Pangium

<h2 id="description">Description</h2>
The tree can reach 18 metres (59 feet) in height. The <a href="/facts/Leaves/1m6wCNTg">leaves</a> are heart-shaped. The brownish fruit grows in clusters and is shaped like a pear.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>

<h2 id="cultivation">Cultivation</h2>
The tree requires many years to mature, and the seeds are therefore most frequently harvested from wild trees, as it is not economically feasible to cultivate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> Although poisonous to humans, the seeds of the tree form part of the natural diet of the <a href="/facts/Babirusa/pIK9bLRQ">babirusa</a> (Babyroussa babyrussa).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>

<h2 id="uses">Uses</h2>

The fresh fruit and seeds contain <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_cyanide/vNtA0Mxe">hydrogen cyanide</a>, and are thus deadly poisonous if consumed without prior preparation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> The seeds are first boiled and then buried in ash, banana leaves and earth for forty days,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> during which time they turn from a creamy white colour to dark brown or black.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> The method relies on the fact that the hydrogen cyanide released by the boiling and fermentation is water-soluble and easily washed out.
The kernels may be ground up to form a thick black gravy called <a href="/facts/Rawon/xrePzE35">rawon</a>. Popular dishes include <a href="/facts/Rawon/xrePzE35">nasi rawon</a>, beef stew in keluwek paste, popular in East and Central Java,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> and sambal rawon, rawon stew made with beef or chicken, also made in East Java.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> In West Java and Jakarta, gabus pucung, <a href="/facts/Snakehead_(fish)/EWM3oEq0">snakehead fish</a> in pucung paste soup, is a popular traditional dish in <a href="/facts/Betawi_cuisine/DIBuybb2">Betawi cuisine</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> The <a href="/facts/Toraja/loDNYRVq">Toraja</a> dish pammarrasan (black spice with fish or meat, also sometimes with vegetables) uses the black keluak powder. In <a href="/facts/Singapore/CQDkhUvD">Singapore</a> and <a href="/facts/Malaysia/8zbUMzCP">Malaysia</a>, the seeds are best known as an essential ingredient in <a href="/facts/Ayam_buah_keluak/YCPHQKQu">ayam</a> (chicken) or babi (pork) buah keluak,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> a mainstay of <a href="/facts/Peranakan_cuisine/sKgFtLcB">Peranakan cuisine</a>. The <a href="/facts/Dusun_people/z5JFyFLW">Dusun</a> tribe of <a href="/facts/Borneo/1aIGfyvV">Borneo</a> use this pounded kernel as main ingredient for making local signature dish called bosou,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> a sour fermented fish.
People of the <a href="/facts/Minahasa/a2NTeIXy">Minahasa</a> tribe in North Sulawesi use the young leaves as a vegetable, slicing them small, then cooking them with herbs and pork fat or meat inside bamboo. Many sellers in the <a href="/facts/Tomohon/avlCI7aK">Tomohon</a> traditional market sell the leaves. 

<h3>Nutrition</h3>
The edible portions of the plant are an excellent source of vitamin C and high in iron.

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Conn B, Damas K. "Pangium edule Reinw.". National Herbarium of New South Wales, and Papua New Guinea National Herbarium. Retrieved 15 October 2009. <a href="http://www.pngplants.org/PNGtrees/TreeDescriptions/Pangium_edule_Reinw.html" target="_blank">http://www.pngplants.org/PNGtrees/TreeDescriptions/Pangium_edule_Reinw.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. United States Department of the Army. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. 2009. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) <a href="978-1-60239-692-0" target="_blank">978-1-60239-692-0</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Renner, Susanne S. (2014). "The relative and absolute frequencies of angiosperm sexual systems: Dioecy, monoecy, gynodioecy, and an updated online database". American Journal of Botany. 101 (10): 1588–1596. doi:10.3732/ajb.1400196. PMID 25326608. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.1400196" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.1400196</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Conn B, Damas K. "Pangium edule Reinw.". National Herbarium of New South Wales, and Papua New Guinea National Herbarium. Retrieved 15 October 2009. <a href="http://www.pngplants.org/PNGtrees/TreeDescriptions/Pangium_edule_Reinw.html" target="_blank">http://www.pngplants.org/PNGtrees/TreeDescriptions/Pangium_edule_Reinw.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. United States Department of the Army. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. 2009. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) <a href="978-1-60239-692-0" target="_blank">978-1-60239-692-0</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Andarwulan N, Fardiaz D, Wattimena GA, Shetty K (1999). "Antioxidant activity associated with lipid and phenolic mobilization during seed germination of Pangium edule Reinw". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 47 (8): 3158–3163. doi:10.1021/jf981287a. PMID 10552624. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Leus K, Morgan CA, Dierenfeld ES (2001). "Nutrition". In Fischer M (ed.). Babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa) Husbandry Manual. American Association of Zoos and Aquariums. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Treub M (1896). "Sur la localisation, le transport, et le rôle de l'acide cyanhydrique dans le Pangium edule". Ann Jardin Bot Buitenzorg (in French). xiii: 1. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Greshoff M (1906). Distribution of prussic acid in the vegetable kingdom. York, England. p. 138. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Willaman JJ (1917). "The estimation of hydrocyanic acid and the probable form in which it occurs in Sorghum vulgare". J Biol Chem. 29 (1): 25–36. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)86804-1. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2986804-1" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2986804-1</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Chia CC. "Buah Keluak". Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2009. <a href="https://archive.today/20120630214907/http://pachome1.pacific.net.sg/~ccchia/pict31.html" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20120630214907/http://pachome1.pacific.net.sg/~ccchia/pict31.html</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Wong WH (11 January 2007). "Buah Keluak". National Parks. <a href="http://www.nparks.gov.sg/blogs/garden_voices/index.php/2007/01/11/buah-keluak/" target="_blank">http://www.nparks.gov.sg/blogs/garden_voices/index.php/2007/01/11/buah-keluak/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Nyonya Rumah (24 July 2012). "Nasi Rawon Komplet" (in Indonesian). kompas.com. Retrieved 24 July 2013. <a href="http://female.kompas.com/read/2012/07/24/1259061/Nasi.Rawon.Komplet" target="_blank">http://female.kompas.com/read/2012/07/24/1259061/Nasi.Rawon.Komplet</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"Tarry, Tarry Night". 22 May 2007. Retrieved 15 October 2009. <a href="http://eatingasia.typepad.com/eatingasia/2007/05/tarry_tarry_nig.html" target="_blank">http://eatingasia.typepad.com/eatingasia/2007/05/tarry_tarry_nig.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Media, Kompas Cyber (23 June 2019). "Jakarta Ulang Tahun, Yuk Coba 5 Kuliner Betawi Langka Ini Halaman all". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 1 July 2020. <a href="https://travel.kompas.com/read/2019/06/23/090800027/jakarta-ulang-tahun-yuk-coba-5-kuliner-betawi-langka-ini" target="_blank">https://travel.kompas.com/read/2019/06/23/090800027/jakarta-ulang-tahun-yuk-coba-5-kuliner-betawi-langka-ini</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Ng L (29 October 2007). "Ayam/Pork Buah Keluak". <a href="http://lilyng2000.blogspot.com/2007/09/ayampork-buah-keluak.html" target="_blank">http://lilyng2000.blogspot.com/2007/09/ayampork-buah-keluak.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Chia CC. "Ayam/Babi Buah Keluak". Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2009. <a href="https://archive.today/20120630214850/http://pachome1.pacific.net.sg/~ccchia/recipe03.html" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20120630214850/http://pachome1.pacific.net.sg/~ccchia/recipe03.html</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Lajius, Leolerry (April 2014). "Bosou - Makanan tradisi masyarakat Dusun Sabah" (PDF). Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Retrieved 23 February 2018. <a href="http://eprints.ums.edu.my/13234/1/ub0000000637.pdf" target="_blank">http://eprints.ums.edu.my/13234/1/ub0000000637.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Pangium open-in-new

Pangium