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Gomphotherium
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<h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>Most species of <i>Gomphotherium</i> were similar in size to the <a href="/facts/Asian_elephant/KE152Fa8">Asian elephant</a>, with <i>G. productum</i> (known from a 35-year-old male) measuring 2.51 m (8 ft 3 in) tall and weighing 4.6 t (4.5 long tons; 5.1 short tons). The largest species <i>G. steinheimense</i>, known from a complete 37-year-old male found in <a href="/facts/M%C3%BChldorf/FL4bUfsa">Mühldorf</a>, Germany, measured up to 3.17 m (10.4 ft) tall and weighed 6.7 t (6.6 long tons; 7.4 short tons).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p><i>Gomphotherium</i>, like most basal <a href="/facts/Elephantimorpha/YKhYACB2">elephantimorphs</a>, had an elongated lower jaw which bore tusks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Species of <i>Gomphotherium</i> are defined by their conservative molar morphology, which includes "trilophed intermediate molars, third molars with three to four loph(id)s, and pretrite half-loph(id)s typically with anterior and posterior accessory conules that form trefoil-patterned enamel loops with wear (simple molar crowns with no accessory conules on the posttrite side of the crown)".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="ecology">Ecology</h2> <p>Most species of <i>Gomphotherium</i> are inferred to have been <a href="/facts/Browsing_(herbivory)/CofkS0Nv">browsers</a> or mixed feeders, but specimens of <i>G</i>. <i>steinheimense</i> from China are suggested to have been <a href="/facts/Grazing_(behaviour)/u8jDhus8">grazers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Oxygen and carbon isotopes from <i>G. productum</i> enamel unearthed in the Port of Entry Pit, Oklahoma reveal it fed predominantly on <a href="/facts/C3_carbon_fixation/HdWBsswk">C3 plants</a> year-round.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="evolution">Evolution</h2> <p><i>Gomphotherium</i> likely originated in Africa during the late <a href="/facts/Oligocene/n3gnNogo">Oligocene</a>-early <a href="/facts/Miocene/cBRRzq4g">Miocene</a>. The oldest remains of <i>Gomphotherium</i> are known from Africa, dating to approximately 19.5 million years ago<i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Gomphotherium</i> migrated into Eurasia across the "<a href="/facts/Gomphotherium_land_bridge/x1NsAMSJ"><i>Gomphotherium</i> land bridge</a>" approximately 19 million years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> <i>Gomphotherium</i> underwent rapid evolution after its arrival in Eurasia, reaching its peak diversity during the Early-Middle Miocene.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> <i>Gomphotherium</i> has been posited to be <a href="/facts/Paraphyletic/tmTWjACz">paraphyletic</a> and the ancestor of later gomphothere genera, including the "tetralophodont gomphotheres" such as <i><a href="/facts/Tetralophodon/VemXe1KA">Tetralophodon</a></i> which are probably ancestral to <a href="/facts/Stegodontids/Ibbtdd5U">stegodontids</a> and <a href="/facts/Elephantidae/pE2dqhAB">elephantids</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> <i>Gomphotherium</i> first arrived in North America during the mid-Miocene, approximately 16-15 million years ago,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> and is suggested to be ancestral to later New World gomphothere genera, such as <i><a href="/facts/Cuvieronius/hFbRgkIh">Cuvieronius</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Stegomastodon/ohNVC0xB">Stegomastodon</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Rhynchotherium/lx2gxjfj">Rhynchotherium</a>.</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Asian populations of <i>Gomphotherium</i> are suggested to have been ancestral to <i><a href="/facts/Sinomastodon/f5nk6rMG">Sinomastodon</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> The last European species of <i>Gomphotherium</i> became extinct at the beginning of the Late Miocene, around the start of <a href="/facts/Mammal_Neogene_zones/8qJD74sS">MN9</a>, approximately 10 million years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> The last <i>Gomphotherium</i> species disappeared from North America at the beginning of the Pliocene, approximately 5 million years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <h3>Species</h3> <p>Over a dozen species of <i>Gomphotherium</i> are considered valid, with over 30 <a href="/facts/Junior_synonyms/BHLdox7E">junior synonyms</a> proposed for these taxa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i>G. hannibali</i> Welcomme, 1994 Europe, Early Miocene</li> <li><i>G. annectens</i> (Matsumoto, 1925) Japan, Early Miocene</li> <li><i>G. cooperi</i> (Osborn, 1932) Asia, Early Miocene</li> <li><i>G. sylvaticum</i> Tassy, 1985 Europe, Early Miocene</li> <li><i>G. libycum</i> (Fourtau, 1918) Egypt, Early Miocene</li> <li><i>G. inopinatum</i> (Borissiak and Belyaeva, 1928) China, late Early Miocene-Early middle Miocene</li> <li><i>G. mongoliense</i> (<a href="/facts/Henry_Fairfield_Osborn/jnULPElT">Osborn</a>, 1924) Mongolia, late Early Miocene-Early middle Miocene</li> <li><i>G. angustidens</i> (Cuvier, 1817) (type) Europe, Middle Miocene</li> <li><i>G. subtapiroideum</i> (Schlesinger, 1917) Europe, Early-Middle Miocene</li> <li><i>G. tassyi</i> Wang, Li, Duangkrayom, Yang, He & Chen, 2017 China, Middle Miocene</li> <li><i>G. browni</i> (Osborn, 1926) Pakistan, Middle Miocene</li> <li><i>G. steinheimense</i> (Klahn, 1922) Europe, China, Middle-Late Miocene</li> <li><i>G. productum</i> (Cope, 1874) North America, Middle Miocene-Early Pliocene</li> <li><i>G. pyrenaicum</i> (Lartet, 1859) Europe, Middle Miocene<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li></ul> <p>Phylogeny after Wang <i>et al.</i>, 2017<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Phiomia_serridens/aoB5eLYS">Phiomia serridens</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Eritreum_melakeghebrekristosi/cLzPoS8M">Eritreum melakeghebrekristosi</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Gomphotherium</i> sp. (Mwiti)</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Gomphotherium hannibali</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Gomphotherium annectens</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Gomphotherium cooperi</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Gomphotherium sylvaticum</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Gomphotherium libycum</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Gomphotherium pygmaeus</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Gomphotherium inopinatum</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Gomphotherium mongoliense</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Gomphotherium angustidens</i> (<a href="/facts/Sensu_stricto/ho2gtX2C">s. s.</a>)</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Gomphotherium connexum</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Gomphotherium subtapiroideum</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Gomphotherium tassyi</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Gomphotherium wimani</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Gomphotherium browni</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Gomphotherium productum</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Gomphotherium steinheimense</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td rowspan="2">Outgroups"<i>G. annectens</i> group""<i>G. angustidens</i> group""Derived <i>Gomphotherium</i>"</td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Cladogram of Elephantiformes after Li et al. 2023, showing a <a href="/facts/Paraphyly/tmTWjACz">paraphyletic</a> <a href="/facts/Gomphotheriidae/kqjTTu6m">Gomphotheriidae</a> and <i>Gomphotherium</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></p> <table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Elephantiformes/wyhvr4Kv">Elephantiformes</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Phiomia/aoB5eLYS">Phiomia</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Elephantimorpha/YKhYACB2">Elephantimorpha</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Mammutidae/SSjEwXNq">Mammutidae</a> (mastodons)</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gomphotheres <i>sensu lato</i></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Eritreum/cLzPoS8M">Eritreum</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Gomphotherium annectens</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Choerolophodontidae/BexlnWHV">Choerolophodontidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Amebelodontidae/oIEPL8NF">Amebelodontidae</a> (shovel tuskers)</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td>"<a href="/facts/Gomphotheriidae/kqjTTu6m">Gomphotheriidae</a>"</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Gomphotherium angustidens</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Gomphotherium steinheimense</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Elephantoidea/1DwQPcAV">Elephantoidea</a> ("tetralophodont gomphotheres", Elephantidae)</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Gomphotherium sylvaticum</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Gomphotherium inopinatum</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Gomphotherium browni</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Gomphotherium tassyi</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Gomphotherium productum</i> + American gomphotheres</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gomphotherium. <ul> <li>Paleontology portal</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Wang, Wei; Liao, Wei; Li, Dawei; Tian, Feng (1 July 2014). 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