Proto-punk

<h2 id="definition">Definition</h2>
The <a href="/facts/AllMusic/Hb8cU8Fb">AllMusic</a> guide defined it as "never a cohesive movement" but as "a certain provocative sensibility that didn't fit the prevailing <a href="/facts/Counterculture/8vyVeL92">counterculture</a> of the time", most of the time combined with a sound which was "primitive and stripped-down, even when it wasn't aggressive, and its production was usually just as unpolished".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> In contrast, in the book Screaming for Change (2010), it is defined as a specific sound which included simplistic instrumental work and amateurish compositions. The book cites this style as being pioneered in <a href="/facts/Detroit/S84s4PGo">Detroit</a> by <a href="/facts/The_Stooges/tjVREet7">the Stooges</a> and <a href="/facts/MC5/mNcdC11X">MC5</a>, who were influenced by <a href="/facts/The_Velvet_Underground/nVPGe1n1">the Velvet Underground</a> and the earlier garage rock genre, with the sound then spreading to the United Kingdom, New York and Cleveland, Ohio.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
<h3>Influences</h3>
One of the earliest influences on both punk rock music and the punk subculture as a whole is folk musician <a href="/facts/Woody_Guthrie/2f8qLyhR">Woody Guthrie</a>. Beginning in the 1930s and becoming popular in the 1940s, Guthrie is often known as one of the first punks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>
In the United Kingdom, the emergence of <a href="/facts/Skiffle/oPtWDwNw">skiffle</a> in the 1950s as a popular music movement is comparable to punk, in that skiffle similarly "stripped music to its core", with its simplistic instrumental setup that "[sending] out a clear <a href="/facts/Do_it_yourself/C2Gf8VJW">anyone-can-do-it</a> signal, and as the skiffle explosion proved, anyone could and did", according to <a href="/facts/PopMatters/AJeW11gx">PopMatters</a> writer Ian Ellis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> According to <a href="/facts/Aidan_Smith/ktrrtdta">Aidan Smith</a> in <a href="/facts/The_Scotsman/rRrTayYf">The Scotsman</a>, popular skiffle musician <a href="/facts/Lonnie_Donegan/ATckecwl">Lonnie Donegan</a> embodied a "dangerous and daring and <a href="/facts/Do-it-yourself/C2Gf8VJW">do-it-yourself</a>" aesthetic that was later adopted by punk; Smith also commented that one of Donegan's combos "attracted a wild following: men so epicly drunk they'd wet themselves and – very proto-punk, this – their duffel-coats were accessorised with alarm clocks hung round necks."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> His 1957 British chart-topper "<a href="/facts/Cumberland_Gap_(song)/GLLHHBbV">Cumberland Gap</a>" has been referred to as "the first punk No. 1";<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> Tom Ewing of <a href="/facts/Freaky_Trigger/dl4SaVGL">Freaky Trigger</a> writes: "Lurching speed-freak skiffle played on Christ knows what which sounds nothing remotely like any previous chart-topper: if punk is anything, it might as well be that."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> Ellis writes: "Forerunners of punk by 20 years, Donegan and the thousands of other skiffle acts that sprang up after '<a href="/facts/Rock_Island_Line/D90c7ALw">Rock Island Line</a>' wrested control from the establishment, democratizing the <a href="/facts/Music_industry/8qnJau3F">industry</a> in the process."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>

<h3>1960s</h3>

In his Book Protopunk: the Garage Bands, music journalist <a href="/facts/Lester_Bangs/6xVy5fRt">Lester Bangs</a> traced the origins of punk to <a href="/facts/Ritchie_Valens/Yvlg4o7I">Ritchie Valens</a>' 1958 version of the Mexican folk song "<a href="/facts/La_Bamba_(song)/zawVH01S">La Bamba</a>", due to the song's simplistic three chord song structure and the aggressive vocals relative to the time. He places it first in a lineage of influential tracks, which over time developed punk: <a href="/facts/The_Kingsmen/SKT1w4uy">the Kingsmen</a>'s "<a href="/facts/Louie_Louie/QBXjEnM0">Louie Louie</a>" (1963); <a href="/facts/The_Kinks/Y4qk754S">the Kinks</a> "<a href="/facts/You_Really_Got_Me/vaUoE4bS">You Really Got Me</a>" (1964) and <a href="/facts/The_Stooges/tjVREet7">the Stooges</a>' "<a href="/facts/No_Fun_(The_Stooges_song)/j4efETkW">No Fun</a>" (1969).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> By the 1960s, <a href="/facts/Garage_rock/oNbm5YdR">garage rock</a> a style of raw, loud and energetic rock music had developed significant scenes in both the United States and United Kingdom. The Kingsmen and the Kinks both came from the UK's garage rock scene, with the former's cover of "Louie Louie" being described by academic Aneta Panek as "punk rock's <a href="/facts/Urtext_(biblical_studies)/tHE6XtQm">ur-text</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> Under the influence of "Louie Louie", the Kinks released "<a href="/facts/You_Really_Got_Me/vaUoE4bS">You Really Got Me</a>" the following year, which was one of the earliest songs to make use of significant electric guitar distortion and was immediately influential for this reason.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> In the following years, this raw sound was being adopted by other <a href="/facts/British_Invasion/B6c6L61D">British Invasion</a> acts including <a href="/facts/The_Who/Pnc4Rbnd">the Who</a> on their single "<a href="/facts/My_Generation/AX9nTzXo">My Generation</a>" (1965)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> and <a href="/facts/The_Rolling_Stones/15fCN7RF">the Rolling Stones</a> on their 1966 live album <a href="/facts/Got_Live_If_You_Want_It!_(album)/Uu4LG19j">Got Live If You Want It!</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> In South America, the garage rock band <a href="/facts/Los_Saicos/dsYrQ5ux">Los Saicos</a> formed in <a href="/facts/Lima/YrHEnS3R">Lima</a>, <a href="/facts/Peru/dBt7XrYD">Peru</a> in 1964, later being called "the world's first punk band" in Zona de Obras' book Spanish Dictionary of Punk and Hardcore.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>
One of the earliest written uses of the term "punk rock" was by critic <a href="/facts/Dave_Marsh/l7RwwlYb">Dave Marsh</a> who used it in 1970 to describe the garage rock group <a href="/facts/Question_Mark_%26_the_Mysterians/HcSkMNRz">Question Mark & the Mysterians</a> in the United States, who had scored a major hit with their song "<a href="/facts/96_Tears/5k5y8Q1P">96 Tears</a>" in 1966.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> While garage bands varied in style, the label of <a href="/facts/Garage_punk/oNbm5YdR">garage punk</a> has been attributed by critic Michael Hann to the "toughest, angriest garage rockers" such as <a href="/facts/The_13th_Floor_Elevators/R47PrhTG">the 13th Floor Elevators</a> and <a href="/facts/The_Sonics/d8foN0r2">the Sonics</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> AllMusic states that bands like the Sonics and <a href="/facts/The_Monks/ErvKbpth">the Monks</a> "anticipated" punk;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> the latter have likewise been cited as examples of proto-punk<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> and the Sonics' 1965 debut album <a href="/facts/Here_Are_The_Sonics/q4dVGeAR">Here Are The Sonics</a> as "an early template for punk rock".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> The raw sound and outsider attitude of <a href="/facts/Psychedelic_music/RkxWNDTa">psychedelic</a> garage bands like <a href="/facts/The_Seeds/mFXVIKsb">the Seeds</a> also presaged the style of bands that would become known as the archetypal figures of proto-punk,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> other examples are <a href="/facts/The_Electric_Prunes/tUC1uzKa">the Electric Prunes</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> (who writer Gath Cartwright states were "embraced by the punks" due to covers by <a href="/facts/The_Damned_(band)/aG06gBS2">the Damned</a> and <a href="/facts/Wayne_County_%26_the_Electric_Chairs/7kwreU2H">Wayne County & the Electric Chairs</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>), <a href="/facts/Red_Crayola/ymtJpSay">Red Crayola</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> and <a href="/facts/Chocolate_Watchband/PF8v4qpo">Chocolate Watchband</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> The hit single "<a href="/facts/Psychotic_Reaction/PGt703P6">Psychotic Reaction</a>" from 1966 by the garage band <a href="/facts/Count_Five/FQotup8s">Count Five</a> featured fuzztone guitars<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> and blazed the trail for punk rock, influencing the development of a new musical style.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> Not only did the unconventional sound of proto-punk bands go against what was popular in the mainstream, but the visual styles of many bands were purposely contrasted with more popular, polished aesthetics found in more well known bands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a>
Musically distinct from most other punk predecessors, New York's <a href="/facts/The_Velvet_Underground/nVPGe1n1">the Velvet Underground</a> were not aggressive, instead influencing punk through their <a href="/facts/Avant-garde/6ofnXfo4">avant-garde</a> take on rock, which incorporated dissonance and taboo lyrical topics such as <a href="/facts/Urban_decay/smRgWPfJ">urban decay</a>, drug addiction and <a href="/facts/Sadomasochism/7qLnTWWC">sadomasochism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> A 2014 article by the <a href="/facts/BBC/qFateIz8">BBC</a> stated that "The roots of underground and experimental music, <a href="/facts/Indie_rock/WwHEa2bQ">indie</a> and <a href="/facts/Alternative_rock/7xRALNsG">alternative</a>, punk, <a href="/facts/Post-punk/y9REP8za">post-punk</a> and <a href="/facts/Art-punk/0GueeVlP">art-punk</a> all snake back to the four Velvet Underground studio albums".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a>

<h3>1970s</h3>
In Japan, the anti-establishment Zunō Keisatsu (頭脳警察, lit. 'Brain Police'), formed in 1969 and disbanded in 1975, mixed garage, psychedelic rock and folk; the band's first two albums were withdrawn from public sale after their lyrics were described in Mark Anderson's book The Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture to violate industry regulations, with their "spirit... [being] taken up again by the punk movement."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a>
In the early 1970s, the <a href="/facts/UK_underground/62pkL9mX">UK underground</a> counter-cultural scene centred on <a href="/facts/Ladbroke_Grove/GABHq5SM">Ladbroke Grove</a> in <a href="/facts/West_London/ACdeCdb0">West London</a> spawned a number of bands that have been considered proto-punk, including <a href="/facts/Deviants_(band)/nV6Bqp5X">the Deviants</a>, <a href="/facts/Pink_Fairies/GRreyTRP">Pink Fairies</a>, <a href="/facts/Hawkwind/1RT3YxvR">Hawkwind</a>, <a href="/facts/Edgar_Broughton_Band/fMlt0Lv4">Edgar Broughton Band</a>, <a href="/facts/Stack_Waddy/GBCDjlrT">Stack Waddy</a>, and <a href="/facts/Third_World_War_(band)/Xb58WSpk">Third World War</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> contemporaries <a href="/facts/Crushed_Butler/dG7HLwhb">Crushed Butler</a> have been called "Britain's first proto-punk band."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> According to Allmusic, <a href="/facts/Glam_rock/CBsJxkth">glam rock</a> also "inspired many future punks with its simple, crunchy guitar riffs, its outrageous sense of style, and its artists' willingness to sing with <a href="/facts/British_people/xn7cqlzV">British</a> accents (not to mention the idiosyncratic images of David Bowie and <a href="/facts/Roxy_Music/J4MUrFQN">Roxy Music</a>)".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> With his <a href="/facts/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Ziggy_Stardust_and_the_Spiders_from_Mars/Y0P0qkSJ">Ziggy Stardust</a> persona, <a href="/facts/David_Bowie/7nMplAnf">David Bowie</a> made artifice and exaggeration central elements, ones that were later picked up by punk acts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> The <a href="/facts/Doctors_of_Madness/nhahgpma">Doctors of Madness</a> built on Bowie's presentation concepts, while moving conceptually in the direction that would <a href="/facts/The_Guardian/H84wwJYM">The Guardian</a> writer Simon Reynolds identified as "prophes[ying] punk".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a>
Bands anticipating the forthcoming movement were appearing as far afield as <a href="/facts/D%C3%BCsseldorf/twteRHCh">Düsseldorf</a>, West Germany, where "punk before punk" band <a href="/facts/Neu!/uSWvVbll">NEU!</a> formed in 1971, building on the <a href="/facts/Krautrock/e5GoRdV6">krautrock</a> tradition of groups such as <a href="/facts/Can_(band)/UGHBfFLq">Can</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> <a href="/facts/Simply_Saucer/dR6bSIuP">Simply Saucer</a> formed in Hamilton, Canada in 1973<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> and have been called "Canada's first proto-punk band",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> blending garage rock, krautrock, psychedelia and other influences to produce a sound that was later described as having a "frequent punk snarl."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a>

<h4>Origins</h4>

Debut albums by two key US proto-punk bands were released in 1969, both from <a href="/facts/Metro_Detroit/H1BScu8d">Metro Detroit</a> in <a href="/facts/Michigan/bCurmfT2">Michigan</a>; <a href="/facts/Detroit/S84s4PGo">Detroit</a>'s <a href="/facts/MC5/mNcdC11X">MC5</a> released <a href="/facts/Kick_Out_the_Jams/SFRmCeBj">Kick Out the Jams</a> in January, and <a href="/facts/The_Stooges/tjVREet7">the Stooges</a>, from <a href="/facts/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan/hs3CBRJy">Ann Arbor</a>, premiered with <a href="/facts/The_Stooges_(album)/j4efETkW">their self-titled album</a> in August.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> The sound of these albums influenced a wave of subsequent bands in Michigan, which notably included <a href="/facts/The_Dogs_(US_punk_band)/5vkmN7EE">the Dogs</a>, <a href="/facts/The_Punks/Bu1uhPn0">the Punks</a> and <a href="/facts/Death_(Detroit_band)/ApUNnbtF">Death</a>, the latter a pioneering but commercially unsuccessful <a href="/facts/African-American/pTgcAdo8">African-American</a> proto-punk group.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> Formed in New York in 1971, the <a href="/facts/New_York_Dolls/WS21LMb6">New York Dolls</a>, merged Detroit's specific proto-punk sound with elements of glam rock, pioneering the <a href="/facts/Glam_punk/8qUpC3HB">glam punk</a> genre.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> A 2022 article by <a href="/facts/Alternative_Press_(magazine)/X1tgPjWb">Alternative Press</a> stated were "the most important of all protopunk bands after the Stooges [sic]".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> Their style was adopted by a number of New York bands, including <a href="/facts/The_Stilettos/1bX0M5J3">the Stilettos</a>, <a href="/facts/The_Brats_(band)/kyASK3IS">the Brats</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> and <a href="/facts/Ruby_and_the_Rednecks/DRtk5k6P">Ruby and the Rednecks</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> and subsequently was the catalyst for the city's early punk rock scene, which included <a href="/facts/Television_(band)/uaecy4Ak">Television</a>, <a href="/facts/Talking_Heads/crAFIjpD">Talking Heads</a>, <a href="/facts/Patti_Smith/Ap6XWqjx">Patti Smith</a>, <a href="/facts/The_Ramones/8zAUgpW7">the Ramones</a>, <a href="/facts/Blondie_(band)/ze6Tpo90">Blondie</a> and <a href="/facts/Richard_Hell_and_the_Voidoids/WkIDvI7G">Richard Hell and the Voidoids</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> The Detroit proto-punk sound also spread to Cleveland Ohio by the middle of the decade, where influential proto-punk bands including <a href="/facts/Pere_Ubu/8g6Wq4Wl">Pere Ubu</a> and the <a href="/facts/Electric_Eels_(band)/eJKwn9Ad">Electric Eels</a> formed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a>
The immediate predecessor to British punk was the early to mid–1970s <a href="/facts/Pub_rock_(United_Kingdom)/qXNlg74j">pub rock</a> scene, which was mostly based around London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> Influenced by Detroit proto-punk,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> this style made use of stripped down, back to its basics, rock music similar to punk, and was fronted by groups including <a href="/facts/Dr._Feelgood_(band)/ECHJz8JV">Dr. Feelgood</a>, <a href="/facts/Tyla_Gang/p7yML9zG">Tyla Gang</a>, <a href="/facts/Eddie_and_the_Hot_Rods/GcIogqUx">Eddie and the Hot Rods</a> and <a href="/facts/Count_Bishops/0XHF9MRJ">Count Bishops</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> Many of the early British punk scene's musician began their careers in pub rock acts, including <a href="/facts/The_101ers/y4cdm7He">the 101ers</a> (<a href="/facts/Joe_Strummer/EyCNQpuN">Joe Strummer</a>, <a href="/facts/Richard_Dudanski/VCa2fQjC">Richard Dudanski</a>, <a href="/facts/Tymon_Dogg/sju73SqL">Tymon Dogg</a>), <a href="/facts/Kilburn_and_the_High_Roads/gKrU0fL5">Kilburn and the High Roads</a> (<a href="/facts/Ian_Dury/3kTl4emX">Ian Dury</a>, <a href="/facts/999_(band)/mla2dFtW">Nick Cash</a>) and Flip City (<a href="/facts/Elvis_Costello/MuGVS0SD">Elvis Costello</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a> By 1976, pub rock had ultimately declined in popularity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> At the same time as pub rock, the influence of the New York Dolls had spread to London, where a wave of glam punk bands, including <a href="/facts/Hollywood_Brats/4h4AujBX">Hollywood Brats</a> and <a href="/facts/Jet_(UK_band)/Ybl3MvEK">Jet</a>, coalesced by the middle of the decade.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a>
A new generation of <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australian</a> garage rock bands, inspired mainly by the Stooges and MC5, came even closer to the sound that would soon be called "punk": in <a href="/facts/Brisbane/DdUE1VPW">Brisbane</a>, <a href="/facts/The_Saints_(Australian_band)/cSmy9ywv">the Saints</a> (formed in 1973) recalled the raw live sound of the British <a href="/facts/Pretty_Things/wPKrxkVX">Pretty Things</a>, who had made a notorious tour of Australia and <a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a> in 1965,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a> while in <a href="/facts/Sydney/8TegRcwB">Sydney</a>, <a href="/facts/Radio_Birdman/U1IwWDV3">Radio Birdman</a>, co-founded by Detroit expatriate <a href="/facts/Deniz_Tek/kx2zyTYu">Deniz Tek</a> in 1974, began playing gigs to a small but fanatical following.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a> The Saints are regarded as a punk band and as being "to Australia what the Sex Pistols were to Britain and the Ramones to America,"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a> while Radio Birdman are regarded as co-founders of punk<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a> but have also been designated as proto-punk.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_proto-punk_bands/R7MUhHxC">List of proto-punk bands</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2>
<ul><li>Bovey, Seth (2019). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4RWbDwAAQBAJ">Five Years Ahead of My Time: Garage Rock from the 1950s to the Present</a>. London: Reaktion Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-789-14065-1.</li>
<li>Robb, John (2012). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gXsTBwAAQBAJ">Punk Rock: An Oral History</a>. PM Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-60486-005-4.</li>
<li>Sabin, Roger (2002). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=unqFAgAAQBAJ">Punk Rock: So What?: The Cultural Legacy of Punk</a>. Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-134-69905-6.</li>
<li>Taylor, Steven (2003). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K1Eh5xbEw7EC">False Prophet: Field Notes from the Punk Underground</a>. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-8195-6668-3.</li>
<li>Lola, Edward (July 24, 2019). <a href="https://edwardlola.medium.com/punk-before-punk-e383a9f8ff83">"Punk Before Punk"</a>. edwardlola.medium.com. Retrieved May 22, 2023.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.giantdrag.org/music-history/the-history-of-proto-punk/">"The History Of Proto-Punk"</a>. giantdrag.org. Retrieved May 22, 2023.</li>
<li><a href="https://timeline.carnegiehall.org/genres/punk-alt-rock">"Timeline of African American Music"</a>. carnegiehall.org. Retrieved May 22, 2023.</li>
<li><a href="http://detroitpunkarchive.com/">"Detroit Punk History Archive"</a>. detroitpunkarchive.com. Retrieved May 22, 2023.</li>
<li><a href="https://post-punk.com/goth-so-white-black-representation-in-the-post-punk-scene/">"Goth So White? Black Representation in the Post-Punk Scene"</a>. post-punk.com. November 30, 2017. Retrieved May 22, 2023.</li></ul>
<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li>Bessman, Jim (1993). Ramones: An American Band. New York: St. Martin's. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-312-09369-1.</li>
<li>Buckley, Peter, ed. (2003). <a href="https://archive.org/details/rockroughguide00buck">The Rough Guide to Rock</a>. London: Rough Guides. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-85828-201-2.</li>
<li>Heylin, Clinton (1993). <a href="https://archive.org/details/fromvelvetstovoi00heyl">From the Velvets to the Voidoids: A Pre-Punk History for a Post-Punk World</a>. London: Penguin. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-14017-970-4.</li>
<li>Marcus, Greil (1989). <a href="https://archive.org/details/lipsticktracesse00marc_0">Lipstick Traces: A Secret History of the Twentieth Century</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/facts/Harvard_University_Press/YluAnq74">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-674-53581-2.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Greil_Marcus/IQcF5IKw">Marcus, Greil</a>, ed. (1979). Stranded: Rock and Roll for a Desert Island. New York: Knopf. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-394-73827-6.</li>
<li>Taylor, Steve (2004). <a href="https://archive.org/details/atoxofalternativ00tayl">The A to X of Alternative Music</a>. London and New York: Continuum. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-8264-8217-1.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Richie_Unterberger/sykSK40E">Unterberger, Richie</a> (1999). <a href="https://archive.org/details/musicusaroughgui0000unte">Music USA: The Rough Guide</a>. London: Rough Guides. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-85828-421-X.</li>
<li>Unterberger, Richie (2002). "British Punk". In Bogdanov, Vladimmir; Woodstra, Chris; <a href="/facts/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine/7HnXs404">Erlewine, Stephen Thomas</a> (eds.). All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul (3rd ed.). San Francisco: Backbeat. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-87930-653-X.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Bangs, Lester (1981). "Protopunk: The Garage Bands". In Anthony De Curtis; James Henke (eds.). The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll (Second ed.). Picador Books. pp. 357–361. ISBN 0-679-73728-6. <a href="0-679-73728-6" target="_blank">0-679-73728-6</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Proto-Punk". AllMusic. Retrieved September 25, 2016. <a href="http://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/proto-punk-ma0000005021" target="_blank">http://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/proto-punk-ma0000005021</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Proto-Punk". AllMusic. Retrieved September 25, 2016. <a href="http://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/proto-punk-ma0000005021" target="_blank">http://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/proto-punk-ma0000005021</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"Proto-Punk". AllMusic. Retrieved September 25, 2016. <a href="http://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/proto-punk-ma0000005021" target="_blank">http://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/proto-punk-ma0000005021</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Kristiansen, Lars J.; Blaney, Joseph R.; Simonds, Brent K.; Chidester, Philip J. (2010). Screaming for Change: Articulating a Unifying Philosophy of Punk Rock. Lexington Books. p. 11. Although Velvet Underground served as an important influence, proto-punk is largely a term used to describe bands that followed in the wake of the first wave of garage rock. More specifically, it is a label normally reserved for bands such as MC5 and the Stooges that sprung out of Detroit, Michigan, and its surrounding areas. These bands, and most certainly the Stooges, broke down the widely shared illusion that musicians had to be talented. The Stooges' amateurish compositions and inability to correctly play their instruments rendered it fairly irrelevant whether it was the band or the audience who figured up on stage...Although largely an American phenomenon, proto-punk can also be found in Britain. In Britain, however, it went under different names, and it is commonly referred to as either glam rock or pub rock. Notable pub rock bands would include Eddie and the Hot Rods, the Stranglers, Dr. Feelgood, the 101er's (Joe Strummer's first band), as well as Kilburn and the High Roads... In addition to the Michigan bands MC5, the Prime Movers, and the Stooges, other pre/proto-punk bands from the American Midwest have also earned their place in the chronicles of history. The vibrant pre-punk scene in Cleveland, Ohio, produced such bands as Pere Ubu and the Electric Eels, which have been highly influential to other bands of the era. On the east coast, and more specifically in New York, bands like Television, the New York Dolls, and the Ramones wreaked musical havoc in their respective neighborhoods. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Bear, John (November 1, 2022). "Dropkick Murphys on "Proto-Punk" Woody Guthrie, Who Wrote "Shipping Up to Boston"". westword.com. When Woody Guthrie emblazoned "This Machine Kills Fascists" across the top of his guitar in the '40s and belted out tunes such as "All You Fascists Bound to Lose," he became the first punk rocker. <a href="https://www.westword.com/music/dropkick-murphys-on-proto-punk-woody-guthrie-who-wrote-shipping-up-to-boston-15353643" target="_blank">https://www.westword.com/music/dropkick-murphys-on-proto-punk-woody-guthrie-who-wrote-shipping-up-to-boston-15353643</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Taylor, Tom (July 14, 2023). "The life and times of Woody Guthrie – the world's first punk". faroutmagazine.co.uk. Retrieved March 21, 2024. <a href="https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/the-life-and-times-of-woody-guthrie-the-worlds-first-punk" target="_blank">https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/the-life-and-times-of-woody-guthrie-the-worlds-first-punk</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Kot, Greg (May 9, 2012). "Tom Morello keeps punk-rock spirit of Woody Guthrie alive". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 21, 2024. <a href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2012/05/09/tom-morello-keeps-punk-rock-spirit-of-woody-guthrie-alive" target="_blank">https://www.chicagotribune.com/2012/05/09/tom-morello-keeps-punk-rock-spirit-of-woody-guthrie-alive</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">"Billy Bragg Discusses Woody Guthrie's Punk Side". MTV. July 10, 1998. Archived from the original on March 21, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2024. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240321235406/https://www.mtv.com/news/q3itoi/billy-bragg-discusses-woody-guthries-punk-side" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20240321235406/https://www.mtv.com/news/q3itoi/billy-bragg-discusses-woody-guthries-punk-side</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Ellis, Ian (May 10, 2006). "Lonnie Donegan and the Birth of British Rock". PopMatters. Retrieved July 9, 2024. <a href="https://www.popmatters.com/lonnie-donegan-british-rock" target="_blank">https://www.popmatters.com/lonnie-donegan-british-rock</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Smith, Aidan (April 30, 2017). "Aidan Smith: Punk was daring but Donegan got there first". The Scotsman. Retrieved July 9, 2024. <a href="https://www.scotsman.com/news/opinion/columnists/aidan-smith-punk-was-daring-but-donegan-got-there-first-1448613" target="_blank">https://www.scotsman.com/news/opinion/columnists/aidan-smith-punk-was-daring-but-donegan-got-there-first-1448613</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Ewing, Tom (November 19, 2003). "Lonnie Donegan - "Cumberland Gap"". Freaky Trigger. Retrieved July 9, 2024. <a href="https://popular-number1s.com/2003/11/19/lonnie-donegan-cumberland-gap/" target="_blank">https://popular-number1s.com/2003/11/19/lonnie-donegan-cumberland-gap/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Ewing, Tom (November 19, 2003). "Lonnie Donegan - "Cumberland Gap"". Freaky Trigger. Retrieved July 9, 2024. <a href="https://popular-number1s.com/2003/11/19/lonnie-donegan-cumberland-gap/" target="_blank">https://popular-number1s.com/2003/11/19/lonnie-donegan-cumberland-gap/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Ellis, Ian (May 10, 2006). "Lonnie Donegan and the Birth of British Rock". PopMatters. Retrieved July 9, 2024. <a href="https://www.popmatters.com/lonnie-donegan-british-rock" target="_blank">https://www.popmatters.com/lonnie-donegan-british-rock</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Bangs, Lester (1981). "Protopunk: The Garage Bands". In Anthony De Curtis; James Henke (eds.). The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll (Second ed.). Picador Books. pp. 357–361. ISBN 0-679-73728-6. Punk rock all goes back to Ritchie Valens's "La Bamba."Just consider Valens's three-chord mariachi squawk up in the light of "Louie Louie" by the Kingsmen, then consider "Louie Louie" in the light of "You Really Got Me" by the Kinks, then "You Really Got Me" in the light of "No Fun" by the Stooges, then "No Fun" in the light of "Blitzkrieg Bop" by the Ramones, and finally note that "Blitzkrieg Bop" sounds a lot like "La Bamba." <a href="0-679-73728-6" target="_blank">0-679-73728-6</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Panek, Aneta. Alchemy of Punk: Transmutation, Subversion, and Poetry in Punk Avant-Gardes. Logos Verlag Berlin. pp. 54–55. In the early 1960s, numerous garage bands sprung up in the United States and United Kingdom. They mostly played garage rock and beat music-raw, loud, technically awkward, energetic rock. From England came The Kingsmen with their 1963 version of Richard Berry's "Louie Louie," which has been dubbed punk rock's "ur-text." The Kinks followed in 1964 with hit singles "You Really Got Me" and "All Day and All of the Night," both inspired by "Louie, Louie." In 1965, The Who released "My Generation," which, according to John Reed, foreshadowed the kind of "cerebral mix of musical ferocity and rebellious posture" that would be representative of the later punk rock of the 1970s. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Starkey, Arun (September 16, 2021). "Were The Kinks the first-ever punk band?". Retrieved January 9, 2024. <a href="https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/the-kinks-first-ever-punk-band/" target="_blank">https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/the-kinks-first-ever-punk-band/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Spice, Anton (August 31, 2016). "Proto-punk: 10 records that paved the way for '76". The Vinyl Factory. Retrieved March 26, 2022. <a href="https://thevinylfactory.com/features/proto-punk-10-records-that-paved-the-way-for-76/" target="_blank">https://thevinylfactory.com/features/proto-punk-10-records-that-paved-the-way-for-76/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Draper, Jason (December 17, 2015). "Live Wires: The Stones Captured In '66". uDiscover. Retrieved March 24, 2021. <a href="https://www.udiscovermusic.com/stories/live-wires-the-stones-captured-in-66/" target="_blank">https://www.udiscovermusic.com/stories/live-wires-the-stones-captured-in-66/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Watts, Jonathan; Collyns, Dan (September 14, 2012). "Where did punk begin? A cinema in Peru". Theguardian.com. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/sep/14/where-punk-begin-cinema-peru" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/sep/14/where-punk-begin-cinema-peru</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Taylor 2003, p. 16. - Taylor, Steven (2003). False Prophet: Field Notes from the Punk Underground. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0-8195-6668-3. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K1Eh5xbEw7EC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=K1Eh5xbEw7EC</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Woods, Scott. "A Meaty, Beaty, Big and Bouncy Interview with Dave Marsh". RockCritics.com. Archived from the original on August 18, 2007. Retrieved February 19, 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070818204554/http://www.rockcritics.com/interview/davemarsh.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070818204554/http://www.rockcritics.com/interview/davemarsh.html</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Hann, Michael (July 30, 2014). "10 of the best: garage punk". The Guardian. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2014/jul/30/10-of-the-best-garage-punk" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2014/jul/30/10-of-the-best-garage-punk</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"Mayo Thompson Pays Off Corky's Debt". Texas Monthly. January 13, 2020. <a href="https://www.texasmonthly.com/the-culture/mayo-thompson-playing-corkys-debt-to-his-father-houston-music/" target="_blank">https://www.texasmonthly.com/the-culture/mayo-thompson-playing-corkys-debt-to-his-father-houston-music/</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Mark Deming. "The Sonics | Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved April 12, 2017. <a href="http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-sonics-mn0000428717/biography" target="_blank">http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-sonics-mn0000428717/biography</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Richie Unterberger. "The Monks | Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved April 12, 2017. <a href="http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-monks-mn0000404345/biography" target="_blank">http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-monks-mn0000404345/biography</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">"The 5: Proto-Punk Bands of the 60's and 70's – The Interrobang". July 24, 2013. <a href="http://theinterrobang.com/the-5-proto-punk-bands-of-the-60s-and-70s/" target="_blank">http://theinterrobang.com/the-5-proto-punk-bands-of-the-60s-and-70s/</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">"10 Essential Proto-punk tracks". Treblezine.com. November 5, 2015. Retrieved September 24, 2016. <a href="http://www.treblezine.com/26298-10-essential-proto-punk-tracks/" target="_blank">http://www.treblezine.com/26298-10-essential-proto-punk-tracks/</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">"10 Essential Proto-punk tracks". Treblezine.com. November 5, 2015. Retrieved September 24, 2016. <a href="http://www.treblezine.com/26298-10-essential-proto-punk-tracks/" target="_blank">http://www.treblezine.com/26298-10-essential-proto-punk-tracks/</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Sabin 2002, p. 159. - Sabin, Roger (2002). Punk Rock: So What?: The Cultural Legacy of Punk. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-69905-6. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=unqFAgAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=unqFAgAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:32">Cartwright, Garth (December 8, 2021). "60s psych-rockers the Electric Prunes: 'We couldn't sit around stoned!'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved April 27, 2023. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/dec/08/60s-psych-rockers-the-electric-prunes-we-couldnt-sit-around-stoned" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/dec/08/60s-psych-rockers-the-electric-prunes-we-couldnt-sit-around-stoned</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Young, Rob (2006). Rough Trade. Black Dog Publishing. ISBN 978-1-904772-47-7. <a href="978-1-904772-47-7" target="_blank">978-1-904772-47-7</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">"Mayo Thompson Pays off Corky's Debt". January 13, 2020. <a href="https://www.texasmonthly.com/arts-entertainment/mayo-thompson-playing-corkys-debt-to-his-father-houston-music/" target="_blank">https://www.texasmonthly.com/arts-entertainment/mayo-thompson-playing-corkys-debt-to-his-father-houston-music/</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">"The Chocolate Watch Band - Ace Records". acerecords.co.uk. Retrieved April 27, 2023. <a href="https://acerecords.co.uk/the-chocolate-watch-band" target="_blank">https://acerecords.co.uk/the-chocolate-watch-band</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">"The Chocolate Watchband 'This Is My Voice' -". November 28, 2018. Retrieved April 27, 2023. <a href="https://www.shindig-magazine.com/?p=2394" target="_blank">https://www.shindig-magazine.com/?p=2394</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Waksman, Steve (2009). This Ain't the Summer of Love: Conflict and Crossover in Heavy Metal and Punk. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-94388-9. <a href="978-0-520-94388-9" target="_blank">978-0-520-94388-9</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Abbey, Eric James (2015). Garage Rock and Its Roots: Musical Rebels and the Drive for Individuality. McFarland. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-7864-5125-8. <a href="978-0-7864-5125-8" target="_blank">978-0-7864-5125-8</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">"Detroit Punk Archive". Detroit Punk Archive. Retrieved June 30, 2023. <a href="http://detroitpunkarchive.com/" target="_blank">http://detroitpunkarchive.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Hustle, Jac (2023). Punk: Loud Guitars, Louder Statements. In the heart of New York City's burgeoning artistic scene, The Velvet Underground, led by Lou Reed and John Cale, were crafting a unique sound that defied categorization. While not as explicitly aggressive as some of their proto-punk counterparts, their experimental approach to music and lyrics made them trailblazers of punk's avant-garde edge. Their 1967 debut album, "The Velvet Underground & Nico," remains a landmark in rock history.The Velvet Underground's music was marked by its dissonance, experimentation, and unfiltered portrayal of taboo subjects such as drug addiction, sadomasochism, and urban decay. Songs like "Heroin" and "Venus in Furs" explored the darker corners of human existence, challenging societal norms and pushing artistic boundaries. Their connection to the counterculture and the burgeoning punk scene of New York City positioned them as artistic provocateurs whose influence would be felt far beyond their contemporaries. <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:42">Anderson, Mark. "Zuno keisatsu" in Buckley, Sandra (ed.)The Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture. Taylor & Francis, 2009, p588 <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:46">Laing 1985, pp. 24–26. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLaing1985 (help) <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:50">"Sonic Unyon Records :: Simply". Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved December 1, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415040720/http://www.sonicunyon.com/records/artists/simply" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120415040720/http://www.sonicunyon.com/records/artists/simply</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Sendra, Tim. "Cyborgs Revisited Review". AllMusic. Retrieved November 30, 2011. <a href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/cyborgs-revisited-r171308" target="_blank">http://www.allmusic.com/album/cyborgs-revisited-r171308</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">"The Stooges – Biography, Albums, Streaming Links". AllMusic. Retrieved September 25, 2016. <a href="http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-stooges-mn0000562304" target="_blank">http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-stooges-mn0000562304</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Milliken, Christie; Anderson, Steve F. (2021). Reclaiming Popular Documentary. Indiana University Press. pp. 265–267. ISBN 978-0-253-05690-0. <a href="978-0-253-05690-0" target="_blank">978-0-253-05690-0</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Sfetcu, Nicolae (May 7, 2014). The Music Sound. The first and most potent example of glam punk, is the New York Dolls, they are often considered one of the creators of punk rock music in general. Though after the punk explosion in London during the 1970s happened the Dolls were considered "glam" in comparison. Which would lead to them been described as "Glam-Punk"...Other more obscure groups from around this time such as Hollywood Brats, the Jook, Milk 'N' Cookies, Jet, and others can be heard on the compilation "Glitterbest: 20 Pre Punk 'n' Glam Terrace Stompers". <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Stegall, Tim. "11 bands influenced by New York Dolls, from Social Distortion to Guns N' Roses". Alternative Press. Retrieved January 5, 2024. <a href="https://www.altpress.com/new-york-dolls-influences-social-distortion-guns-n-roses/" target="_blank">https://www.altpress.com/new-york-dolls-influences-social-distortion-guns-n-roses/</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Antonia, Nina (2003). The New York Dolls Too Much Too Soon. Omnibus Press. p. 70. ISBN 0711996032. The rise of The New York Dolls spawned dozens of local bands. Elda Gentile got The Stilettos together with former Max's waitress, Debbie Harry, and Rick Rivets started gigging with The Brats, while a rash of Dolls copyists like Teenage Lust and The Harlots of 42nd Street threw themselves on the bandwagon and fell belly-up. Aside from Aerosmith, the most significant group of that time to be influenced by The New York Dolls was Kiss. Sure, Kiss wore make-up but by painting their faces like comic book characters or goofy animals, they defused any sexual threat. <a href="0711996032" target="_blank">0711996032</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">"Ruby and the Rednecks at the Mercer Arts Center". September 3, 2018. <a href="https://dsps.lib.uiowa.edu/downtownpopunderground/story/ruby-and-the-rednecks-at-the-mercer-arts-center/" target="_blank">https://dsps.lib.uiowa.edu/downtownpopunderground/story/ruby-and-the-rednecks-at-the-mercer-arts-center/</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Taylor, Tom (July 28, 2021). "From Link Wray to New York Dolls: Who really invented punk?". Far Out. Retrieved July 9, 2023. <a href="https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/who-invented-punk-new-york-dolls-link-wray/" target="_blank">https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/who-invented-punk-new-york-dolls-link-wray/</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Kristiansen, Lars J.; Blaney, Joseph R.; Simonds, Brent K.; Chidester, Philip J. (2010). Screaming for Change: Articulating a Unifying Philosophy of Punk Rock. Lexington Books. p. 11. Although Velvet Underground served as an important influence, proto-punk is largely a term used to describe bands that followed in the wake of the first wave of garage rock. More specifically, it is a label normally reserved for bands such as MC5 and the Stooges that sprung out of Detroit, Michigan, and its surrounding areas. These bands, and most certainly the Stooges, broke down the widely shared illusion that musicians had to be talented. The Stooges' amateurish compositions and inability to correctly play their instruments rendered it fairly irrelevant whether it was the band or the audience who figured up on stage...Although largely an American phenomenon, proto-punk can also be found in Britain. In Britain, however, it went under different names, and it is commonly referred to as either glam rock or pub rock. Notable pub rock bands would include Eddie and the Hot Rods, the Stranglers, Dr. Feelgood, the 101er's (Joe Strummer's first band), as well as Kilburn and the High Roads... In addition to the Michigan bands MC5, the Prime Movers, and the Stooges, other pre/proto-punk bands from the American Midwest have also earned their place in the chronicles of history. The vibrant pre-punk scene in Cleveland, Ohio, produced such bands as Pere Ubu and the Electric Eels, which have been highly influential to other bands of the era. On the east coast, and more specifically in New York, bands like Television, the New York Dolls, and the Ramones wreaked musical havoc in their respective neighborhoods. <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Bealmear, Bart (July 15, 2020). "Pub Rock Helped Pave the Way for British Punk, but What the Hell is "Pub Rock"". Retrieved January 9, 2024. <a href="https://dangerousminds.net/comments/pub_rock_helped_pave_the_way_for_british_punk_but_what_the_hell_is_pub_rock" target="_blank">https://dangerousminds.net/comments/pub_rock_helped_pave_the_way_for_british_punk_but_what_the_hell_is_pub_rock</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Kristiansen, Lars J.; Blaney, Joseph R.; Simonds, Brent K.; Chidester, Philip J. (2010). Screaming for Change: Articulating a Unifying Philosophy of Punk Rock. Lexington Books. p. 11. Although Velvet Underground served as an important influence, proto-punk is largely a term used to describe bands that followed in the wake of the first wave of garage rock. More specifically, it is a label normally reserved for bands such as MC5 and the Stooges that sprung out of Detroit, Michigan, and its surrounding areas. These bands, and most certainly the Stooges, broke down the widely shared illusion that musicians had to be talented. The Stooges' amateurish compositions and inability to correctly play their instruments rendered it fairly irrelevant whether it was the band or the audience who figured up on stage...Although largely an American phenomenon, proto-punk can also be found in Britain. In Britain, however, it went under different names, and it is commonly referred to as either glam rock or pub rock. Notable pub rock bands would include Eddie and the Hot Rods, the Stranglers, Dr. Feelgood, the 101er's (Joe Strummer's first band), as well as Kilburn and the High Roads... In addition to the Michigan bands MC5, the Prime Movers, and the Stooges, other pre/proto-punk bands from the American Midwest have also earned their place in the chronicles of history. The vibrant pre-punk scene in Cleveland, Ohio, produced such bands as Pere Ubu and the Electric Eels, which have been highly influential to other bands of the era. On the east coast, and more specifically in New York, bands like Television, the New York Dolls, and the Ramones wreaked musical havoc in their respective neighborhoods. <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Atkinson, Mike (January 21, 2010). "Give pub rock another chance". the Guardian. Retrieved March 28, 2018. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/jan/21/pub-rock-dr-feelgood" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/jan/21/pub-rock-dr-feelgood</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Bealmear, Bart (July 15, 2020). "Pub Rock Helped Pave the Way for British Punk, but What the Hell is "Pub Rock"". Retrieved January 9, 2024. <a href="https://dangerousminds.net/comments/pub_rock_helped_pave_the_way_for_british_punk_but_what_the_hell_is_pub_rock" target="_blank">https://dangerousminds.net/comments/pub_rock_helped_pave_the_way_for_british_punk_but_what_the_hell_is_pub_rock</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Robb 2012, p. 51. - Robb, John (2012). Punk Rock: An Oral History. PM Press. ISBN 978-1-60486-005-4. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gXsTBwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=gXsTBwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Bealmear, Bart (July 15, 2020). "Pub Rock Helped Pave the Way for British Punk, but What the Hell is "Pub Rock"". Retrieved January 9, 2024. <a href="https://dangerousminds.net/comments/pub_rock_helped_pave_the_way_for_british_punk_but_what_the_hell_is_pub_rock" target="_blank">https://dangerousminds.net/comments/pub_rock_helped_pave_the_way_for_british_punk_but_what_the_hell_is_pub_rock</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Sfetcu, Nicolae (May 7, 2014). The Music Sound. The first and most potent example of glam punk, is the New York Dolls, they are often considered one of the creators of punk rock music in general. Though after the punk explosion in London during the 1970s happened the Dolls were considered "glam" in comparison. Which would lead to them been described as "Glam-Punk"...Other more obscure groups from around this time such as Hollywood Brats, the Jook, Milk 'N' Cookies, Jet, and others can be heard on the compilation "Glitterbest: 20 Pre Punk 'n' Glam Terrace Stompers". <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">Unterberger 2000, p. 18. sfn error: no target: CITEREFUnterberger2000 (help) <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Cameron, Keith (July 20, 2007). "Keith Cameron explores the history of the Australian punk scene". the Guardian. Retrieved March 28, 2018. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jul/20/popandrock2" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jul/20/popandrock2</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">"The Most Primitive Band in the World – The Saints – Songs, Reviews, Credits – AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved March 28, 2018. <a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-most-primitive-band-in-the-world-mw0000181213" target="_blank">https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-most-primitive-band-in-the-world-mw0000181213</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">"(I'm) Stranded – The Saints – Songs, Reviews, Credits – AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved March 28, 2018. <a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/im-stranded-mw0000239104" target="_blank">https://www.allmusic.com/album/im-stranded-mw0000239104</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">"The Essential Radio Birdman: 1974–1978 – Radio Birdman – Songs, Reviews, Credits – AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved March 28, 2018. <a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-essential-radio-birdman-1974-1978-mw0000588775" target="_blank">https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-essential-radio-birdman-1974-1978-mw0000588775</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">"Radio Birdman – Biography & History – AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved March 28, 2018. <a href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/radio-birdman-mn0000385781/biography" target="_blank">https://www.allmusic.com/artist/radio-birdman-mn0000385781/biography</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Proto-punk open-in-new

Proto-punk