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Elephantimorpha
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><h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><p> Cladogram of Elephantiformes after Li et al. 2023, showing a <a href="/facts/Paraphyly/tmTWjACz">paraphyletic</a> <a href="/facts/Gomphotheriidae/kqjTTu6m">Gomphotheriidae</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></p> <table><tbody><tr><td>Elephantimorpha</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Mammutidae/SSjEwXNq">Mammutidae</a> (mastodons)</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td>Elephantida</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Eritreum/cLzPoS8M">Eritreum</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Gomphotherium_annectens/Cgxn2Ek2">Gomphotherium annectens</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Choerolophodontidae/BexlnWHV">Choerolophodontidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Amebelodontidae/oIEPL8NF">Amebelodontidae</a> (shovel tuskers)</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Archaeobelodon/soCNrXSf">Archaeobelodon</a> filholi</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Serbelodon/PJYVVcWd">Serbelodon</a> barbourensis</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Protanancus/lVpx9ESG">Protanancus</a> brevirostris</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Protanancus/lVpx9ESG">Protanancus</a> wimani</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Eubelodon/MX9f9KSf">Eubelodon</a> morrilli</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Megabelodon/2a0zvrde">Megabelodon</a> lulii</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Protanancus/lVpx9ESG">Protanancus</a> macinnnesi</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Protanancus/lVpx9ESG">Protanancus</a> chinjiensis</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Amebelodon/HqJskAxI">Amebelodon</a> fricki</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Torynobelodon/RdYaPrws">Torynobelodon</a> britti</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Platybelodon/UP3tk41v">Platybelodon</a> barnumbrowni</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Platybelodon/UP3tk41v">Platybelodon</a> danovi</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Platybelodon/UP3tk41v">Platybelodon</a> grangeri</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Aphanobelodon/0QHR4pxB">Aphanobelodon</a> zhaoi</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td>"<a href="/facts/Gomphotheriidae/kqjTTu6m">Gomphotheriidae</a>"</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Gomphotherium_angustidens/Cgxn2Ek2">Gomphotherium angustidens</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Gomphotherium_steinheimense/Cgxn2Ek2">Gomphotherium steinheimense</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Elephantoidea/1DwQPcAV">Elephantoidea</a> ("tetralophodont gomphotheres", <a href="/facts/Elephantidae/pE2dqhAB">Elephantidae</a>)</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Gomphotherium_sylvaticum/Cgxn2Ek2">Gomphotherium sylvaticum</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Gomphotherium_inopinatum/Cgxn2Ek2">Gomphotherium inopinatum</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Gomphotherium_browni/Cgxn2Ek2">Gomphotherium browni</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Gomphotherium_tassyi/Cgxn2Ek2">Gomphotherium tassyi</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Gomphotherium_productum/Cgxn2Ek2">Gomphotherium productum</a></i> + American gomphotheres</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Sanders, William J. (2018-02-17). "Horizontal tooth displacement and premolar occurrence in elephants and other elephantiform proboscideans". Historical Biology. 30 (1–2): 137–156. Bibcode:2018HBio...30..137S. doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1297436. ISSN 0891-2963. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2017.1297436" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2017.1297436</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Benoit, Julien; Lyras, George A.; Schmitt, Arnaud; Nxumalo, Mpilo; Tabuce, Rodolphe; Obada, Teodor; Mararsecul, Vladislav; Manger, Paul (2023), Dozo, María Teresa; Paulina-Carabajal, Ariana; Macrini, Thomas E.; Walsh, Stig (eds.), "Paleoneurology of the Proboscidea (Mammalia, Afrotheria): Insights from Their Brain Endocast and Labyrinth", Paleoneurology of Amniotes, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 579–644, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-13983-3_15, ISBN 978-3-031-13982-6, retrieved 2024-04-19 <a href="978-3-031-13982-6" target="_blank">978-3-031-13982-6</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Mothé, Dimila; Ferretti, Marco P.; Avilla, Leonardo S. (12 January 2016). "The Dance of Tusks: Rediscovery of Lower Incisors in the Pan-American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon Revises Incisor Evolution in Elephantimorpha". PLOS ONE. 11 (1): e0147009. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1147009M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147009. PMC 4710528. PMID 26756209. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4710528" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4710528</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Li, Chunxiao; Deng, Tao; Wang, Yang; Sun, Fajun; Wolff, Burt; Jiangzuo, Qigao; Ma, Jiao; Xing, Luda; Fu, Jiao (2023-11-28), "Longer mandible or nose? Co-evolution of feeding organs in early elephantiforms", eLife, 12, doi:10.7554/eLife.90908.1, retrieved 2024-05-29 <a href="https://elifesciences.org/reviewed-preprints/90908v1" target="_blank">https://elifesciences.org/reviewed-preprints/90908v1</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Li, Chunxiao; Deng, Tao; Wang, Yang; Sun, Fajun; Wolff, Burt; Jiangzuo, Qigao; Ma, Jiao; Xing, Luda; Fu, Jiao (2023-11-28), "Longer mandible or nose? Co-evolution of feeding organs in early elephantiforms", eLife, 12, doi:10.7554/eLife.90908.1, retrieved 2024-05-29 <a href="https://elifesciences.org/reviewed-preprints/90908v1" target="_blank">https://elifesciences.org/reviewed-preprints/90908v1</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Li, Chunxiao; Deng, Tao; Wang, Yang; Sun, Fajun; Wolff, Burt; Jiangzuo, Qigao; Ma, Jiao; Xing, Luda; Fu, Jiao (2023-11-28), "Longer mandible or nose? Co-evolution of feeding organs in early elephantiforms", eLife, 12, doi:10.7554/eLife.90908.1, retrieved 2024-05-29 <a href="https://elifesciences.org/reviewed-preprints/90908v1" target="_blank">https://elifesciences.org/reviewed-preprints/90908v1</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>