> N] Func2(<i>blowN</i>) = <i>falls</i> [<i>upon</i> N] If Funci has no object, the subscript 0 is used: Func0(<i>snowN</i>) = <i>falls</i> Func0(<i>option</i>) = <i>is open</i> Func0(preparations) = <i>are under way</i> Func0(<i>rumors</i>) = <i>circulate</i> <p>33. Laborij [Lat. <i>labōrāre</i> ‘[to] work, toil’]: </p> The DSynt-actant I of this verb (and its Subject) is the <i>i</i>-th DSyntA of L, its DSyntA II (its Primary Object) is the <i>j</i>-th DSyntA of L, its DSyntA III (= its Secondary Object) is the <i>j</i>+1-st DSyntA of L, and its further DSyntA (its TertiaryObject) is L itself. Labor12(<i>interrogation</i>) = [<i>to</i>] <i>subject</i> [N <i>to an</i> ~] Labor32(<i>leaseN</i>) = [<i>to</i>] <i>grant</i> [N <i>to</i> N <i>on</i> ~] <p>34. Incep [Lat. <i>incipere</i>] = ‘begin’: </p> Incep(<i>sleep</i>) = <i>fall asleep</i> <p>35. Cont [Lat. <i>continuāre</i>] = ‘continue’: </p> Cont(<i>sleep</i>) = <i>stay asleep</i> <p>36. Fin [Lat. <i>fīnīre</i>] = ‘cease’: </p> Fin(<i>sleep</i>) = <i>wake up</i> <p>37. Caus [Lat. <i>causāre</i>] ‘cause’ [≈ ‘do something so that a situation occurs’] 38. Perm [Lat. <i>permittere</i>] =‘permit/allow’ [≈ ‘do nothing which would cause that a situation does not occur]’ 39. Liqu [Lat. *<i>liquidāre</i>] = ‘liquidate’ [≈ ‘do something so that a situation does not occur’] 40. Reali [Lat. <i>realis</i> ‘real’] </p> Real1(<i>accusation</i>) = [<i>to</i>] <i>prove</i> [ART ~] Real1(<i>car</i>) = [<i>to</i>] <i>drive</i> [ART ~ ] Real1(<i>illness</i>) = [<i>to</i>] <i>succumb</i> [<i>to</i> ART ~] Real2(<i>law</i>) = [<i>to</i>] <i>abide</i> [<i>by</i> ART ~] Real2(<i>hintN</i>) = [<i>to</i>] <i>take</i> [ART ~] Real2(<i>demandN</i>) = [<i>to</i>] <i>meet</i> [ART ~] <p>41. Fact0/i [Lat. <i>factum</i> ‘fact’] </p><p>42. Labrealijk [a hybrid of Labor and Real] </p><p>43. Involv [Lat. <i>involvere</i> ‘[<i>to</i>] <i>drag along</i>’] = verb meaning ‘[<i>to</i>] <i>involve</i> Y’, ‘[<i>to</i>] <i>affect</i> Y’ </p> Involv links L and the name of a non-participant Y which is affected or acted upon by the situation ‘L’; Y is DSyntA II of <i>Involv</i>, and L is its DSyntA I: Involv(<i>lightN</i>) = <i>floods</i> [N = Y, e.g. the room] Involv(<i>snowstorm</i>) = <i>catches</i> [Nhum=Y Locin N], <i>hits</i> [Narea= Y] <p>44. Manif [Lat. <i>manifestāre</i> ‘[to] manifest’] = verb meaning ‘L manifests itself [≈ becomes apparent] in Y’ </p> The keyword L, a noun, is DSyntA I of Manif, and Y (= in which L manifests itself) is its DSyntA II: Manif(<i>doubt</i>) = <i>nags</i> Manif(<i>joy</i>) = <i>lights up</i> [<i>his eyes</i>] <p>45. Degrad [Lat. <i>degradāre</i> ‘[to] degrade’] = verb meaning ‘[to] degrade’ ≈ ‘[to] become permanently worse or bad’. </p> Degrad takes its keyword L, which can be any noun, as its DSyntA I. Degrad(<i>milk</i>) = <i>goes sour</i> Degrad(<i>meat</i>) = <i>goes off</i> Degrad(<i>discipline</i>) = <i>weakens</i> Degrad(<i>house</i>) = <i>becomes dilapidated</i> <p>46. Son [Lat. <i>sonāre</i> ‘[<i>to</i>] <i>sound</i>’] = verb meaning ‘[to] emit characteristic sound’. </p> Son also takes its keyword, which most often, but not necessarily, is a concrete noun, as its DSyntA I. Son(<i>dog</i>) = <i>barks</i> Son(<i>battle</i>) = <i>rumbles</i> Son(<i>banknotes</i>) = <i>rustle</i> Son(<i>wind</i>) = <i>howls</i> <h3>Complex LFs and Configurations of LFs</h3> <p>Simple LFs can be combined to form complex LFs: </p> AntiMagn(<i>applause</i>) = <i>scattered</i> IncepOper1(<i>loveN</i>) = [<i>to</i>] <i>fall</i> [<i>in</i> ~] Adv1Real1(<i>whim</i>) = <i>on</i> [<i>a</i> ~] <p>Certain expressions (collocations or derivations) can simultaneously realize two LFs, resulting in a configuration of LFs: </p> [Magn + Oper1](<i>doubt</i>) = [<i>to</i>] <i>be plagued</i> [<i>by</i> ~] (≈ ‘[<i>to</i>] <i>have</i> [= Oper1] <i>strong</i> [= Magn] <i>doubts</i>’) [Ver + Oper1](<i>health</i>) = [<i>to</i>] <i>have a clean bill</i> [<i>of</i> ~] (≈ ‘[<i>to</i>] <i>have</i> [= Oper1] <i>good</i> [= Ver] <i>health</i>’) <h2 id="lfs-in-the-lexicon">LFs in the lexicon</h2> <p>Lexical Functions play an important part in the <a href="/facts/Lexicon/MxfVm3gl">lexicon</a>, which of necessity must include information about the collocational and derivational properties of LUs. In MTT, the LFs for L are included in the entry for L in the <a href="/facts/Explanatory_Combinatorial_Dictionary/jG7w8zpt">Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary</a>: </p><p>REVULSION Definition <i>X’s revulsion for Y</i> ≡ ‘X’s (strong) negative feeling about Y caused by X’s perception of Y, similar to what people normally experience when they perceive something that makes them sick and such that it causes that X wants to stop perceiving Y’. </p><p>Government Pattern </p> <table><tbody><tr><td>X = I</td><td>Y = I</td></tr><tr><td>1. N’s2. Aposs3. A</td><td>1. <i>against</i> N<p>2. <i>at</i> N3. <i>for</i> N4. toward N</p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>1) CII.2 : N denotes something that can be seen or felt 2) CII.4 : N denotes people [‘C’ stands for ‘column;’ the Roman numeral identifies the column, and the Arabic numeral, the cell in it.] John’s 〈his〉 revulsion against racism 〈against dismal results of his endeavors〉. John’s 〈his〉 revulsion at the sight of sea food; John’s 〈his〉 revulsion for work 〈for all those killings〉; John’s 〈his〉 revulsion for 〈= toward〉 these scoundrels 〈toward the government〉 Impossible: <i>John’s 〈his〉 revulsion *at these words</i> [correct expression: <i>... for these words</i>] [by Constraint 1] <i>John’s 〈his〉 revulsion *towards these words</i> [by Constraint 2] </p><p>Lexical Functions </p> <table><tbody><tr><td>Syn∩: <i>distaste; repugnance; repulsion; disgust; loathing</i></td><td> </td><td><p>Anti∩: <i>attraction</i></p></td></tr><tr><td>Conv21Anti∩: <i>appeal</i></td><td> </td><td>A1: <i>revulsed</i></td></tr><tr><td>Able2: <i>repulsive</i></td><td> </td><td>Magn : <i>deep</i>, <i>extreme</i></td></tr><tr><td>AntiMagn : <i>mild</i></td><td> </td><td>Adv1: <i>in</i> [~]</td></tr><tr><td>Propt: <i>from</i> [~]</td><td> </td><td>Oper1: <i>experience, feel</i> [~]</td></tr><tr><td>Magn + Oper1: <i>be filled</i> [<i>with</i> ~]</td><td> </td><td>Magn + Labor12: <i>fill</i> [N <i>with</i> ~]</td></tr><tr><td>Adv1Manif: <i>with</i> [~]</td><td> </td><td> </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Examples He did it from deep revulsion for the bitterness of the sectarian strife. Any revulsion they might feel from fat-ass bastards they ran up against professionally was ad hominem and not ad genus [A. Lurie]. Mary turned her head away in revulsion. I felt no revulsion for her maternal fantasies, only a practical concern. She met his advances with revulsion. Pam was driven to revulsion (by the sight of the dead animal) 〈*The sight of the dead animal drove Pam to revulsion〉. Revulsion at slaughter cut war short [newspaper heading]. </p> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.gelbukh.com/lexical-functions/">A dictionary of Spanish verb-noun lexical functions</a></li> <li><a href="https://lexical-systems.atilf.fr/en/lexical-systems/">Lexical systems</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Fontenelle, Thierry. (2008) Using a bilingual dictionary to create semantic networks. In Thierry Fontenelle (ed.), Practical Lexicography: A reader, 175–185. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>The material in this article is based to a large extent on Mel’čuk, Igor A. (2007). Lexical Functions. In H. Burger, D. Dobrovol’skij, P. Kühn & N. Norrick (eds.), Phraseology. An International Handbook of Contemporary Research, 119–13. Berlin/New York: W. de Gruyter. The material in the list of LFs and the sample ECD entry below is reproduced from that source with kind permission of the author. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Žolkovskij, Aleksandr & Igor A. Mel’čuk, I. (1967). O semantičeskom sinteze. Problemy kibernetiki 19, 177–238. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Mel’čuk, Igor A. (1974). Opyt teorii lingvističeskix modelej «Smysl ⇔ Tekst». Moscow: Nauka. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Mel’čuk, Igor A. (1996). Lexical Functions: A tool for the description of lexical relations in the lexicon. In Leo Wanner (ed.), Lexical Functions in Lexicography and Natural Language Processing, 37–102. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Mel’čuk, Igor A. (1998). Collocations and Lexical Functions. In Anthony P. Cowie (ed.) Phraseology. Theory, analysis, and applications, 23–53. Oxford: Clarendon. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Mel’čuk, Igor A. (2003). Collocations dans le dictionnaire. In Th. Szende (ed.), Les écarts culturels dans les dictionnaires bilingues, 19–64. Paris: Honoré Champion. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Mel’čuk, Igor A. (2007). Lexical Functions. In H. Burger, D. Dobrovol’skij, P. Kühn & N. Norrick (eds.), Phraseology. An International Handbook of Contemporary Research, 119–131. Berlin/New York: W. de Gruyter. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Wanner, Leo. (ed.) (1996). Lexical Functions in Lexicography and Natural Language Processing. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Gelbukh, A.; Kolesnikova, O. (2013). Semantic Analysis of Verbal Collocations with Lexical Functions. Studies in Computational Intelligence. Vol. 414. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28771-8. ISBN 978-3-642-28770-1. <a href="978-3-642-28770-1" target="_blank">978-3-642-28770-1</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>