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Shell (structure)
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<h2 id="definition">Definition</h2> <p>A thin shell is defined as a shell with a thickness which is small compared to its other dimensions and in which deformations are not large compared to thickness. A primary difference between a shell structure and a plate structure is that, in the unstressed state, the shell structure has curvature as opposed to the plates structure which is flat. <a href="/facts/Tensile_structure/MUlT2xgs">Membrane</a> action in a shell is primarily caused by in-plane forces (<a href="/facts/Plane_stress/2NXRCwo4">plane stress</a>), but there may be secondary forces resulting from flexural deformations. Where a flat plate acts similar to a beam with bending and <a href="/facts/Shear_stress/aWWnzIhE">shear stresses</a>, shells are analogous to a cable which resists loads through tensile stresses. The ideal thin shell must be capable of developing both tension and compression.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="types">Types</h2> <p>The most popular types of thin-shell structures are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Concrete_shell/GdSbA8A8">Concrete shell</a> structures, often cast as a <a href="/facts/Monolithic_dome/BTpfTIre">monolithic dome</a> or <a href="/facts/Stressed_ribbon_bridge/2m1TG6lB">stressed ribbon bridge</a> or <a href="/facts/Saddle_roof/lVVQIJKK">saddle roof</a></li> <li>Lattice shell structures, also called <a href="/facts/Gridshell/csk1P7n5">gridshell</a> structures, often in the form of a <a href="/facts/Geodesic_dome/XmHEPKmK">geodesic dome</a> or a <a href="/facts/Hyperboloid_structure/xVfUDnhV">hyperboloid structure</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Membrane_structure/6Qw7qyeV">Membrane structures</a>, which include <a href="/facts/Fabric_structure/CTldUTyf">fabric structures</a> and other <a href="/facts/Tensile_structure/MUlT2xgs">tensile structures</a>, cable domes, and <a href="/facts/Pneumatic_structure/tWPrLksw">pneumatic structures</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Monocoque/JmP1Dltq">Monocoque</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Diagrid/6S7Uzfnn">Diagrid</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Stretched_grid_method/UIABQ1hP">Stretched grid method</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_thin-shell_structures/kkMlPy6N">List of thin-shell structures</a></li></ul> <p>Persons related: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/F%C3%A9lix_Candela/y7HxGGUP">Félix Candela</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dyckerhoff_%26_Widmann/QHtYI2zy">Dyckerhoff & Widmann</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wilhelm_Fl%C3%BCgge/tjSU1YN7">Wilhelm Flügge</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Eug%C3%A8ne_Freyssinet/fkwEqGdq">Eugène Freyssinet</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Heinz_Isler/y1AULStg">Heinz Isler</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pier_Luigi_Nervi/H5EVqGoe">Pier Luigi Nervi</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Plate_(structure)/jLhVvh0T">Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Frei_Otto/tsx5rgy9">Frei Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ernest_Edwin_Sechler/TE5hRfmk">Ernest Edwin Sechler</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Vladimir_Shukhov/7x9k2s88">Vladimir Shukhov</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/All-Russia_Exhibition_1896/lNEzv6lK">All-Russia Exhibition 1896</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Eduardo_Torroja/a7IWG58s">Eduardo Torroja</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Membrane_theory_of_shells/CU7fBMj0">Membrane theory of shells</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Bechthold, Martin (2008-03-20). <i>Innovative Surface Structures: Technologies and Applications</i> (1 ed.). Abingdon: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780415419673.</li> <li>Suchov, Vladimir G. (1990). Rainer Gaefe (ed.). <i>VLADIMIR G. SUCHOV 1853-1939; Die Kunst Der Sparsamen Konstruktion</i> (1st ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9783421029843.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikiquote has quotations related to <i>Thin-shell structure</i>. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thin-shell structures. <ul><li><a href="http://en.structurae.de/structures/stype/index.cfm?ID=1009">Thin-shell structures</a></li> <li><a href="http://en.structurae.de/structures/stype/index.cfm?ID=1013">Double thin-shells structures</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.recentpast.org/types/hyperpara/">Hypar & Concrete Shells</a></li> <li><a href="http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/39277/170977058.pdf;jsessionid=14135EBAD5607E7D0B3EFA0D27842C0D?sequence=1">Past and Future of Grid Shell Structures</a></li> <li><a href="http://lib.engg.nagoya-u.ac.jp/doc/kiyou/pdf/50_1L.pdf">Shape optimization of Shell and Spatial structure</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a href="http://www.mscsoftware.com/events/vpd2007/emea/presentations/EMEA_VPD2007_Khrunichev-eng_R_2007_12_14.pdf">Lattice Shell for Space Vehicles</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a href="http://www.cedex.es/iass/">International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>O.C. Zienkiewicz and R.L. Taylor. The finite element method for solid and structural mechanics. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Chen, Wai-Fah; Lui, E. M., eds. (2005-02-28). Handbook of Structural Engineering, Second Edition (2 ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 9780849315695. <a href="9780849315695" target="_blank">9780849315695</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>