Sternorrhyncha

<h2 id="phylogeny">Phylogeny</h2>
<p>The <a href="/facts/Phylogeny/f5vVEpeY">phylogeny</a> of the extant Sternorrhyncha, inferred from analysis of small subunit (18S) <a href="/facts/Ribosomal_RNA/zy5FxddY">ribosomal RNA</a>, is shown in the <a href="/facts/Cladogram/fWFYhUFo">cladogram</a>.
</p>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Sternorrhyncha</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Psylloidea/7He7HaxM">Psylloidea</a> (jumping plant lice, etc.) </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Aleyrodoidea/bRRLAfTU">Aleyrodoidea</a> (whiteflies) </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Coccoidea/r42lyLhm">Coccoidea</a> (scale insects) </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Aphidomorpha/hWz4BQay">Aphidomorpha</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Phylloxeroidea/GC0LtRPI">Phylloxeroidea</a> (phylloxera bugs) </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Aphididae/E4Yyzfug">Aphididae</a> (aphids) </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The evolutionary position of several fossil taxa are unclear. A suggested phylogeny is:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a>
</p>

<table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td>†Pincombeomorpha</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>Boreoscytidae</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>Pincombeidae</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>Simulaphididae</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Coccidomorpha/r42lyLhm">Coccidomorpha</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td>†Naibiomorpha</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>Dracaphididae</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Naibiidae/qdgE7b6L">Naibiidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>Sinojuraphididae</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Aphidomorpha/hWz4BQay">Aphidomorpha</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†Protopsyllidioidea</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<a href="/facts/Dinglomorpha/wXsraKXn">Dinglomorpha</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>Aleyrodomorpha</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<a href="/facts/Liadopsyllidae/l1X5r4Ns">Liadopsyllidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Psylloidea/7He7HaxM">Psylloidea</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="groups">Groups</h2>
<p>Well-known groups in the Sternorrhyncha include:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Aphid/kbvClSLl">aphids</a> – (<a href="/facts/Aphididae/E4Yyzfug">Aphididae</a>)</li>
<li>woolly and gall-making aphids (<a href="/facts/Eriosomatinae/MgrmRs1r">Eriosomatinae</a>)</li>
<li>pine and spruce aphids (<a href="/facts/Adelgidae/esA70RQx">Adelgidae</a>)</li>
<li>phylloxerans (<a href="/facts/Phylloxeridae/zS3UnYAV">Phylloxeridae</a>, including the <a href="/facts/Phylloxera/sY6NecVY">vine phylloxera</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Whitefly/bRRLAfTU">whiteflies</a> – (Aleyrodidae)</li>
<li>jumping plant lice (<a href="/facts/Psyllidae/S3xq46c5">Psyllidae</a> and allied families)</li>
<li>Superfamily Coccoidea (<a href="/facts/Scale_insect/r42lyLhm">scale insects</a>)
<ul><li>cottony cushion scales, giant coccids, and ground pearls (<a href="/facts/Margarodidae/aGQME8pV">Margarodidae</a>)</li>
<li>armoured scales (<a href="/facts/Diaspididae/10StnQd8">Diaspididae</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Cochineal/hYkz4pcd">cochineal</a> insects (Dactylopiidae)</li>
<li>lac scales (<a href="/facts/Kerriidae/bDYA5Ulh">Kerriidae</a>, Lacciferidae, Tachardinidae)</li>
<li>soft scales (<a href="/facts/Coccidae/KBvovyTd">Coccidae</a>)</li>
<li>pit scales (<a href="/facts/Asterolecaniidae/hCSTkdWu">Asterolecaniidae</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Mealybug/EBIwqLq2">mealybugs</a> (Pseudococcidae)</li>
<li>felted scales (<a href="/facts/Eriococcidae/QxYawCuW">Eriococcidae</a>)</li></ul></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sternorrhyncha.

<ul><li><a href="https://bugguide.net/node/view/12746">Suborder Sternorrhyncha—Plant-parasitic Hemipterans</a> at <a href="/facts/BugGuide/BrtkLgsw">BugGuide</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>"ITIS standard report - Sternorrhyncha". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 27 July 2014. <a href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=109185" target="_blank">https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=109185</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>Grimaldi & Engel (2005) Evolution of the Insects 289-303. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>Paraneoptera Species File (Version 5.0/5.0) <a href="http://paraneoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1172342" target="_blank">http://paraneoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1172342</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>Drohojowska, Jowita; Szwedo, Jacek; Żyła, Dagmara; Huang, Di-Ying; Müller, Patrick (2020). "Fossils reshape the Sternorrhyncha evolutionary tree (Insecta, Hemiptera)". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 11390. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-68220-x. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7347605. PMID 32647332. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7347605" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7347605</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:5"><p>Szwedo, Jacek (2016). "The unity, diversity and conformity of bugs (Hemiptera) through time". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 107 (2–3): 109–128. Bibcode:2016EESTR.107..109S. doi:10.1017/S175569101700038X. ISSN 1755-6910. S2CID 134243346. <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S175569101700038X/type/journal_article" target="_blank">https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S175569101700038X/type/journal_article</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

Sternorrhyncha open-in-new

Sternorrhyncha