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Common scoter
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<h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <p>The common scoter was <a href="/facts/Species_description/JyFpxSvJ">formally described</a> in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist <a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus/gy5HWkHS">Carl Linnaeus</a> in the <a href="/facts/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae/8H6KJrLJ">tenth edition</a> of his <i><a href="/facts/Systema_Naturae/8o4rU1DD">Systema Naturae</a></i> under the <a href="/facts/Binomial_nomenclature/jgBqAhPv">binomial name</a> <i>Anas nigra</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> Linnaeus specified the <a href="/facts/Type_locality_(biology)/mTM1beKX">type locality</a> as Lapland, England. The common scoter is now one of six species placed in the genus <i><a href="/facts/Melanitta/BgXwnnw3">Melanitta</a></i> that was introduced in 1822 by the German zoologist <a href="/facts/Friedrich_Boie/U3AmgfCQ">Friedrich Boie</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> The genus name combines the <a href="/facts/Ancient_Greek/LIK7NlUh">Ancient Greek</a> <i>melas</i> meaning "black" and <i>netta</i> meaning "duck".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> The common scoter was formerly considered to be <a href="/facts/Conspecific/9LRI9yyR">conspecific</a> with the <a href="/facts/Black_scoter/F0e3RXSd">black scoter</a> (<i>Melanitta americana</i>) but the two taxa are now treated as separate species. The common scoter is <a href="/facts/Monotypic/QvoM9aGP">monotypic</a>: no <a href="/facts/Subspecies/4L9jFacF">subspecies</a> are recognised.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>The common scoter is characterised by its bulky shape and large bill. The male is all black with a bulbous bill which shows some yellow coloration around the <a href="/facts/Nostril/p0IABNqA">nostrils</a>. The female is a brown <a href="/facts/Bird/RJF6zwLP">bird</a> with pale cheeks, very similar to female black scoter. This species can be distinguished from other scoters, apart from black scoter, by the lack of white anywhere on the drake and the more extensive pale areas on the female. The black scoter and common scoter have diagnosably distinct vocalisations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="behaviour-and-ecology">Behaviour and ecology</h2> <p>It <a href="/facts/Bird_migration/GvraPhgn">winters</a> farther south in <a href="/facts/Temperate_climate/6WPypCzC">temperate</a> zones, on the coasts of <a href="/facts/Europe/DTAtrKfh">Europe</a> as far south as <a href="/facts/Morocco/6ly8170M">Morocco</a>. It forms large flocks on suitable coastal waters. These are tightly packed, and the birds tend to take off and dive together. </p> <p>The lined nest is built on the ground close to the sea, lakes or rivers, in woodland or <a href="/facts/Tundra/BqC0AQ7u">tundra</a>. 6–8 <a href="/facts/Egg/KyMSx9v4">eggs</a> are laid. </p><p>This species dives for <a href="/facts/Crustacean/PBobIVJP">crustaceans</a> and <a href="/facts/Mollusca/1elgknsQ">molluscs</a>; it also eats aquatic <a href="/facts/Insect/IgDNvnUL">insects</a> and small <a href="/facts/Fish/fln4gH9V">fish</a> when on fresh water. </p><p>The common scoter is one of the species to which the <i><a href="/facts/Agreement_on_the_Conservation_of_African-Eurasian_Migratory_Waterbirds/obnFlt08">Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds</a></i> (AEWA) applies. </p> <h2 id="uk-population-and-current-issues">UK population and current issues</h2> <p>In 1977, the ornithologist <a href="/facts/Bruce_Campbell_(ornithologist)/twFlLpB8">Bruce Campbell</a> estimated the wintering population in north-western Europe to be about 130,000, mostly in the <a href="/facts/Baltic_region/vmCF5rrq">Baltic</a> area, and the UK population at about 20,000. There is a marked passage in spring through the Straits of Dover.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>In 2003, a previously unknown wintering population of 50,000+ was found on <a href="/facts/Shell_Flat/PBK3wDrh">Shell Flat</a> in the north west of <a href="/facts/England/U9mE5bGL">England</a> by Cirrus Energy whilst surveying the area for a new <a href="/facts/Wind_farm/geQfaAFu">wind farm</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Due to this development and an <a href="/facts/MV_Sea_Empress/43J8d9WS">oil spill</a> off the coast of Wales in 1996, questions about the common scoter population have been asked in the UK Parliament.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>Although the common scoter is a winter visitor to the UK, there are some breeding pairs in the north of <a href="/facts/Scotland/VGwbbxB2">Scotland</a>. The species has been placed on the <a href="/facts/RSPB/8PXnQdxY">RSPB</a> conservation Red List because of a greater than 50% decline in the UK breeding population. In 1998, the UK Government agreed to a biodiversity action plan (BAP) for the common scoter to increase the breeding population to 100 pairs by 2008.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> The Northern Irish population, which had reached a peak of 150–200 pairs in the 1970s, crashed disastrously in the 1990s and by 2010 there were no confirmed reports of breeding. However, 100 pairs were recorded in the south of Ireland in a 1995 survey. UK breeding pairs have declined to 35 as of 2015 and attempts are being made to research why.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>At the third steering group meeting of the UK Common Scoter Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP), the population in the Shell Flat area was put at 16,500 wintering scoter and 5,000 moulting birds, of which 4,000 used the footprint area of the proposed wind farm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="scoters-and-meatless-fridays-in-france">Scoters and meatless Fridays in France</h2> <p>In parts of France, in the nineteenth century and earlier, the common scoter was accepted by the Roman Catholic Church as a substitute for fish during the <a href="/facts/Friday_fast/61s84IKg">Friday fast</a>. </p> <p>The scoters are said to appear on the coasts of France in great numbers, to which they are attracted by a certain kind of small bivalve shell fish called <i>vaimeaux</i> ... At the flowing of the tide the scoters approach in great numbers, diving after their favourite food, and soon get entangled in the nets. ... These are sold to the Roman Catholics, who eat them on those days on which they are forbidden by their religion the use of animal food, fish excepted; these birds and a few others of the same fishy flavour, having been exempted from the interdict ...<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></p> <ul><li>Underhill, M.C.; Gittings, T.; Callaghan, D.A.; Hughes, B.; Kirby, J.S.; Delany, S. (1 July 1998). "Status and distribution of breeding Common Scoters <i>Melanitta nigra nigra</i> in Britain and Ireland in 1995". <i>Bird Study</i>. 45 (2): 146–156. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00063659809461087">10.1080/00063659809461087</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Melanitta nigra. <a href="/facts/Wikispecies/b2GhA7Le">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i>Melanitta nigra</i>. <ul><li><a href="http://www.oiseaux.net/birds/photos/common.scoter.html">Common scoter Photos, text and map</a> at <a href="http://www.oiseaux.net">Oiseaux.net</a></li> <li><a href="http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22724879">BirdLife species factsheet for <i>Melanitta nigra</i></a></li> <li><a href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=246981996A4998ED">"Melanitta nigra"</a>. <i>Avibase</i>. </li> <li><a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22724879/166428834">Interactive range map of <i>Melanitta nigra</i></a> at <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">IUCN Red List</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Melanitta-nigra">Audio recordings of Common scoter</a> on <a href="/facts/Xeno-canto/7kwnRzjl">Xeno-canto</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" target="_blank">/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 493. <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" target="_blank">/wiki/Ernst_Mayr</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Screamers, ducks, geese & swans". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 15 June 2024. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)" target="_blank">/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 246. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. <a href="978-1-4081-2501-4" target="_blank">978-1-4081-2501-4</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Screamers, ducks, geese & swans". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 15 June 2024. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)" target="_blank">/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Sangster, George (2009). "Acoustic differences between the scoters Melanitta nigra nigra and M. n. americana". The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 121 (4): 696–702. doi:10.1676/04-088.1. <a href="/wiki/George_Sangster" target="_blank">/wiki/George_Sangster</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Campbell, B. (1977). Birds of Coast and Sea Britain and Northern Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-217661-5. <a href="978-0-19-217661-5" target="_blank">978-0-19-217661-5</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Protecting wildlife sites". RSPB. Archived from the original on 2005-11-21. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051121010519/http://www.rspb.org.uk/england/northwest/conservation/sites/index.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20051121010519/http://www.rspb.org.uk/england/northwest/conservation/sites/index.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"House of Commons Hansard Debates (pt 12)". Parliament of the United Kingdom. 2001-10-16. <a href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo011026/debtext/11026-12.htm" target="_blank">https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo011026/debtext/11026-12.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Common scoter - the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds". Archived from the original on 2005-11-02. Retrieved 2006-06-09. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051102202507/http://www.rspb.org.uk/biodiversity/RSPBandbiodiversity/lead_partner/birds/scoter/index.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20051102202507/http://www.rspb.org.uk/biodiversity/RSPBandbiodiversity/lead_partner/birds/scoter/index.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>BBC (London) Chasing Britain's most threatened duck <a href="/wiki/BBC" target="_blank">/wiki/BBC</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"UK Common Scoter Biodiversity Action Plan". Archived from the original on 2006-09-25. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060925172311/http://www.wwt.org.uk/threatsp/scoter/downloads/CS%20BAP%20SG3%20Minutes.doc" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20060925172311/http://www.wwt.org.uk/threatsp/scoter/downloads/CS%20BAP%20SG3%20Minutes.doc</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Scoter Duck". American Ornithology. Constable's miscellany of original and selected publications in the various departments of literature, scoence & the arts. Vol. LXVIII-LXXI. Vol. 3. Printed for Constable and co.; etc., etc. 1831. pp. 212–213. <a href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044019310895;view=1up;seq=236" target="_blank">http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044019310895;view=1up;seq=236</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>