Wiktionary

<h2 id="history-and-development">History and development</h2>
Wiktionary was brought online on December 12, 2002,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a> following a proposal by Daniel Alston and an idea by <a href="/facts/Larry_Sanger/weF16wSV">Larry Sanger</a>, co-founder of Wikipedia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> On March 28, 2004, the first non-<a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a> Wiktionaries were initiated in <a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a> and <a href="/facts/Polish_language/lzpvYDvV">Polish</a>. Wiktionaries in numerous other languages have since been started. Wiktionary was hosted on a temporary <a href="/facts/Domain_name/FDLD2m5G">domain name</a> (wiktionary.wikipedia.org) until May 1, 2004, when it switched to the current domain name.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> As of July 2021, Wiktionary features over 30 million articles (and even more entries) across its editions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> The largest of the language editions is the English Wiktionary, with over 7.5 million entries, followed by the <a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a> Wiktionary with over 4.7 million and the <a href="/facts/Malagasy_language/KefIavD1">Malagasy</a> Wiktionary with over 3.5 million entries. Forty-three Wiktionary language editions contain over 100,000 entries each.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>

Many of the definitions at the project's largest language editions were created by <a href="/facts/Internet_bot/yPTtRLyq">bots</a> that found creative ways to generate entries or (rarely) automatically imported thousands of entries from previously published dictionaries. Seven of the 18 bots registered at the English Wiktionary in 2007<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> created 163,000 of the entries there.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>
Another of these bots, "ThirdPersBot", was responsible for the addition of a number of third-person <a href="/facts/Grammatical_conjugation/z1j65HK8">conjugations</a> that would not have received their own entries in standard dictionaries; for instance, it defined "smoulders" as the "third-person singular simple present form of smoulder." Of the 1,269,938 definitions the English Wiktionary provides for 996,450 English words, 478,068 are "form of" definitions of this kind.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> This means that even without such entries, its coverage of English is significantly larger than that of major monolingual print dictionaries. <a href="/facts/Webster%2527s_Dictionary/A7onwQtb">Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary</a> of the English Language, Unabridged, for instance, has 475,000 entries (with many additional embedded headwords); the <a href="/facts/Oxford_English_Dictionary/qaxKX8Bc">Oxford English Dictionary</a> has 615,000 headwords, but includes <a href="/facts/Middle_English/dj1wHvwd">Middle English</a> as well, for which the English Wiktionary has an additional
34,234 gloss definitions. Detailed statistics exist to show how many entries of various kinds exist.
The English Wiktionary does not rely on bots to the extent that some other editions do. The <a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a> and <a href="/facts/Vietnamese_language/J3Pbx58C">Vietnamese</a> Wiktionaries, for example, imported large sections of the Free <a href="/facts/Vietnamese_language/J3Pbx58C">Vietnamese</a> Dictionary Project (FVDP), which provides free content bilingual dictionaries to and from Vietnamese.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> These imported entries make up virtually all of the Vietnamese edition's contents. Like the English edition, the French Wiktionary has imported approximately 20,000 entries from the <a href="/facts/Han_unification/P4F7bEfE">Unihan</a> database of <a href="/facts/CJK_characters/TGz9tR4C">Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Indian characters</a>. The French Wiktionary grew rapidly in 2006 thanks in a large part to bots copying many entries from old, freely licensed dictionaries, such as the eighth edition of the <a href="/facts/Dictionnaire_de_l%2527Acad%25C3%25A9mie_fran%25C3%25A7aise/4joInNqd">Dictionnaire de l'Académie française</a> (1935, around 35,000 words), and using bots to add words from other Wiktionary editions with French translations. The <a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">Russian</a> edition grew by nearly 80,000 entries as "LXbot" added boilerplate entries (with headings, but without definitions) for words in English and <a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>
As of July 2021, the English Wiktionary has over 791,870 <a href="/facts/Gloss_(annotation)/f7MlXzqo">gloss</a> definitions and over 1,269,938 total definitions (including different forms) for English entries alone, with a total of over 9,928,056 definitions across all languages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>

<h3>Logos</h3>

Wiktionary has historically lacked a uniform logo across its numerous language editions. Some editions use logos that depict a dictionary entry about the term "Wiktionary", based on the previous English Wiktionary logo, which was designed by Brooke Vibber, a <a href="/facts/MediaWiki/MbkLUTor">MediaWiki</a> developer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> Because a purely textual logo must vary considerably from language to language, a four-phase contest to adopt a uniform logo was held at the Wikimedia Meta-Wiki from September to October 2006.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> Some communities adopted the winning entry by "Smurrayinchester", a 3×3 grid of wooden tiles, each bearing a character from a different writing system. However, the poll did not see as much participation from the Wiktionary community as some community members had hoped, and a number of the larger wikis ultimately kept their textual logos.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>
In April 2009, the issue was resurrected with a new contest. This time, a depiction by "AAEngelman" of an open hardbound dictionary won a head-to-head vote against the 2006 logo, but the process to refine and adopt the new logo then stalled.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> In the following years, some wikis replaced their textual logos with one of the two newer logos. In 2012, 55 wikis that had been using the English Wiktionary logo received localized versions of the 2006 design by "Smurrayinchester".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> In July 2016, the English Wiktionary adopted a variant of this logo.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> As of 4 July 2016, 135 wikis, representing 61% of Wiktionary's entries, use a logo based on the 2006 design by "Smurrayinchester", 33 wikis (36%) use a textual logo, and three wikis (3%) use the 2009 design by "AAEngelman".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>

<h2 id="multi-lingual">Multi-lingual</h2>
As of May 2025, there are Wiktionary sites for 196 languages of which 172 are active and 24 are closed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> The active sites have 44,251,160 articles, and the closed sites have 339 articles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> There are 7,537,043 registered users of which 6,334 are recently active.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>
The top ten Wiktionary language projects by mainspace article count:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>

<table><tbody><tr><th>№</th><th>Language</th><th>Wiki</th><th>Good</th><th>Total</th><th>Edits</th><th>Admins</th><th>Users</th><th>Active users</th><th>Files</th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>English</td><td>en</td><td>8,420,121</td><td>10,142,189</td><td>84,787,181</td><td>76</td><td>4,277,514</td><td>2,451</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>French</td><td>fr</td><td>6,594,963</td><td>7,390,767</td><td>38,218,818</td><td>33</td><td>388,352</td><td>510</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Malagasy</td><td>mg</td><td>5,171,714</td><td>5,240,050</td><td>34,968,050</td><td>2</td><td>13,416</td><td>71</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Chinese</td><td>zh</td><td>2,073,982</td><td>2,824,617</td><td>9,241,781</td><td>9</td><td>126,527</td><td>71</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>Greek</td><td>el</td><td>1,554,487</td><td>1,612,639</td><td>7,125,095</td><td>9</td><td>65,754</td><td>67</td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Thai</td><td>th</td><td>1,502,651</td><td>1,615,176</td><td>4,614,339</td><td>4</td><td>17,372</td><td>40</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Russian</td><td>ru</td><td>1,415,688</td><td>2,954,371</td><td>13,707,574</td><td>14</td><td>329,350</td><td>230</td><td>196</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>German</td><td>de</td><td>1,173,189</td><td>1,359,359</td><td>10,271,104</td><td>12</td><td>247,024</td><td>180</td><td>92</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>Kurdish</td><td>ku</td><td>1,004,701</td><td>1,101,532</td><td>6,107,006</td><td>7</td><td>13,563</td><td>35</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>Swedish</td><td>sv</td><td>972,379</td><td>1,013,326</td><td>4,110,776</td><td>12</td><td>58,904</td><td>56</td><td>1</td></tr></tbody></table>
For a complete list with totals see Wikimedia Statistics:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>

<h2 id="critical-reception">Critical reception</h2>

Critical reception of Wiktionary has been mixed. In 2006, <a href="/facts/Jill_Lepore/YbslHoje">Jill Lepore</a> wrote in the article "Noah's Ark" for <a href="/facts/The_New_Yorker/2RfeBrsR">The New Yorker</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>

<blockquote>There's no show of hands at Wiktionary. There's not even an editorial staff. "Be your own lexicographer!", might be Wiktionary's motto. Who needs experts? Why pay good money for a dictionary written by lexicographers when we could cobble one together ourselves?
Wiktionary isn't so much <a href="/facts/Republican_Party_(United_States)/XXM1EVPr">republican</a> or <a href="/facts/Democratic_Party_(United_States)/MNe3nDrL">democratic</a> as <a href="/facts/Maoism/HHVv40IK">Maoist</a>. And it's only as good as the <a href="/facts/Public_domain/YWKMDKw4">copyright-expired</a> books from which it pilfers.</blockquote>
<a href="/facts/Keir_Graff/L0Dkhe8B">Keir Graff</a>'s review for <a href="/facts/Booklist/kepkzXC9">Booklist</a> was less critical:

<blockquote>Is there a place for Wiktionary? Undoubtedly. The industry and enthusiasm of its many creators are proof that there's a market. And it's wonderful to have another strong source to use when searching the odd terms that pop up in today's fast-changing world and the online environment. But as with so many Web sources (including this column), it's best used by sophisticated users in conjunction with more reputable sources.</blockquote>
References in other publications are fleeting and part of larger discussions of Wikipedia, not progressing beyond a definition, although David Brooks in <a href="/facts/The_Telegraph_(Nashua)/EaKlwYLA">The Nashua Telegraph</a> described it as "wild and woolly".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> One of the impediments to independent coverage of Wiktionary is the continuing confusion that it is merely an extension of Wikipedia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>
The measure of correctness of the inflections for a subset of the Polish words in the English Wiktionary showed that this grammatical data is very stable (a study showed that only 131 out of 4,748 Polish words have had their inflection data corrected).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>
As of 2016, Wiktionary has seen growing use in <a href="/facts/Academy/Q1cenQyr">academia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>

<h2 id="wiktionary-data-in-natural-language-processing">Wiktionary data in natural language processing</h2>
Wiktionary has <a href="/facts/Semi-structured_data/nkwlallC">semi-structured data</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> Wiktionary <a href="/facts/Lexicography/3btFWjIx">lexicographic</a> data can be converted to <a href="/facts/Machine-readable_data/oKEyQhcl">machine-readable format</a> in order to be used in <a href="/facts/Natural_language_processing/1hjMKsSN">natural language processing</a> tasks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>
Wiktionary's <a href="/facts/Data_mining/AH53q5ac">data mining</a> is a complex task. There are the following difficulties:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a>

<ul><li>(1) the constant and frequent changes to data and schemata</li>
<li>(2) the heterogeneity in Wiktionary language edition schemata<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> and</li>
<li>(3) the human-centric nature of a <a href="/facts/Wiki/uCKCEzqb">wiki</a>.</li></ul>
There are several <a href="/facts/Parsing/nRKB01S3">parsers</a> for different Wiktionary language editions:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a>

<ul><li>DBpedia Wiktionary :<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> a subproject of <a href="/facts/DBpedia/GdLsIUc6">DBpedia</a>, the data are extracted from English, French, German, and Russian Wiktionaries; the data includes language, <a href="/facts/Part_of_speech/WbQ89MHX">parts of speech</a>, definitions, <a href="/facts/Semantic_relationship/EIRll6sn">semantic relations</a> and translations. The declarative description of the <a href="/facts/Page_schematic/tFNNYIdE">page schema</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> <a href="/facts/Regular_expression/KFL3veHX">regular expressions</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> and <a href="/facts/Finite_state_transducer/1IAIurRf">finite state transducer</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> are used in order to extract information.</li>
<li>JWKTL (<a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a> Wiktionary Library) :<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> provides access to English Wiktionary and German Wiktionary dumps via a Java <a href="/facts/Ubiquitous_Knowledge_Processing_Lab/G3HFNP9n">Wiktionary API</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> The data includes language, parts of speech, definitions, quotations, semantic relations, etymologies and translations. JWKTL is distributed under the <a href="/facts/Apache_License/5AeIjas8">Apache License</a>.</li>
<li>wikokit :<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> the <a href="/facts/Parser/nRKB01S3">parser</a> of English Wiktionary and Russian Wiktionary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> The parsed data includes language, parts of speech, definitions, quotations,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> semantic relations<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> and translations. This is a <a href="/facts/Multi-licensing/4PvsDgfB">multi-licensed</a> <a href="/facts/Open_source/7X9rCdz4">open-source</a> software.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Etymology/18QG6y67">Etymological</a> entries have been parsed in the Etymological <a href="/facts/WordNet/TbrGVGAF">WordNet</a> project.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a></li></ul>
Examples of <a href="/facts/Natural_language_processing/1hjMKsSN">natural language processing</a> tasks which have been solved with the help of Wiktionary data include:

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Rule-based_machine_translation/BwS2KWX3">Rule-based machine translation</a> between <a href="/facts/Dutch_language/yIB5lbsx">Dutch language</a> and <a href="/facts/Afrikaans/jYqEPHmA">Afrikaans</a>; data of English Wiktionary, Dutch Wiktionary and Wikipedia were used with the <a href="/facts/Apertium/BHhyqPpV">Apertium</a> <a href="/facts/Machine_translation/DGF3NwuI">machine translation</a> platform.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a></li>
<li>Construction of <a href="/facts/Machine-readable_dictionary/WylY5EqD">machine-readable dictionary</a> by the parser NULEX, which integrates open linguistic resources: English Wiktionary, <a href="/facts/WordNet/TbrGVGAF">WordNet</a>, and <a href="/facts/VerbNet/VaMq9Vem">VerbNet</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> The parser NULEX <a href="/facts/Web_scraping/5R4mf1bd">scrapes</a> English Wiktionary for tense information (verbs), plural form and parts of speech (nouns).</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Speech_recognition/z7S7Pgk6">Speech recognition</a> and <a href="/facts/Speech_synthesis/ceTczTv9">synthesis</a>, where Wiktionary was used to automatically create pronunciation dictionaries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> Word-pronunciation pairs were retrieved from 6 Wiktionary language editions (<a href="/facts/Czech_language/ySvEftdh">Czech</a>, English, French, <a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a>, Polish, and German). Pronunciations are in terms of the <a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> The <a href="/facts/Speech_recognition/z7S7Pgk6">ASR</a> system based on English Wiktionary has the highest word error rate, where each third <a href="/facts/Phoneme/EXGHlJ7a">phoneme</a> has to be changed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Ontology_engineering/XzBfzVuC">Ontology engineering</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> and <a href="/facts/Semantic_network/mt7FlP53">semantic network</a> constructing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Ontology_alignment/Szbtc6zR">Ontology matching</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Text_simplification/R9hqsPMM">Text simplification</a>. Medero & <a href="/facts/Mari_Ostendorf/z6cgagEE">Ostendorf</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> assessed vocabulary difficulty (<a href="/facts/Readability/4UHGydpM">reading level</a> detection) with the help of Wiktionary data. Properties of words extracted from Wiktionary entries (definition length and <a href="/facts/Part_of_speech/WbQ89MHX">POS</a>, sense, and translation counts) were investigated. Medero & Ostendorf expected that
<ul><li>(1) very common words will be more likely to have multiple parts of speech,</li>
<li>(2) common words will be more likely to have multiple senses,</li>
<li>(3) common words will be more likely to have been translated into multiple languages. These features extracted from Wiktionary entries were useful in distinguishing word types that appear in <a href="/facts/Simple_English_Wikipedia/QfBuhvTf">Simple English Wikipedia</a> articles from words that only appear in the Standard English comparable articles.</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Part-of-speech_tagging/BYAPmH3r">Part-of-speech tagging</a>. Li et al. (2012)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> built multilingual POS-taggers for eight resource-poor languages on the basis of English Wiktionary and <a href="/facts/Part-of-speech_tagging/BYAPmH3r">hidden Markov models</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Sentiment_analysis/QRdywf6g">Sentiment analysis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a></li></ul>
"<a href="/facts/Wikidata/5Myy74K5">Wikidata</a>:Lexicographical data" was started in 2018 to provide structured data support to Wiktionaries. It stores word data of all languages in a machine readable data model, under a dedicated "<a href="/facts/Lexeme/CtHGorv4">Lexeme</a>" namespace in Wikidata. As of October 2021, the project has amassed over 600,000 lexeme entries of various languages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Lingua_Libre/eCCSURCU">Lingua Libre</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h3>Citations</h3>

<h3>Sources</h3>

<ul><li>Chesley, Paula; Vincent, Bruce; Xu, Li; Srihari, Rohini K. (2006). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224224202/https://www.aaai.org/Papers/Symposia/Spring/2006/SS-06-03/SS06-03-005.pdf">"Using verbs and adjectives to automatically classify blog sentiment"</a> (PDF). Training. 580: 233–235. Archived from <a href="http://www.aaai.org/Papers/Symposia/Spring/2006/SS-06-03/SS06-03-005.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 24, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2013.</li>
<li>Hellmann, Sebastian; Brekle, Jonas; Auer, Sören (2012). <a href="http://svn.aksw.org/papers/2012/JIST_Wiktionary/public.pdf">"Leveraging the Crowdsourcing of Lexical Resources for Bootstrapping a Linguistic Data Cloud"</a> (PDF). Proc. Joint Int. Semantic Technology Conference (JIST). Nara, Japan. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308000237/http://svn.aksw.org/papers/2012/JIST_Wiktionary/public.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2013.</li>
<li>Hellmann, S.; Auer, S. (2013). <a href="http://svn.aksw.org/papers/2012/PeoplesWeb/public_preprint.pdf">"Towards Web-Scale Collaborative Knowledge Extraction"</a> (PDF). In Gurevych, Iryna; Kim, Jungi (eds.). The People's Web Meets NLP. Theory and Applications of Natural Language Processing. <a href="/facts/Springer-Verlag/nAesf6nT">Springer-Verlag</a>. pp. 287–313. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-642-35084-9. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141027012413/http://svn.aksw.org/papers/2012/PeoplesWeb/public_preprint.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 27, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2013.</li>
<li>‹See TfM›Krizhanovsky, Andrew (2010). "Transformation of Wiktionary entry structure into tables and relations in a relational database schema". <a href="/facts/ArXiv_(identifier)/H6EtgnBe">arXiv</a>:<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1011.1368">1011.1368</a> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cs">cs</a>].</li>
<li>‹See TfM›Krizhanovsky, Andrew (2010). "The comparison of Wiktionary thesauri transformed into the machine-readable format". <a href="/facts/ArXiv_(identifier)/H6EtgnBe">arXiv</a>:<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1006.5040">1006.5040</a> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cs">cs</a>].</li>
<li>Kurmas, Zachary (July 2010). <a href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1832799">Zawilinski: a library for studying grammar in Wiktionary</a>. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration. Gdansk, Poland. Retrieved July 29, 2011.</li>
<li>Li, Shen; Graça, Joao V.; Taskar, Ben (2012). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522135201/http://newdesign.aclweb.org/anthology/D/D12/D12-1127.pdf">"Wiki-ly supervised part-of-speech tagging"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning. Jeju Island, Korea: Association for Computational Linguistics. pp. 1389–1398. Archived from <a href="http://newdesign.aclweb.org/anthology/D/D12/D12-1127.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 22, 2013. Retrieved May 10, 2013.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Jill_Lepore/YbslHoje">Lepore, Jill</a> (November 6, 2006). <a href="http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/11/06/061106fa_fact_lepore">"Noah's Ark"</a>. The New Yorker (Abstract). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706132549/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/11/06/061106fa_fact_lepore">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2007.</li>
<li>Lin, Feiyu; Krizhanovsky, Andrew (2011). "Multilingual ontology matching based on Wiktionary data accessible via SPARQL endpoint". Proc. of the 13th Russian Conference on Digital Libraries RCDL'2011. Voronezh, Russia. pp. 19–26. <a href="/facts/ArXiv_(identifier)/H6EtgnBe">arXiv</a>:<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1109.0732">1109.0732</a>. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011arXiv1109.0732L">2011arXiv1109.0732L</a>.</li>
<li>McFate, Clifton J.; Forbus, Kenneth D. (2011). <a href="http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P/P11/P11-2063.pdf">"NULEX: an open-license broad coverage lexicon"</a> (PDF). The 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Proceedings of the Conference. Portland, Oregon, US: The Association for Computer Linguistics. pp. 363–367. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-932432-88-6. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011032213/http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P/P11/P11-2063.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2013.</li>
<li>Medero, Julie; Ostendorf, Mari (2009). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140424171742/http://www.eee.bham.ac.uk/SLaTE2009/papers%5CSLaTE2009-41-v2.pdf">"Analysis of vocabulary difficulty using wiktionary"</a> (PDF). Proc. SLaTE Workshop. Archived from <a href="http://www.eee.bham.ac.uk/SLaTE2009/papers%5CSLaTE2009-41-v2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 24, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2013.</li>
<li>Meyer, C. M.; Gurevych, I. (2010). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201182237/http://www.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Group_UKP/publikationen/2010/cicling2010-meyer-lsrcomparison.pdf">"Worth its Weight in Gold or Yet Another Resource – A Comparative Study of Wiktionary, OpenThesaurus and GermaNet"</a> (PDF). Proc. 11th International Conference on Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics, Iasi, Romania. pp. 38–49. Archived from <a href="http://www.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Group_UKP/publikationen/2010/cicling2010-meyer-lsrcomparison.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 1, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2013.</li>
<li>Meyer, C. M.; Gurevych, I. (2012). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131009004135/http://www.ukp.tu-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Group_UKP/publikationen/2012/igi-saod2011-meyer-ontowiktionary.pdf">"OntoWiktionary – Constructing an Ontology from the Collaborative Online Dictionary Wiktionary"</a> (PDF). In Pazienza, M. T.; Stellato, A. (eds.). Semi-Automatic Ontology Development: Processes and Resources. IGI Global. pp. 131–161. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4666-0188-8. Archived from <a href="http://www.ukp.tu-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Group_UKP/publikationen/2012/igi-saod2011-meyer-ontowiktionary.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 9, 2013.</li>
<li>Otte, Pim; Tyers, F. M. (2011). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225012809/http://www.mt-archive.info/EAMT-2011-Otte.pdf">"Rapid rule-based machine translation between Dutch and Afrikaans"</a> (PDF). In Forcada, Mikel L.; Depraetere, Heidi; Vandeghinste, Vincent (eds.). 16th Annual Conference of the European Association of Machine Translation, EAMT11. Leuven, Belgium. pp. 153–160. Archived from <a href="http://www.mt-archive.info/EAMT-2011-Otte.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 25, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2013.</li>
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<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Look up Wiktionary in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

<ul><li><a href="https://wiktionary.org/">Official website</a> </li>
<li>Wikipedia:List of Wiktionaries</li>
<li>List of all Wiktionary editions</li>
<li><a href="https://f-droid.org/packages/org.wiktionary/">Wiktionary</a> Android package at the <a href="/facts/F-Droid/yNEV0XLW">F-Droid</a> repository</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Multilingual_statistics">Wiktionary's multilingual statistics</a></li>
<li>Wikimedia's page on Wiktionary (including list of all existing Wiktionaries)</li>
<li>Pages about Wiktionary in Meta.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Wikipedia mailing list archive discussion announcing the opening of the Wiktionary project". December 12, 2002. Archived from the original on June 20, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2011. <a href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-December/008311.html" target="_blank">https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-December/008311.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Wikipedia mailing list archive discussion from Larry Sanger giving the idea on Wiktionary Archived June 20, 2014, at the Wayback Machine – Retrieved May 3, 2011 <a href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-April/000076.html" target="_blank">https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-April/000076.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Wiktionary's current URL is www.wiktionary.org <a href="https://www.wiktionary.org/" target="_blank">https://www.wiktionary.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"Wiktionary". www.wiktionary.org. Archived from the original on September 13, 2008. Retrieved October 28, 2021. <a href="https://www.wiktionary.org/" target="_blank">https://www.wiktionary.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Wiktionary total article counts are here. Detailed statistics by word type are available here [1]. <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" target="_blank">https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">The user list at the English Wiktionary identifies accounts that have been given "bot status". <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AListUsers&username=&group=bot&limit=60" target="_blank">https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AListUsers&username=&group=bot&limit=60</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">TheDaveBot Archived October 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, TheCheatBot Archived October 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Websterbot Archived October 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, PastBot Archived October 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, NanshuBot Archived October 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://tools.wikimedia.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/count_edits?user=TheDaveBot&dbname=enwiktionary_p" target="_blank">http://tools.wikimedia.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/count_edits?user=TheDaveBot&dbname=enwiktionary_p</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Detailed statistics Archived July 23, 2021, at the Wayback Machine as of July 21, 2021 <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary:Statistics/generated&oldid=63135332" target="_blank">https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary:Statistics/generated&oldid=63135332</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Hồ Ngọc Đức, Free Vietnamese Dictionary Project. Details at the Vietnamese Wiktionary. <a href="http://www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~duc/Dict/" target="_blank">http://www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~duc/Dict/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">"LXbot". Archived from the original on May 24, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080524015303/http://tools.wikimedia.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/count_edits?user=LXbot&dbname=ruwiktionary_p" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080524015303/http://tools.wikimedia.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/count_edits?user=LXbot&dbname=ruwiktionary_p</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"Wiktionary:Statistics". March 29, 2022. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023 – via Wiktionary. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary:Statistics&oldid=66261764" target="_blank">https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary:Statistics&oldid=66261764</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">"Wiktionary talk:Wiktionary Logo", English Wiktionary, Wikimedia Foundation. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary_talk:Wiktionary_Logo" target="_blank">https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary_talk:Wiktionary_Logo</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">"Wiktionary/logo", Meta-Wiki, Wikimedia Foundation. <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary/logo" target="_blank">https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary/logo</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"Wiktionary/logo", Meta-Wiki, Wikimedia Foundation. <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary/logo" target="_blank">https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary/logo</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"Wiktionary/logo/refresh/voting", Meta-Wiki, Wikimedia Foundation. <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary/logo/refresh/voting" target="_blank">https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary/logo/refresh/voting</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">[Translators-l] 56 Wiktionaries got a localised logo <a href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/translators-l/2012-December/002193.html" target="_blank">https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/translators-l/2012-December/002193.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">phab:T139255 <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139255" target="_blank">https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139255</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">m:Wiktionary/logo#Logo use statistics. <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary/logo#Logo_use_statistics" target="_blank">https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary/logo#Logo_use_statistics</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Wikimedia's MediaWiki API:Sitematrix. Retrieved May 2025 from Data:Wikipedia statistics/meta.tab <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia" target="_blank">/wiki/Wikimedia</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Wikimedia's MediaWiki API:Siteinfo. Retrieved May 2025 from Data:Wikipedia statistics/data.tab <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia" target="_blank">/wiki/Wikimedia</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Wikimedia's MediaWiki API:Siteinfo. Retrieved May 2025 from Data:Wikipedia statistics/data.tab <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia" target="_blank">/wiki/Wikimedia</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Wikimedia's MediaWiki API:Siteinfo. Retrieved May 2025 from Data:Wikipedia statistics/data.tab <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia" target="_blank">/wiki/Wikimedia</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"Wiktionary Statistics". Meta.Wikimedia.org. Archived from the original on September 2, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2020. <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/wiktionary#Statistics" target="_blank">https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/wiktionary#Statistics</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">The full article is not available on-line.[15] <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">David Brooks, "Online, interactive encyclopedia not just for geeks anymore, because everyone seems to need it now, more than ever!" The Nashua Telegraph (August 4, 2004) <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">In this citation, the author refers to Wiktionary as part of the Wikipedia site: Adapted from an article by Naomi DeTullio (2006). "Wikis for Librarians" (PDF). NETLS News #142. Northeast Texas Library System. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF newsletter) on June 5, 2007. Retrieved April 21, 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070605203652/http://www.netls.org/NewContent/NewsAndPictures/NEWSLETTERS/NEWS2006/142final.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070605203652/http://www.netls.org/NewContent/NewsAndPictures/NEWSLETTERS/NEWS2006/142final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Kurmas 2010. - Kurmas, Zachary (July 2010). Zawilinski: a library for studying grammar in Wiktionary. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration. Gdansk, Poland. Retrieved July 29, 2011. <a href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1832799" target="_blank">http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1832799</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Sascha & Müller-Spitzer 2016, p. 348 - Sascha, Wolfer; Müller-Spitzer, Carolin (2016). "How Many People Constitute a Crowd and What Do They Do? Quantitative Analyses of Revisions in the English and German Wiktionary Editions". Lexikos. 26: 347–371. ISSN 1684-4904. OCLC 7211535994. ProQuest 1859872658. Archived from the original on May 9, 2023. Retrieved August 27, 2021. <a href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1859872658/" target="_blank">https://www.proquest.com/docview/1859872658/</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Meyer & Gurevych 2012, p. 140. - Meyer, C. M.; Gurevych, I. (2012). "OntoWiktionary – Constructing an Ontology from the Collaborative Online Dictionary Wiktionary" (PDF). In Pazienza, M. T.; Stellato, A. (eds.). Semi-Automatic Ontology Development: Processes and Resources. IGI Global. pp. 131–161. ISBN 978-1-4666-0188-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 9, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131009004135/http://www.ukp.tu-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Group_UKP/publikationen/2012/igi-saod2011-meyer-ontowiktionary.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131009004135/http://www.ukp.tu-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Group_UKP/publikationen/2012/igi-saod2011-meyer-ontowiktionary.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Zesch, Müller & Gurevych 2008, p. 4, Figure 1. - Zesch, Torsten; Müller, Christof; Gurevych, Iryna (2008). "Extracting Lexical Semantic Knowledge from Wikipedia and Wiktionary" (PDF). Proceedings of the Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC). Marrakech, Morocco. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2013. <a href="http://www.ukp.tu-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Group_UKP/publikationen/2008/lrec08_camera_ready.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.ukp.tu-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Group_UKP/publikationen/2008/lrec08_camera_ready.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Meyer & Gurevych 2010, p. 40. - Meyer, C. M.; Gurevych, I. (2010). "Worth its Weight in Gold or Yet Another Resource – A Comparative Study of Wiktionary, OpenThesaurus and GermaNet" (PDF). Proc. 11th International Conference on Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics, Iasi, Romania. pp. 38–49. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 1, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201182237/http://www.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Group_UKP/publikationen/2010/cicling2010-meyer-lsrcomparison.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20171201182237/http://www.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Group_UKP/publikationen/2010/cicling2010-meyer-lsrcomparison.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Krizhanovsky, Transformation 2010, p. 1. - Krizhanovsky, Andrew (2010). "Transformation of Wiktionary entry structure into tables and relations in a relational database schema". arXiv:1011.1368 [cs]. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1011.1368" target="_blank">https://arxiv.org/abs/1011.1368</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Hellmann & Auer 2013, p. 302, p. 16 in PDF. - Hellmann, S.; Auer, S. (2013). "Towards Web-Scale Collaborative Knowledge Extraction" (PDF). In Gurevych, Iryna; Kim, Jungi (eds.). The People's Web Meets NLP. Theory and Applications of Natural Language Processing. Springer-Verlag. pp. 287–313. ISBN 978-3-642-35084-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 27, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2013. <a href="http://svn.aksw.org/papers/2012/PeoplesWeb/public_preprint.pdf" target="_blank">http://svn.aksw.org/papers/2012/PeoplesWeb/public_preprint.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">E.g. compare the entry structure and formatting rules in English Wiktionary and Russian Wiktionary. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Entry_layout_explained" target="_blank">https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Entry_layout_explained</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Hellmann, Brekle & Auer 2012, p. 3, Table 1. - Hellmann, Sebastian; Brekle, Jonas; Auer, Sören (2012). "Leveraging the Crowdsourcing of Lexical Resources for Bootstrapping a Linguistic Data Cloud" (PDF). Proc. Joint Int. Semantic Technology Conference (JIST). Nara, Japan. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2013. <a href="http://svn.aksw.org/papers/2012/JIST_Wiktionary/public.pdf" target="_blank">http://svn.aksw.org/papers/2012/JIST_Wiktionary/public.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">"DBpedia Wiktionary". Archived from the original on May 4, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130504235547/http://dbpedia.org/Wiktionary" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130504235547/http://dbpedia.org/Wiktionary</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Hellmann, Brekle & Auer 2012, pp. 8–9. - Hellmann, Sebastian; Brekle, Jonas; Auer, Sören (2012). "Leveraging the Crowdsourcing of Lexical Resources for Bootstrapping a Linguistic Data Cloud" (PDF). Proc. Joint Int. Semantic Technology Conference (JIST). Nara, Japan. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2013. <a href="http://svn.aksw.org/papers/2012/JIST_Wiktionary/public.pdf" target="_blank">http://svn.aksw.org/papers/2012/JIST_Wiktionary/public.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Hellmann, Brekle & Auer 2012, p. 10. - Hellmann, Sebastian; Brekle, Jonas; Auer, Sören (2012). "Leveraging the Crowdsourcing of Lexical Resources for Bootstrapping a Linguistic Data Cloud" (PDF). Proc. Joint Int. Semantic Technology Conference (JIST). Nara, Japan. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2013. <a href="http://svn.aksw.org/papers/2012/JIST_Wiktionary/public.pdf" target="_blank">http://svn.aksw.org/papers/2012/JIST_Wiktionary/public.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Hellmann, Brekle & Auer 2012, p. 11. - Hellmann, Sebastian; Brekle, Jonas; Auer, Sören (2012). "Leveraging the Crowdsourcing of Lexical Resources for Bootstrapping a Linguistic Data Cloud" (PDF). Proc. Joint Int. Semantic Technology Conference (JIST). Nara, Japan. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2013. <a href="http://svn.aksw.org/papers/2012/JIST_Wiktionary/public.pdf" target="_blank">http://svn.aksw.org/papers/2012/JIST_Wiktionary/public.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">"Welcome". DKPro JWKTL. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved June 23, 2019. <a href="https://dkpro.github.io/dkpro-jwktl/" target="_blank">https://dkpro.github.io/dkpro-jwktl/</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Zesch, Müller & Gurevych 2008. - Zesch, Torsten; Müller, Christof; Gurevych, Iryna (2008). "Extracting Lexical Semantic Knowledge from Wikipedia and Wiktionary" (PDF). Proceedings of the Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC). Marrakech, Morocco. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2013. <a href="http://www.ukp.tu-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Group_UKP/publikationen/2008/lrec08_camera_ready.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.ukp.tu-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Group_UKP/publikationen/2008/lrec08_camera_ready.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">"Wikokit – Machine-readable Wiktionary". December 19, 2022. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2015 – via GitHub. <a href="https://github.com/componavt/wikokit" target="_blank">https://github.com/componavt/wikokit</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Krizhanovsky, Transformation 2010. - Krizhanovsky, Andrew (2010). "Transformation of Wiktionary entry structure into tables and relations in a relational database schema". arXiv:1011.1368 [cs]. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1011.1368" target="_blank">https://arxiv.org/abs/1011.1368</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Smirnov et al. 2012. - Smirnov A, Levashova T, Karpov A, Kipyatkova I, Ronzhin A, Krizhanovsky A, Krizhanovsky N (2012). "Analysis of the quotation corpus of the Russian Wiktionary". Research in Computing Science. 56: 101–112. arXiv:2002.00734. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.694.9627. doi:10.13053/rcs-56-1-11 (inactive November 1, 2024). S2CID 10726045. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.00734" target="_blank">https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.00734</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Quotations are extracted only from Russian Wiktionary.[33] <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Krizhanovsky, Comparison 2010. - Krizhanovsky, Andrew (2010). "The comparison of Wiktionary thesauri transformed into the machine-readable format". arXiv:1006.5040 [cs]. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1006.5040" target="_blank">https://arxiv.org/abs/1006.5040</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">"Gerard de Melo's Research at ICSI, Berkeley". gerard.demelo.org. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023. <a href="http://gerard.demelo.org/berkeley/" target="_blank">http://gerard.demelo.org/berkeley/</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Otte & Tyers 2011. - Otte, Pim; Tyers, F. M. (2011). "Rapid rule-based machine translation between Dutch and Afrikaans" (PDF). In Forcada, Mikel L.; Depraetere, Heidi; Vandeghinste, Vincent (eds.). 16th Annual Conference of the European Association of Machine Translation, EAMT11. Leuven, Belgium. pp. 153–160. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225012809/http://www.mt-archive.info/EAMT-2011-Otte.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210225012809/http://www.mt-archive.info/EAMT-2011-Otte.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">McFate & Forbus 2011. - McFate, Clifton J.; Forbus, Kenneth D. (2011). "NULEX: an open-license broad coverage lexicon" (PDF). The 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Proceedings of the Conference. Portland, Oregon, US: The Association for Computer Linguistics. pp. 363–367. ISBN 978-1-932432-88-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2013. <a href="http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P/P11/P11-2063.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P/P11/P11-2063.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Schlippe, Ochs & Schultz 2012. - Schlippe, Tim; Ochs, Sebastian; Schultz, Tanja (2012). "Grapheme-to-phoneme model generation for Indo-European languages" (PDF). Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). Kyoto, Japan. pp. 4801–4804. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006052459/http://csl.ira.uka.de/~schlippe/pubs/ICASSP2012-Schlippe_G2PModelGenerationIndoEuropean.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20141006052459/http://csl.ira.uka.de/~schlippe/pubs/ICASSP2012-Schlippe_G2PModelGenerationIndoEuropean.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">If there are several IPA notations on a Wiktionary page – either for different languages or for pronunciation variants, then the first pronunciation was extracted.[39] <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Schlippe, Ochs & Schultz 2012, p. 4804. - Schlippe, Tim; Ochs, Sebastian; Schultz, Tanja (2012). "Grapheme-to-phoneme model generation for Indo-European languages" (PDF). Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). Kyoto, Japan. pp. 4801–4804. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006052459/http://csl.ira.uka.de/~schlippe/pubs/ICASSP2012-Schlippe_G2PModelGenerationIndoEuropean.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20141006052459/http://csl.ira.uka.de/~schlippe/pubs/ICASSP2012-Schlippe_G2PModelGenerationIndoEuropean.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Meyer & Gurevych 2012. - Meyer, C. M.; Gurevych, I. (2012). "OntoWiktionary – Constructing an Ontology from the Collaborative Online Dictionary Wiktionary" (PDF). In Pazienza, M. T.; Stellato, A. (eds.). Semi-Automatic Ontology Development: Processes and Resources. IGI Global. pp. 131–161. ISBN 978-1-4666-0188-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 9, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131009004135/http://www.ukp.tu-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Group_UKP/publikationen/2012/igi-saod2011-meyer-ontowiktionary.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131009004135/http://www.ukp.tu-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Group_UKP/publikationen/2012/igi-saod2011-meyer-ontowiktionary.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">"ConceptNet 5". conceptnet5.media.mit.edu. Archived from the original on October 19, 2011. Retrieved September 23, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111019152920/http://conceptnet5.media.mit.edu/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20111019152920/http://conceptnet5.media.mit.edu/</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Lin & Krizhanovsky 2011. - Lin, Feiyu; Krizhanovsky, Andrew (2011). "Multilingual ontology matching based on Wiktionary data accessible via SPARQL endpoint". Proc. of the 13th Russian Conference on Digital Libraries RCDL'2011. Voronezh, Russia. pp. 19–26. arXiv:1109.0732. Bibcode:2011arXiv1109.0732L. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1109.0732" target="_blank">https://arxiv.org/abs/1109.0732</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Medero & Ostendorf 2009. - Medero, Julie; Ostendorf, Mari (2009). "Analysis of vocabulary difficulty using wiktionary" (PDF). Proc. SLaTE Workshop. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 24, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140424171742/http://www.eee.bham.ac.uk/SLaTE2009/papers%5CSLaTE2009-41-v2.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140424171742/http://www.eee.bham.ac.uk/SLaTE2009/papers%5CSLaTE2009-41-v2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Li, Graça & Taskar 2012. - Li, Shen; Graça, Joao V.; Taskar, Ben (2012). "Wiki-ly supervised part-of-speech tagging" (PDF). Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning. Jeju Island, Korea: Association for Computational Linguistics. pp. 1389–1398. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 22, 2013. Retrieved May 10, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522135201/http://newdesign.aclweb.org/anthology/D/D12/D12-1127.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130522135201/http://newdesign.aclweb.org/anthology/D/D12/D12-1127.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">The source code and the results of POS-tagging are available at https://code.google.com/p/wikily-supervised-pos-tagger <a href="https://code.google.com/p/wikily-supervised-pos-tagger" target="_blank">https://code.google.com/p/wikily-supervised-pos-tagger</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Chesley et al. 2006. - Chesley, Paula; Vincent, Bruce; Xu, Li; Srihari, Rohini K. (2006). "Using verbs and adjectives to automatically classify blog sentiment" (PDF). Training. 580: 233–235. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 24, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224224202/https://www.aaai.org/Papers/Symposia/Spring/2006/SS-06-03/SS06-03-005.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210224224202/https://www.aaai.org/Papers/Symposia/Spring/2006/SS-06-03/SS06-03-005.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">"Wikidata:Wiktionary". Archived from the original on January 3, 2023. Retrieved October 12, 2012. <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata:Wiktionary&oldid=1510363143" target="_blank">https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata:Wiktionary&oldid=1510363143</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Wiktionary open-in-new

Wiktionary