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Panthera fossilis
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<h2 id="evolution">Evolution</h2> <p>The lion lineage is thought to have originated in Africa, with fossils of the lineage of the continent extending back to the <a href="/facts/Late_Pliocene/HTz5dn47">Late Pliocene</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> with the ancestors of <i>Panthera fossilis</i> migrating out of Africa during the <a href="/facts/Mid-Pleistocene_Transition/2SGkbWLy">Early-Middle Pleistocene transition</a> around 1-0.8 million years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>The earliest confirmed records of <i>Panthera fossilis</i> in Europe are from Kozi Grzbiet in Poland, which dates to around 750-700,000 years ago,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> with records of equivalent age also known from Pakefield in England.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> The earliest confirmed records in Southern Europe are from the Notarchirico site in Italy, dating to ~660–612,000 years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Possible earlier European records are known from the Vallparadís locality in Spain, suggested to date to around 1 million years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a>including supplemental material Remains of <i>Panthera fossilis</i> in <a href="/facts/Western_Siberia/a78KWgJd">Western Siberia</a> are suggested to date to the late Early Pleistocene,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> around 1 million years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>Recent nuclear genomic evidence suggest that interbreeding between modern lions and all Eurasian fossil lions took place up until 500,000 years ago, but by 470,000 years ago, no subsequent interbreeding between the two lineages occurred.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>The arrival of <i>Panthera (spelaea) fossilis</i> in Europe was part of a <a href="/facts/Faunal_turnover/vRHe5aHg">faunal turnover</a> event around the Early-Middle Pleistocene transition in which many of the species that characterised the preceding late <a href="/facts/Villafranchian/Hj6QykDY">Villafranchian</a> became extinct. In the carnivore guild, this notably included the giant hyena <i><a href="/facts/Pachycrocuta/7eKXJcBl">Pachycrocuta</a></i> and the sabertooth cat <i><a href="/facts/Megantereon/qWBJmnwu">Megantereon</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Following the arrival of <i>Panthera (spelaea) fossilis</i> the lion-sized sabertooth cat <i><a href="/facts/Homotherium/Qpx3ngfG">Homotherium</a></i> and the "European jaguar" <i><a href="/facts/Panthera_gombaszoegensis/vN6qajrc">Panthera gombaszoegensis</a></i> became much rarer,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> ultimately becoming extinct in the late Middle Pleistocene, with competition with lions suggested to be a likely important factor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> The arrival of <i>Panthera fossilis</i> into Europe was also accompanied by that of the <a href="/facts/Cave_hyena/W5UPvasq">cave hyena</a> (close relatives of the modern <a href="/facts/Spotted_hyena/y2RY25K5">spotted hyena</a>), as well as <a href="/facts/European_leopard/URtQfpcN">leopards</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> Between 300,000 and 100,000 years ago, <i>Panthera fossilis</i> evolved into the <a href="/facts/Panthera_spelaea/udWaSgwR">cave lion</a> <i>(Panthera spelaea</i>)<i>,</i> marked by a reduction in body size and a number of changes to its skeletal anatomy (with intermediates between the two dubbed <i>Panthera spelaea intermedia</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>Remains of <i>P. fossilis</i> indicate that it was larger than the modern lion and was among the largest known cats ever, with the largest specimens suggested to have a body length of 2.5–2.9 metres (8.2–9.5 ft), shoulder height of 1.4–1.5 metres (4.6–4.9 ft) and body mass of 400–500 kilograms (880–1,100 lb).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Skeletal remains of <i>P. fossilis</i> populations in Siberia measure larger than those in <a href="/facts/Central_Europe/VdxzSbJz">Central Europe</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> Compared to its descendant <i>Panthera spelaea</i>. <i>P. fossilis</i> had a slightly wider muzzle and nasal region of the skull, though the postorbital and mastoid are narrower, the <a href="/facts/Orbit_(anatomy)/lJTMFcqy">orbits</a> (eye sockets) are smaller, the <a href="/facts/Auditory_bulla/BfQE8enj">bullae</a> are less inflated, the canine teeth are more narrow and less flattened, the incisors are smaller, the upper second premolar and upper fourth premolar are narrower, the upper and lower third premolar and lower fourth premolars have smaller cusps.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> Another notable difference is that the front part of the upper skull surface (the frontal-nasal region) is typically concave, while this is less frequent in <i>Panthera spelaea.</i> The differences between the skulls of <i>P. fossilis</i> and <i>P. spelaea</i> have been described as relatively subtle.<i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></i> </p><p>In comparison to the modern lion, in addition to being larger, the upper second premolar of <i>P. fossilis</i> is larger, and the cusp morphology of the upper fourth premolar is different (having a shorter <a href="/facts/Metastyle/VcsEd1nz">metastyle</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="taxonomic-history">Taxonomic history</h2> <p>The species was first described by Wilhelm von Reichenau in 1906 from remains <a href="/facts/Excavation_(archaeology)/D11k38ob">excavated</a> near <a href="/facts/Mauer_(Baden)/GaDzEzS4">Mauer</a> in <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> <i>P. fossilis</i> was historically considered a modern <a href="/facts/Lion/pcWuIuIz">lion</a> (<i>P. leo</i>) <a href="/facts/Subspecies/4L9jFacF">subspecies</a> as <i>Panthera leo fossilis</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> Some authors considered it a subspecies of <i><a href="/facts/Panthera_spelaea/udWaSgwR">Panthera spelaea</a></i> (<i>Panthera spelaea fossilis</i>) or treat it as a distinct species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> Some employ a subgenus of <i>Panthera</i>, "<i>Leo</i>", to contain several lion-like members of <i>Panthera</i>, including <i>P. leo</i>, <i>P. spelaea</i>, <i><a href="/facts/Panthera_atrox/zRXrL6K1">P. atrox</a></i> and <i>P. fossilis</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> A 2022 study concluded that <i>P. fossilis</i> and <i>P. spelaea</i> represented a <a href="/facts/Chronospecies/vRHe5aHg">chronospecies</a> lineage, with most differences between the two species explainable by size differences.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p><p>Results of <a href="/facts/Mitochondrial_genome/goC0ex0X">mitochondrial genome</a> sequences derived from two <a href="/facts/Beringia/5AHokBkE">Beringian</a> specimens of <i>Panthera spelaea</i> indicate that it and <i>Panthera fossilis</i> were distinct enough from the modern lion to be considered separate <a href="/facts/Species/oDg6b96r">species</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="ecology">Ecology</h2> <p>During the Middle Pleistocene, <i>Panthera fossilis</i> was the dominant <a href="/facts/Apex_predator/dl0Jyy8Q">apex predator</a> in European ecosystems, likely able to displace every other contemporaneous predator species from kills/carcasses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Herbivore/me4YFdQA">Herbivores</a> that coexisted with the lion included the <a href="/facts/Hippopotamus_antiquus/lRMyYa0I">hippopotamus</a>, rhinoceroses of the genus <i><a href="/facts/Stephanorhinus/hJAh3c9o">Stephanorhinus</a></i> (such as <a href="/facts/Merck%27s_rhinoceros/wxUScINr">Merck's rhinoceros</a> and the <a href="/facts/Narrow-nosed_rhinoceros/hJAh3c9o">narrow-nosed rhinoceros</a>), <a href="/facts/Straight-tusked_elephant/hSMRKd2m">straight-tusked elephant</a>, <a href="/facts/Moose/JDlB909Q">moose</a>, <a href="/facts/Steppe_bison/1EggIJfj">steppe bison</a>, <a href="/facts/Red_deer/qbPuqt3o">red deer</a>, <a href="/facts/Roe_deer/cDBFGX43">roe deer</a> and <a href="/facts/Fallow_deer/6tocy8UW">fallow deer</a>. <a href="/facts/Sympatry/wsPKQEeU">Sympatric</a> <a href="/facts/Predation/JEGdrX3f">predators</a> included <a href="/facts/Brown_bear/tNpUFtFB">brown bears</a>, <a href="/facts/Wolf/ed7IVbIf">wolves</a>, <a href="/facts/Cave_hyena/W5UPvasq">cave hyenas</a>, the large sabertooth cat <i><a href="/facts/Homotherium/Qpx3ngfG">Homotherium</a>,</i> <a href="/facts/Panthera_pardus_spelaea/URtQfpcN">European leopards</a>, and the "European jaguar" <i><a href="/facts/Panthera_gombaszoegensis/vN6qajrc">Panthera gombaszoegensis</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="relationship-with-humans">Relationship with humans</h2> <p>The only evidence of human interaction with <i>Panthera fossilis</i> is from Gran Dolina, Spain, dating to <a href="/facts/Marine_Isotope_Stage/FeVxhIJ3">Marine Isotope Stage</a> 9 (~300,000 years ago), where a specimen of <i>Panthera fossilis</i> displays cut marks thought to be produced by <a href="/facts/Archaic_humans/DDp9HANE">archaic humans</a>, who are suggested to have butchered the animal for its flesh.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/History_of_lions_in_Europe/CFgIarFk">History of lions in Europe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Panthera_leo_sinhaleyus/ezjreekp">Panthera leo sinhaleyus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Panthera_pardus_spelaea/URtQfpcN">Panthera pardus spelaea</a></i></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Sabo, Martin; Tomašových, Adam; Gullár, Juraj (August 2022). "Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy". Palaeontologia Electronica. 25 (2): 1–27. doi:10.26879/1175. ISSN 1094-8074. S2CID 251855356. <a href="https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2022/3681-lion-cranial-variability" target="_blank">https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2022/3681-lion-cranial-variability</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Marciszak, Adrian; Ivanoff, Dmitry V.; Semenov, Yuriy A.; Talamo, Sahra; Ridush, Bogdan; Stupak, Alina; Yanish, Yevheniia; Kovalchuk, Oleksandr (March 2023). "The Quaternary lions of Ukraine and a trend of decreasing size in Panthera spelaea". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 30 (1): 109–135. doi:10.1007/s10914-022-09635-3. hdl:11585/903022. ISSN 1064-7554. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10914-022-09635-3" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10914-022-09635-3</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Iannucci, A.; Mecozzi, B.; Pineda, A.; Raffaele, S.; Carpentieri, M.; Rabinovich, R.; Moncel, M.-H. (2024-06-24). "Early occurrence of lion (Panthera spelaea) at the Middle Pleistocene Acheulean site of Notarchirico (MIS 16, Italy)". Quaternary Science. 39 (5): 683–690. Bibcode:2024JQS....39..683I. doi:10.1002/jqs.3639. ISSN 0267-8179. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjqs.3639" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjqs.3639</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Marciszak, Adrian; Ivanoff, Dmitry V.; Semenov, Yuriy A.; Talamo, Sahra; Ridush, Bogdan; Stupak, Alina; Yanish, Yevheniia; Kovalchuk, Oleksandr (March 2023). "The Quaternary lions of Ukraine and a trend of decreasing size in Panthera spelaea". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 30 (1): 109–135. doi:10.1007/s10914-022-09635-3. hdl:11585/903022. ISSN 1064-7554. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10914-022-09635-3" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10914-022-09635-3</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Persico, Davide (June 2021). "First fossil record of cave lion (Panthera (Leo) spelaea intermedia) from alluvial deposits of the Po River in northern Italy". Quaternary International. 586: 14–23. Bibcode:2021QuInt.586...14P. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.02.029. <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1040618221000902" target="_blank">https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1040618221000902</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Marciszak, Adrian; Gornig, Wiktoria (September 2024). "From giant to dwarf: A trend of decreasing size in Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) and its likely implications". Earth History and Biodiversity. 1: 100007. doi:10.1016/j.hisbio.2024.100007. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.hisbio.2024.100007" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.hisbio.2024.100007</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Christiansen, Per; Harris, John M. (2005). "Body size of Smilodon (Mammalia: Felidae)". Journal of Morphology. 266 (3): 369–84. doi:10.1002/jmor.10384. PMID 16235255. S2CID 27233870. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Manthi, Fredrick K.; Brown, Francis H.; Plavcan, Michael J.; Werdelin, Lars (March 2018). "Gigantic lion, Panthera leo, from the Pleistocene of Natodomeri, eastern Africa". Journal of Paleontology. 92 (2): 305–312. doi:10.1017/jpa.2017.68. ISSN 0022-3360. <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022336017000683/type/journal_article" target="_blank">https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022336017000683/type/journal_article</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Sotnikova, M.V. & Foronova, I.V. (2014). "First Asian record of Panthera (Leo) fossilis (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) in the Early Pleistocene of Western Siberia, Russia". Integrative Zoology. 9 (4): 517–530. doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12082. PMID 24382145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Marciszak, Adrian; Lipecki, Grzegorz; Pawłowska, Kamilla; Jakubowski, Gwidon; Ratajczak-Skrzatek, Urszula; Zarzecka-Szubińska, Katarzyna; Nadachowski, Adam (20 December 2021). "The Pleistocene lion Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) from Poland – A review". Quaternary International. 605–606: 213–240. Bibcode:2021QuInt.605..213M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.12.018. Retrieved 22 March 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct. <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1040618220308399" target="_blank">https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1040618220308399</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Lewis, M.; Pacher, M.; Turner, A. (2010). "The larger Carnivora of the West Runton Freshwater Bed". Quaternary International. 228 (1–2): 116–135. Bibcode:2010QuInt.228..116L. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.06.022. <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_International" target="_blank">/wiki/Quaternary_International</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Marciszak, Adrian; Lipecki, Grzegorz; Pawłowska, Kamilla; Jakubowski, Gwidon; Ratajczak-Skrzatek, Urszula; Zarzecka-Szubińska, Katarzyna; Nadachowski, Adam (20 December 2021). "The Pleistocene lion Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) from Poland – A review". Quaternary International. 605–606: 213–240. Bibcode:2021QuInt.605..213M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.12.018. Retrieved 22 March 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct. <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1040618220308399" target="_blank">https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1040618220308399</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Iannucci, A.; Mecozzi, B.; Pineda, A.; Raffaele, S.; Carpentieri, M.; Rabinovich, R.; Moncel, M.-H. (2024-06-24). "Early occurrence of lion (Panthera spelaea) at the Middle Pleistocene Acheulean site of Notarchirico (MIS 16, Italy)". Quaternary Science. 39 (5): 683–690. Bibcode:2024JQS....39..683I. doi:10.1002/jqs.3639. ISSN 0267-8179. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjqs.3639" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjqs.3639</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Madurell-Malapeira, Joan; Prat-Vericat, Maria; Bartolini-Lucenti, Saverio; Faggi, Andrea; Fidalgo, Darío; Marciszak, Adrian; Rook, Lorenzo (September 2024). "A Review on the Latest Early Pleistocene Carnivoran Guild from the Vallparadís Section (NE Iberia)". Quaternary. 7 (3): 40. Bibcode:2024Quat....7...40M. doi:10.3390/quat7030040. ISSN 2571-550X. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fquat7030040" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fquat7030040</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Sotnikova, M.V. & Foronova, I.V. (2014). "First Asian record of Panthera (Leo) fossilis (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) in the Early Pleistocene of Western Siberia, Russia". Integrative Zoology. 9 (4): 517–530. doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12082. PMID 24382145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Madurell-Malapeira, Joan; Prat-Vericat, Maria; Bartolini-Lucenti, Saverio; Faggi, Andrea; Fidalgo, Darío; Marciszak, Adrian; Rook, Lorenzo (September 2024). "A Review on the Latest Early Pleistocene Carnivoran Guild from the Vallparadís Section (NE Iberia)". Quaternary. 7 (3): 40. Bibcode:2024Quat....7...40M. doi:10.3390/quat7030040. ISSN 2571-550X. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fquat7030040" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fquat7030040</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Sotnikova, M.V. & Foronova, I.V. (2014). "First Asian record of Panthera (Leo) fossilis (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) in the Early Pleistocene of Western Siberia, Russia". Integrative Zoology. 9 (4): 517–530. doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12082. 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