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Burrington Combe
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<h2 id="geology">Geology</h2> <p>Water draining from <a href="/facts/Black_Down,_Somerset/3L0V8VNa">Black Down</a> has exposed rocks from the <a href="/facts/Devonian/nWgakqzk">Devonian</a> sandstones of the Portishead Formation which show through the limestone, Carboniferous <a href="/facts/Mudstone/KWLvUash">mudstones</a> of the Avon Group, limestones of the Black Rock Limestone Subgroup and <a href="/facts/Oolite/2GNzb4AJ">oolitic</a> limestones of the Burrington Oolite Subgroup; however the exact mechanism by which the gorge was formed is unknown.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> The northern and lower end of the combe, which was once the bed of the <a href="/facts/Congresbury_Yeo/xhaRWlBE">Congresbury Yeo</a>, cuts through overlying <a href="/facts/Clifton_Down_Limestone/cbWtNMRX">Clifton Down Limestone</a>. <a href="/facts/Triassic/r6CNxKXC">Triassic</a> <a href="/facts/Dolomite_(rock)/EGXDL0zm">dolomitic</a> <a href="/facts/Conglomerate_(geology)/llpnLX76">conglomerate</a> can also locally be seen along the combe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="caves">Caves</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Archaeological/K3Q5P38R">Archaeological</a> discoveries of early <a href="/facts/Cemeteries/kWe6L5n2">cemeteries</a> demonstrate human occupation of the combe and its caves from the <a href="/facts/Bronze_Age/c09qWcTt">Bronze Age</a> with some evidence of occupation during the <a href="/facts/Upper_Paleolithic/BnpabgyJ">Upper Palaeolithic</a> period.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> The combe contains the entrances to many of the <a href="/facts/Caves_of_the_Mendip_Hills/uLzyj7Qu">caves of the Mendip Hills</a>, including <a href="/facts/Aveline%27s_Hole/bUgrLYJv">Aveline's Hole</a>, <a href="/facts/Sidcot_Swallet/Uyt4v7aB">Sidcot Swallet</a> and <a href="/facts/Goatchurch_Cavern/ycR1XJAx">Goatchurch Cavern</a>. A through trip has been dug from <a href="/facts/Rod%27s_Pot/7wfVhxhj">Rod's Pot</a> to <a href="/facts/Bath_Swallet/WdqKDNme">Bath Swallet</a>, which are both on the hills above the majority of Burrington caves. Further afield and equally accessible is <a href="/facts/Read%27s_Cavern/4Ljm4mum">Read's Cavern</a>. </p><p>Goatchurch Cavern is 1,500 m (4,900 ft) long and has a surveyed depth of 61.5 m (202 ft). It was first recorded in 1736,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> and explored by lead miners in the 19th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Around 1901, the owner unsuccessfully tried to turn it into a <a href="/facts/Show_cave/9KcAJykd">show cave</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Notes of exploration in the 1920s record finds from the <a href="/facts/Pleistocene/0ya9eUp5">Pleistocene</a> period including bones of <a href="/facts/Mammoth/k9MnxS2k">mammoth</a>, bear, <a href="/facts/Hyena/zDNahzmI">hyena</a> and <a href="/facts/Panthera_leo_spelaea/udWaSgwR">cave lion</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> During November 2003 inscribed marks were noticed in Goatchurch Cavern while cleaning away <a href="/facts/Graffiti/xE9oqKsk">graffiti</a>. Three finely cut marks were uncovered, resembling the letter W with a <a href="/facts/Patina/IVQsrSMM">patina</a> darker than in nearby graffiti dated 1704. These have been identified as ritual protection marks (also known as witch marks or <a href="/facts/Apotropaic_mark/g6zS90Te">apotropaic marks</a>), possibly dating from the period 1550 to 1750.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <p>A swallet, also known as a <a href="/facts/Sinkhole/yrjCajL2">sinkhole</a>, sink, shakehole, swallow hole or doline, is a natural depression or hole in the surface topography caused by the removal of soil or bedrock, often both, by water flowing beneath the water-table at considerable depth. Sidcot Swallet is named after the <a href="/facts/Sidcot_School/h6QL7t32">Sidcot School</a> Speleological Society who explored it in 1925.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>The earliest scientifically dated cemetery in Great Britain was found at Aveline's Hole. The human bone fragments it contained, from about 21 different individuals, are thought to be between roughly 10,200 and 10,400 years old.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> A series of inscribed crosses found on the wall of the Aveline's Hole cave are believed to date from the early <a href="/facts/Mesolithic/XTNS0x3r">Mesolithic</a> period just after the <a href="/facts/Ice_age/agSMvAgX">Ice age</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="hillfort">Hillfort</h2> <p>Above the combe on its eastern side is the site of an <a href="/facts/Iron_Age/mpQYShI0">Iron Age</a> <a href="/facts/Univallate_hill_fort/efEUWdQ2">univallate hill fort</a> known as <a href="/facts/Burrington_Camp/0DV6hsHC">Burrington Camp</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> It is around 100 metres (330 ft) by 80 metres (260 ft) and includes <a href="/facts/Romano-British/UaymRQWR">Romano-British</a> elements.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="special-scientific-interest">Special Scientific Interest</h2> <p>In recognition of its biological and geological interest, an area of 139.1 hectares (344 acres) within and around the combe was <a href="/facts/SSSI_notification/Vh5zbXmz">notified</a> as a <a href="/facts/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest/Vh5zbXmz">Site of Special Scientific Interest</a> in 1952.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>The calcareous grasslands support a diverse flora which includes salad burnet (<i><a href="/facts/Sanguisorba_minor/66MINH1K">Sanguisorba minor</a></i>), knapweed (<i><a href="/facts/Centaurea_scabiosa/vGEMkJsh">Centaurea scabiosa</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Centaurea_nigra/bbTMG1e0">Centaurea nigra</a></i>), rock-rose (<i><a href="/facts/Helianthemum_nummularium/myzTwYJk">Helianthemum nummularium</a></i>) and wild thyme (<i><a href="/facts/Thymus_praecox/nNCzPKB8">Thymus praecox</a></i>). On the higher, more acidic, slopes goldenrod (<i><a href="/facts/Solidago_virgaurea/6YwcH9uh">Solidago virgaurea</a></i>), wood sage (<i><a href="/facts/Teucrium_scorodonia/SCD0l6Vm">Teucrium scorodonia</a></i>) and common bent (<i><a href="/facts/Agrostis_capillaris/0gw8uxyW">Agrostis capillaris</a></i>) can be found. There are also scrub plants including hawthorn (<i><a href="/facts/Crataegus_monogyna/wFXGSRXG">Crataegus monogyna</a></i>), mountain ash (<i><a href="/facts/Sorbus_aucuparia/m1goUnDD">Sorbus aucuparia</a></i>), gorse (<i><a href="/facts/Ulex_europaeus/vllAoI1j">Ulex europaeus</a></i>) and elder (<i><a href="/facts/Sambucus_nigra/BWbamXcx">Sambucus nigra</a></i>). Several of the caves support bat populations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>Geologically it is recognised as a <a href="/facts/Fluvial/nkLrSheo">fluvial</a> <a href="/facts/Karst_topography/IzJYhjVN">karst</a> feature which partly intersects a buried and filled gorge of <a href="/facts/Triassic/r6CNxKXC">Triassic</a> age.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="rock-of-ages">Rock of Ages</h2> <p>There is a legend that <a href="/facts/Augustus_Montague_Toplady/Y4Vh6a5w">Augustus Montague Toplady</a> (1740–78), who was the curate at <a href="/facts/Blagdon/xhaPe0Pu">Blagdon</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> was inspired to write the hymn <a href="/facts/Rock_of_Ages_(Christian_hymn)/xSVGA5Ng"><i>Rock of Ages</i></a> while sheltering under a rock in the combe during a <a href="/facts/Thunderstorm/F6hUzuAu">thunderstorm</a> in the late 18th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> The rock was subsequently named after the hymn. It is now generally accepted that the attribution of this location to the writing of <i>Rock of Ages</i> only arose well after Toplady's death (the 1850s is suggested by <a href="/facts/Percy_Dearmer/Y3UJrdFz">Percy Dearmer</a> in <i>Songs of Praise Discussed</i>, 1933) and has no proven factual basis. </p><p>The then Vicar at <a href="/facts/Westbury-on-Trym/IfjDXmPz">Westbury-on-Trym</a> H. J. Wilkins published a 16-page booklet in 1938 titled <i>"An Enquiry concerning Toplady and his Hymn "Rock of Ages" and its connection with Burrington Combe, Somerset"</i> that found that in relation to the hymn "All available evidence goes to show that it was published in 1776, soon after it was written." Toplady had left the neighbourhood of Burrington Combe in 1764.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>In George Lawton's 1983 publication <i>Within the Rock of Ages</i> the author finds the claim that <i>Rock of Ages</i> was written at Burrington Combe to be only a legend, although he does state that "It is extremely doubtful whether at this distance of time, the legend that it was written in a cleft there can be proved or disproved."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> In George Ella's 2000 study <i>A Debtor to Mercy Alone</i> any links between the hymn and Burrington Combe are again said to be no more than legendary, with readers being referred to Lawton's 1983 study.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/C._H._Sisson/0zlCT6fl">C. H. Sisson</a> wrote a poem entitled <i>Burrington Combe</i>, collected in <i>Exactions</i> (Manchester: Carcanet 1980). The local area, including Black Down and Ellick Farm, features prominently in his poetry. </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Burrington Combe. <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Haslett, Simon K. (2010). Somerset Landscapes: Geology and landforms. Usk: Blackbarn Books. pp. 105–108. ISBN 978-1-4564-1631-7. <a href="978-1-4564-1631-7" target="_blank">978-1-4564-1631-7</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Burrington Combe". British Geological Survey. Retrieved 29 January 2011. <a href="http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mendips/localities/burrington.html" target="_blank">http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mendips/localities/burrington.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Ellis, Peter. "Mendip Hills An Archaeological Survey of the Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty" (PDF). Somerset County Council. p. 26. Retrieved 29 January 2011. <a href="http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/hes/downloads/HES_MendipAONB.pdf" target="_blank">http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/hes/downloads/HES_MendipAONB.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Witcombe, Richard (2009). Who was Aveline anyway?: Mendip's Cave Names Explained (2nd ed.). Priddy: Wessex Cave Club. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-0-9500433-6-4. <a href="978-0-9500433-6-4" target="_blank">978-0-9500433-6-4</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Johnson, Peter (1967). The History of Mendip Caving. Newton Abbott: David & Charles. ASIN B0000CNIE0. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Barrington, Nicholas; William Stanton (1977). Mendip: The complete caves. Cheddar: Cheddar Valley Press. ISBN 978-0-9501459-1-4. <a href="978-0-9501459-1-4" target="_blank">978-0-9501459-1-4</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Irwin, David; Anthony Knibbs (1977). Mendip Underground: A Cavers Guide. Somerset: Mendip Publishing. ISBN 0-9536103-0-6. <a href="0-9536103-0-6" target="_blank">0-9536103-0-6</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Goatchurch Cavern marks". Apotropaios. Archived from the original on 31 December 2006. Retrieved 27 January 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061231162730/http://www.apotropaios.co.uk/goatchurch_cavern_marks.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20061231162730/http://www.apotropaios.co.uk/goatchurch_cavern_marks.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Witcombe, Richard (2009). Who was Aveline anyway?: Mendip's Cave Names Explained (2nd ed.). Priddy: Wessex Cave Club. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-9500433-6-4. <a href="978-0-9500433-6-4" target="_blank">978-0-9500433-6-4</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Earliest British cemetery dated". BBC. 23 September 2003. Retrieved 5 January 2010. <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3130348.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3130348.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Aveline's Hole Discovery". University of Bristol Spelaeological Society. Retrieved 5 January 2010. <a href="http://www.ubss.org.uk/articles/avelines.php" target="_blank">http://www.ubss.org.uk/articles/avelines.php</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Burrington Camp". Fortified Britain. Retrieved 29 January 2011. <a href="http://www.fortifiedengland.com/Home/Categories/ViewItem/tabid/61/Default.aspx?IID=1360" target="_blank">http://www.fortifiedengland.com/Home/Categories/ViewItem/tabid/61/Default.aspx?IID=1360</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Ellis, Peter. "Mendip Hills An Archaeological Survey of the Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty" (PDF). Somerset County Council. p. 26. Retrieved 29 January 2011. <a href="http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/hes/downloads/HES_MendipAONB.pdf" target="_blank">http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/hes/downloads/HES_MendipAONB.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Burrington Combe" (PDF). SSSI Citation sheet. English Nature. Retrieved 21 October 2008. <a href="http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1002537.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1002537.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Burrington Combe" (PDF). SSSI Citation sheet. English Nature. Retrieved 21 October 2008. <a href="http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1002537.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1002537.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Burrington Combe" (PDF). SSSI Citation sheet. English Nature. Retrieved 21 October 2008. <a href="http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1002537.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1002537.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Sheltering in the Rock". Banner of Truth. Archived from the original on 22 August 2006. Retrieved 19 January 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060822223800/http://www.banneroftruth.org/pages/articles/article_detail.php?1107" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20060822223800/http://www.banneroftruth.org/pages/articles/article_detail.php?1107</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Rock of Ages". The Ensign Message. Retrieved 15 November 2016. <a href="http://ensignmessage.com/articles/rock-of-ages/" target="_blank">http://ensignmessage.com/articles/rock-of-ages/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"An Enquiry concerning Toplady and his Hymn "Rock of Ages" and its connection with Burrington Combe, Somerset" (PDF). Toplady.org.uk. Retrieved 29 January 2011. <a href="http://www.toplady.org.uk/further%20toplady/texts/an%20enquiry.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.toplady.org.uk/further%20toplady/texts/an%20enquiry.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Lawton, George (1982). Within the Rock of Ages. James Clarke & Co Ltd. ISBN 978-0-227-67836-7. <a href="978-0-227-67836-7" target="_blank">978-0-227-67836-7</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Ella, George (2000). Augustus Montague Toplady: A Debtor to Mercy Alone. Go Publications. ISBN 978-0-9527074-5-5. <a href="978-0-9527074-5-5" target="_blank">978-0-9527074-5-5</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>