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Stringer Lawrence
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<h2 id="origins">Origins</h2> <p>Lawrence was born at <a href="/facts/Hereford/NHIRnbxT">Hereford</a>, England, the son of John Lawrence of Hereford by his wife Mary, about either of whom little is known. He was baptised in the Church of All Saints, Hereford, on 27 February 1697 (<a href="/facts/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates/kb3020Wy">Old Style</a>). Concerning his possible ancestry, in 1660 "James Lawrence, junior, gentleman", was admitted to the freedom of the City of Hereford, and became Mayor in 1661. In 1682 "John Lawrence, apothecary", and in 1702 "John Lawrence, brewer", were admitted to the freedom of the city. In the opinion of Biddulph (1901) one of these last "must, almost certainly, have been the father of Stringer Lawrence".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> In the All Saints' Church burial register is recorded the burial of a certain Michael Stringer on 13 November 1698, from which fact Biddulph (1901) presumed that Stringer was the maiden name of his mother.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="career">Career</h2> <p>For Discipline Established, Fortresses Protected, Settlements Extended, French and Indian Armies Defeated, and Peace Concluded in the Carnatic</p>— Epitaph by the <a href="/facts/East_India_Company/jpfw533d">East India Company</a>, <a href="/facts/Westminster_Abbey/txMva2Xf">Westminster Abbey</a> <p>He seems to have entered the army in 1727 and served in <a href="/facts/Gibraltar/ja2yukgq">Gibraltar</a> and <a href="/facts/Flanders/JDsTRuR4">Flanders</a>, subsequently taking part in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Culloden/7vpNQTzR">Battle of Culloden</a>. In 1748, with the rank of <a href="/facts/Major_(rank)/l3XVzecr">major</a> and the reputation of an experienced soldier, he went out to <a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a> to command the <a href="/facts/British_East_India_Company/jpfw533d">East India Company</a>'s troops. <a href="/facts/Joseph_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dupleix/WKEcnc7Y">Dupleix</a>'s schemes for the French conquest of southern India were on the point of taking effect, and not long after his arrival at <a href="/facts/Fort_St_David/nWx70328">Fort St David</a>, Lawrence was actively engaged. He successfully foiled an attempted surprise by French troops at <a href="/facts/Cuddalore/guYaqeXh">Cuddalore</a>, but was captured by a French cavalry patrol at <i>Ariancopang</i> (modern <a href="/facts/Ariankuppam/S9R5c0q1">Ariankuppam</a>) whilst leading forces to assist Admiral <a href="/facts/Edward_Boscawen/J56TA2M2">Edward Boscawen</a> in enforcing the <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Pondicherry_(1748)/vT0jK9Cq">Siege of Pondicherry</a> in 1748. He was kept prisoner by the French until the <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)/0fSkFEFq">peace of Aix-la-Chapelle</a>. </p><p>In 1749 he was in command at the capture of Devicota, during which one of his subordinate officers was <a href="/facts/Robert_Clive/lWIWPNjY">Robert Clive</a> (1725–1774), the future <a href="/facts/Commander-in-Chief,_India/IpawpEpC">Commander-in-Chief of British India</a>, with whom a lifelong friendship began. When Clive had become famous he honoured Lawrence by refusing to accept a sword of honour unless one was voted to him also, as the creator of the Indian army. </p><p>In 1750 Lawrence returned to England, but he was back in India by 1752. Here he found Clive in command of a force intended for the relief of <a href="/facts/Trichinopoly/KcDPkJre">Trichinopoly</a>. As senior officer Lawrence took over the command, but was careful to allow Clive every credit for his share in the subsequent operations, which included the relief of Trichinopoly and the surrender of the entire French besieging force. In 1752 with an inferior force he defeated the French at <a href="/facts/Bahour/lBz5Fmu1">Bahour</a> and in 1753 again relieved Trichinopoly. For the next seventeen months he fought a series of actions in defence of that place, and finally arranged an armistice of three months, afterwards converted into a conditional treaty. He was commander-in-chief until the arrival of the first detachment of regular forces of the crown. </p><p>In 1757 he served in the operations against <a href="/facts/Wandiwash/SoWl3xY7">Wandiwash</a>, and in 1758-1759 was in command of <a href="/facts/Fort_St_George/Gdtl3f1L">Fort St George</a>, Madras, during the siege by the French under <a href="/facts/Thomas_Arthur,_comte_de_Lally/MXD3gRpC">Lally</a>. In 1759 failing health compelled him to return to England, but in 1761 he resumed his command as <a href="/facts/Major-general/4v4nzpy7">major-general</a> and commander-in-chief. Clive supplemented his old friend's limited income by settling on him an annuity of £500 a year. In 1765 he presided over the board charged with arranging the reorganisation of the Madras army, and he finally retired the following year. </p> <h2 id="retirement-death-and-succession">Retirement, death and succession</h2> <p>His retirement years in England were spent as an honoured guest of his friend <a href="/facts/Sir_Robert_Palk,_1st_Baronet/ABq3nHoK">Sir Robert Palk, 1st Baronet</a> (1717-1798) at <a href="/facts/Haldon_House/hT6360jK">Haldon House</a> in the parish of <a href="/facts/Dunchideock/yGPBldxp">Dunchideock</a> in Devon, a fellow officer of the British East India Company who served as Governor of the Madras Presidency. </p><p>He died in London on 10 January 1775, and was buried in Dunchideock Church in Devon, the parish church of Haldon House. </p><p>Lawrence bequeathed the huge sum of £50,000 to his friend Palk, as whose guest Lawrence spent his retirement. Palk erected lavish monuments in Lawrence's memory, namely the 26 metres (85 ft) high triangular '<a href="/facts/Haldon_Hills/23wtT0ar">Lawrence Tower</a>' (at <a href="/facts/Haldon_House/hT6360jK">Haldon House</a>), containing a life-size statue of Lawrence dressed as a Roman general and decorated with three large tablets inscribed with details of his career, and also a mural monument in Dunchideock Church. Palk named his son and heir Lawrence in his honour, which became a tradition in the Palk family. </p> <h2 id="armorials">Armorials</h2> <p>His arms were: <i>Ermine, a cross raguly gules</i>, as is visible without tinctures on his monuments in Westminster Abbey and Dunchideock, and with tinctures on the vestry screen of Dunchideock Church. These are the arms of Sir <a href="/facts/John_Lawrence_(Lord_Mayor)/aJBcuG7j">John Lawrence</a> (d.1692)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Lord_Mayor_of_London/28CFLNke">Lord Mayor of London</a> in 1665, which in 1839 were visible on the monument to Sir <a href="/facts/Thomas_Gresham/X3lPnLtH">Thomas Gresham</a> in <a href="/facts/St_Helen_Bishopsgate/YxgV3y75">St Helen's Church, Bishopsgate</a>, <a href="/facts/City_of_London/Psl9khal">City of London</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> apparently a <a href="/facts/Difference_(heraldry)/dn3hr8uE">difference</a> of the ancient arms of Lawrence of Ashton Hall, Lancashire. They also feature in the arms of <a href="/facts/John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence/sLhJ4t9U">John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence</a> (1811-1879), <a href="/facts/Viceroy_of_India/NEzPygom">Viceroy of India</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="monuments">Monuments</h2> <h3>Westminster Abbey</h3> <p>The East India Company erected a monument to Stringer<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> in white and coloured marble by the sculptor <a href="/facts/William_Tyler_(architect)/Pd5wuFeE">William Tyler</a> (1728-1801), situated in the north aisle of the nave of <a href="/facts/Westminster_Abbey/txMva2Xf">Westminster Abbey</a>. His bust stands on a pedestal at the top, below which is a medal inscribed "Born March 6, 1697; died January 10, 1775". On the left side below is a winged figure of Fame holding an oval shield inscribed: "For Discipline Established, Fortresses Protected, Settlements Extended, French and Indian Armies Defeated, and Peace Concluded in the Carnatic". On the right side below is a female figure seated on a bale, representing the East India Company. She points towards Lawrence's bust and at her feet are shown various French and Indian flags. An heraldic escutcheon on the front of the pedestal shows the arms of Lawrence: <i>Ermine, a cross raguly gules</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Also on the pedestal is a panel containing a relief sculpted perspective of a city and an encampment, inscribed: "Tritchinopoly", which town Lawrence defended against the French from May 1753 to October 1754. The main inscription on the black marble base is as follows: </p> "Erected by the East India Company to the memory of Major General Stringer Lawrence in testimony of their gratitude for his eminent services in the command of their forces on the coast of Coromandel from the year MDCCXLVI to the year MDCCLXVI". <h3>Foreign and Commonwealth Office</h3> <p>A life-size marble statue of him sculpted in 1764 by <a href="/facts/Peter_Scheemakers/laQgUxzb">Peter Scheemakers</a> (1691-1781) stands in the <a href="/facts/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office/QQqx2MwF">Foreign and Commonwealth Office</a> in London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> The statue is 5 ft 8 inches (172 cm) high and shows him dressed as a Roman general. It was commissioned by the East India Company in 1760 and is inscribed on the front: "Major General Stringer Lawrence. A.D. 1764" and on the side: "P. Scheemakers <a href="/facts/Fecit/cCgexorr">Ft</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> A drawing of the statue was published in Neill, J.G.S., <i>Historical Record of the First Madras European Regiment</i>, London, 1843, p. 205. </p> <h3>In Devon</h3> <p>The 26-metre-high (85 ft) triangular Lawrence Tower, now known as the <a href="/facts/Haldon_Belvedere/kpva6anW">Haldon Belvedere</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> was erected in 1788 to Lawrence's memory by Sir Robert Palk of <a href="/facts/Haldon_House/hT6360jK">Haldon House</a>, where Lawrence had spent his retirement as a guest. </p><p>In the centre of the tower's ground floor stands a statue made of <a href="/facts/Coade_stone/9hW7xEcz">Coade stone</a> similar to the one in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, and on the walls are three large inscribed tablets recounting Lawrence's career.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> There is also a reproduction of the <a href="/facts/Thomas_Gainsborough/kDIxr78A">Thomas Gainsborough</a> portrait in the National Portrait Gallery in London. </p><p>Lawrence was buried in St Michael's Church, Dunchideock, the parish church of Haldon House, where Palk erected a mural monument to him. Like the larger monument in Westminster Abbey, this was also by William Tyler.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> It contains a marble profile (see photograph in the gallery below) and three inscriptions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2> Likenesses of Stringer Lawrence <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <ul><li> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/facts/Public_domain/YWKMDKw4">public domain</a>: <a href="/facts/Hugh_Chisholm/2vWblUBe">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "Lawrence, Stringer". <i><a href="/facts/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition/mPElbCRY">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stringer Lawrence. <ul><li>Colonel <a href="/facts/John_Biddulph/Edr3skxE">John Biddulph</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/details/stringerlawrence00bidd"><i>Stringer Lawrence: The Father of the Indian Army</i>, London, 1901</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Biddulph, p.17 <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Biddulph, p.17 & Appendix A <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Prestwich, John, Prestwich's Respublica, Or, A Display of the Honors, Ceremonies ..., Volume 1, 1787, p.158 [2] <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=104OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA158" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=104OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA158</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Allen, Thomas, The History and Antiquities of London, Westminster, Southwark, and ..., Volume 3, 1839, p.133 [3] <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RawVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA133" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=RawVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA133</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Debrett's Peerage, 1968, p.667: cross charged with an Eastern crown or, also with a chief <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Stringer Lawrence". <a href="http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/stringer-lawrence" target="_blank">http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/stringer-lawrence</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Tinctures as shown on the vestry screen of Dunchideock Church <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>See image <a href="http://blogs.fco.gov.uk/philipbuckley/2014/07/08/service-transformation-begins-at-the-foreign-office/" target="_blank">http://blogs.fco.gov.uk/philipbuckley/2014/07/08/service-transformation-begins-at-the-foreign-office/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"India Office Catalogue". British Library. <a href="https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselectpd/FullDisplay.aspx?RecordId=015-000009081" target="_blank">https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselectpd/FullDisplay.aspx?RecordId=015-000009081</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Haldon Belvedere - Home Page". Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903180746/http://www.haldonbelvedere.co.uk/Haldon_Belvedere_-_Home_Page_.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110903180746/http://www.haldonbelvedere.co.uk/Haldon_Belvedere_-_Home_Page_.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Illustrations of these tablets and transcriptions of the text can be seen on Wikimedia Commons: tablet 1, tablet 2, and tablet 3 <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tablet_1_LawrenceTower_HaldonHouse_Devon.PNG" target="_blank">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tablet_1_LawrenceTower_HaldonHouse_Devon.PNG</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>A Short Guide for the Visitor to St Michael's Church Dunchideock, current 2015, p.5 <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Further details of the monument, including transcripts of the inscriptions, can be seen on the photograph's page on Wikimedia Commons <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:StringerLawrence_MuralMonument_DunchideockChurch_Devon.PNG" target="_blank">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:StringerLawrence_MuralMonument_DunchideockChurch_Devon.PNG</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>