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MKL1
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<h2 id="function">Function</h2> <p>The protein encoded by this gene is regulated by the actin cytoskeleton and is shuttled between the cytoplasm and the nucleus as a result of actin dynamics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> In the nucleus, it coactivates the transcription factor <a href="/facts/Serum_response_factor/QNy7fuaE">serum response factor</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> a key regulator of smooth muscle cell differentiation, in an interaction mediated by its Basic domain. It is closely related to <a href="/facts/MKL2/14T0hCDV">MKL2</a> and <a href="/facts/Myocardin/exQ2xav9">myocardin</a>, with which it shares five key conserved structural domains.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="clinical-significance">Clinical significance</h2> <p>This gene is involved in a specific translocation event that creates a fusion of this gene and the RNA-binding motif protein-15 gene. This translocation has been associated with <a href="/facts/Acute_megakaryoblastic_leukemia/xabVGtGY">acute megakaryocytic leukemia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> It also functions in the process of normal megakaryocyte maturation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="research">Research</h2> <p>Evalarted <i>MKL1</i> expression is observed in breast cancer and can predict chemosensitivity and patient survival. MKL1 may be a promising biomarker of clinical value for breast cancer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Serum_response_factor/QNy7fuaE">Serum response factor</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Nakajima D, Okazaki N, Yamakawa H, Kikuno R, Ohara O, Nagase T (June 2002). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F9.3.99">"Construction of expression-ready cDNA clones for KIAA genes: manual curation of 330 KIAA cDNA clones"</a>. <i>DNA Research</i>. 9 (3): 99–106. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F9.3.99">10.1093/dnares/9.3.99</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12168954">12168954</a>.</li> <li>Dunham I, Shimizu N, Roe BA, Chissoe S, Hunt AR, Collins JE, et al. (December 1999). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F990031">"The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. 402 (6761): 489–495. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Natur.402..489D">1999Natur.402..489D</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F990031">10.1038/990031</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10591208">10591208</a>.</li> <li>Nagase T, Kikuno R, Ishikawa KI, Hirosawa M, Ohara O (February 2000). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F7.1.65">"Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XVI. The complete sequences of 150 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro"</a>. <i>DNA Research</i>. 7 (1): 65–73. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F7.1.65">10.1093/dnares/7.1.65</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10718198">10718198</a>.</li> <li>Mercher T, Coniat MB, Monni R, Mauchauffe M, Nguyen Khac F, Gressin L, et al. (May 2001). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33289">"Involvement of a human gene related to the Drosophila spen gene in the recurrent t(1;22) translocation of acute megakaryocytic leukemia"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. 98 (10): 5776–5779. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PNAS...98.5776M">2001PNAS...98.5776M</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.101001498">10.1073/pnas.101001498</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33289">33289</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11344311">11344311</a>.</li> <li>Wang D, Chang PS, Wang Z, Sutherland L, Richardson JA, Small E, et al. (June 2001). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2801%2900404-4">"Activation of cardiac gene expression by myocardin, a transcriptional cofactor for serum response factor"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. 105 (7): 851–862. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2801%2900404-4">10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00404-4</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11439182">11439182</a>.</li> <li>Wang DZ, Li S, Hockemeyer D, Sutherland L, Wang Z, Schratt G, et al. (November 2002). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC137508">"Potentiation of serum response factor activity by a family of myocardin-related transcription factors"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. 99 (23): 14855–14860. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9914855W">2002PNAS...9914855W</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.222561499">10.1073/pnas.222561499</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC137508">137508</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12397177">12397177</a>.</li> <li>Cen B, Selvaraj A, Burgess RC, Hitzler JK, Ma Z, Morris SW, Prywes R (September 2003). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC193697">"Megakaryoblastic leukemia 1, a potent transcriptional coactivator for serum response factor (SRF), is required for serum induction of SRF target genes"</a>. <i>Molecular and Cellular Biology</i>. 23 (18): 6597–6608. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.23.18.6597-6608.2003">10.1128/MCB.23.18.6597-6608.2003</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC193697">193697</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12944485">12944485</a>.</li> <li>Selvaraj A, Prywes R (October 2003). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M305679200">"Megakaryoblastic leukemia-1/2, a transcriptional co-activator of serum response factor, is required for skeletal myogenic differentiation"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. 278 (43): 41977–41987. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M305679200">10.1074/jbc.M305679200</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14565952">14565952</a>.</li> <li>Beausoleil SA, Jedrychowski M, Schwartz D, Elias JE, Villén J, Li J, et al. (August 2004). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC514446">"Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. 101 (33): 12130–12135. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..10112130B">2004PNAS..10112130B</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0404720101">10.1073/pnas.0404720101</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC514446">514446</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15302935">15302935</a>.</li> <li>Selvaraj A, Prywes R (August 2004). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC516031">"Expression profiling of serum inducible genes identifies a subset of SRF target genes that are MKL dependent"</a>. <i>BMC Molecular Biology</i>. 5: 13. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2199-5-13">10.1186/1471-2199-5-13</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC516031">516031</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15329155">15329155</a>.</li> <li>Collins JE, Wright CL, Edwards CA, Davis MP, Grinham JA, Cole CG, et al. (2005). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC545604">"A genome annotation-driven approach to cloning the human ORFeome"</a>. <i>Genome Biology</i>. 5 (10): R84. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2004-5-10-r84">10.1186/gb-2004-5-10-r84</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC545604">545604</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15461802">15461802</a>.</li> <li>Hsiao HH, Yang MY, Liu YC, Hsiao HP, Tseng SB, Chao MC, et al. (May 2005). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajh.20298">"RBM15-MKL1 (OTT-MAL) fusion transcript in an adult acute myeloid leukemia patient"</a>. <i>American Journal of Hematology</i>. 79 (1): 43–45. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajh.20298">10.1002/ajh.20298</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15849773">15849773</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30859557">30859557</a>.</li> <li>Nakagawa K, Kuzumaki N (August 2005). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2443.2005.00880.x">"Transcriptional activity of megakaryoblastic leukemia 1 (MKL1) is repressed by SUMO modification"</a>. <i>Genes to Cells</i>. 10 (8): 835–850. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2443.2005.00880.x">10.1111/j.1365-2443.2005.00880.x</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16098147">16098147</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Ma Z, Morris SW, Valentine V, Li M, Herbrick JA, Cui X, et al. (July 2001). "Fusion of two novel genes, RBM15 and MKL1, in the t(1;22)(p13;q13) of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia". Nature Genetics. 28 (3): 220–221. doi:10.1038/90054. PMID 11431691. S2CID 36236342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Sasazuki T, Sawada T, Sakon S, Kitamura T, Kishi T, Okazaki T, et al. (August 2002). "Identification of a novel transcriptional activator, BSAC, by a functional cloning to inhibit tumor necrosis factor-induced cell death". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (32): 28853–28860. doi:10.1074/jbc.M203190200. PMID 12019265. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M203190200" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M203190200</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Du KL, Chen M, Li J, Lepore JJ, Mericko P, Parmacek MS (April 2004). "Megakaryoblastic leukemia factor-1 transduces cytoskeletal signals and induces smooth muscle cell differentiation from undifferentiated embryonic stem cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (17): 17578–17586. doi:10.1074/jbc.M400961200. PMID 14970199. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M400961200" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M400961200</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Entrez Gene: MKL1 megakaryoblastic leukemia (translocation) 1". <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=57591" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=57591</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Vartiainen MK, Guettler S, Larijani B, Treisman R (June 2007). "Nuclear actin regulates dynamic subcellular localization and activity of the SRF cofactor MAL". Science. 316 (5832): 1749–1752. Bibcode:2007Sci...316.1749V. doi:10.1126/science.1141084. PMID 17588931. S2CID 44910416. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Miralles F, Posern G, Zaromytidou AI, Treisman R (May 2003). "Actin dynamics control SRF activity by regulation of its coactivator MAL". Cell. 113 (3): 329–342. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00278-2. PMID 12732141. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2803%2900278-2" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2803%2900278-2</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Wang DZ, Li S, Hockemeyer D, Sutherland L, Wang Z, Schratt G, et al. (November 2002). "Potentiation of serum response factor activity by a family of myocardin-related transcription factors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (23): 14855–14860. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9914855W. doi:10.1073/pnas.222561499. PMC 137508. PMID 12397177. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC137508" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC137508</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Entrez Gene: MKL1 megakaryoblastic leukemia (translocation) 1". <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=57591" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=57591</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Cheng EC, Luo Q, Bruscia EM, Renda MJ, Troy JA, Massaro SA, et al. (March 2009). "Role for MKL1 in megakaryocytic maturation". Blood. 113 (12): 2826–2834. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-09-180596. PMC 2661865. PMID 19136660. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2661865" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2661865</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Hua Y, Yang M (June 2022). "The prognostic value of MKL1 in predicting breast cancer immune infiltrates and chemosensitivity". Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 22 (3): 382–394. doi:10.17305/bjbms.2021.6306. PMC 9162751. PMID 34761735. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9162751" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9162751</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>