Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge
open-in-new
<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The department was founded as the Mathematical Laboratory under the leadership of <a href="/facts/John_Lennard-Jones/bIPYBATH">John Lennard-Jones</a> on 14 May 1937, though it did not get properly established until after <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> The new laboratory was housed in the North Wing of the former Anatomy School, on the <a href="/facts/New_Museums_Site/4XbHfGRg">New Museums Site</a>. Upon its foundation, it was intended "to provide a computing service for general use, and to be a centre for the development of computational techniques in the University". The <a href="/facts/Cambridge_Diploma_in_Computer_Science/KdENYP60">Cambridge Diploma in Computer Science</a> was the world's first postgraduate taught course in computing, starting in 1953.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p><p>In October 1946, work began under <a href="/facts/Maurice_Wilkes/2RJ58EKc">Maurice Wilkes</a> on <a href="/facts/EDSAC/nyK6xJ7B">EDSAC</a> (<i>Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator</i>), which subsequently became the world's first fully operational and practical <a href="/facts/Stored_program/CwcIk5S8">stored program</a> computer when it ran its first program on 6 May 1949.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> It inspired the world's first business computer, <a href="/facts/LEO_computer/V9PBt9qA">LEO</a>. It was replaced by <a href="/facts/EDSAC_2/Q2vqMPul">EDSAC 2</a>, the first microcoded and <a href="/facts/Bit_slicing/lf0t4CB3">bit-sliced</a> computer, in 1958.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>In 1961, <a href="/facts/David_Hartley_(computer_scientist)/hawnjTqf">David Hartley</a> developed <a href="/facts/Autocode/6ITEG7sR">Autocode</a>, one of the first <a href="/facts/High-level_programming_language/smjECUhx">high-level programming languages</a>, for <a href="/facts/EDSAC_2/Q2vqMPul">EDSAC 2</a>. Also in that year, proposals for <a href="/facts/Titan_(1963_computer)/WNoFNzxa">Titan</a>, based on the <a href="/facts/Atlas_Computer_(Manchester)/zz48u0jp">Ferranti Atlas</a> machine, were developed. Titan became fully operational in 1964 and EDSAC 2 was retired the following year. In 1967, a full ('24/7') multi-user time-shared service for up to 64 users was inaugurated on Titan. </p><p>In 1970, the Mathematical Laboratory was renamed the Computer Laboratory, with separate departments for Teaching and Research and the Computing Service, providing computing services to the university and its colleges. The two did not fully separate until 2001, when the Computer Laboratory moved out to the new William Gates building in <a href="/facts/West_Cambridge/x7pW9IFL">West Cambridge</a>, off <a href="/facts/Madingley_Road/7m8cqHH6">Madingley Road</a>, leaving behind an independent <a href="/facts/University_of_Cambridge_Computing_Service/mpDns8fx">Computing Service</a>. </p><p>In 2002, the Computer Laboratory launched the <a href="/facts/Cambridge_Computer_Lab_Ring/uHIBhkwo">Cambridge Computer Lab Ring</a>, a graduate society named after the <a href="/facts/Cambridge_Ring_(computer_network)/jXQELbb8">Cambridge Ring</a> network.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="current">Current</h2> <p>On 30 June 2017, the <a href="/facts/Cambridge_University_Reporter/QNWaJtX7">Cambridge University Reporter</a> announced that the Computer Laboratory would change its name to the Department of Computer Science and Technology from 1 October 2017, to reflect the broadened scope of its purpose and activities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>The department currently offers a 3-year undergraduate course and a 1-year masters course (with a large selection of specialised courses in various research areas). Recent research has focused on <a href="/facts/Platform_virtualization/6e2Bhhz2">virtualisation</a>, <a href="/facts/Information_security/horlrCln">security</a>, <a href="/facts/Usability/zuAnqu9Q">usability</a>, <a href="/facts/Formal_verification/BYD4GnJR">formal verification</a>, <a href="/facts/Formal_semantics_of_programming_languages/JEP1zyBv">formal semantics of programming languages</a>, <a href="/facts/Computer_architecture/tHtwxgR2">computer architecture</a>, <a href="/facts/Natural_language_processing/1hjMKsSN">natural language processing</a>, <a href="/facts/Mobile_computing/eHT86bQU">mobile computing</a>, <a href="/facts/Wireless_network/yr4SWTdl">wireless networking</a>, <a href="/facts/Biometric_identification/MgTbyA0r">biometric identification</a>, <a href="/facts/Robotics/wkmvodJz">robotics</a>, <a href="/facts/Routing/Ml6MVCaC">routing</a>, <a href="/facts/Positioning_system/bSfNnXnK">positioning systems</a> and <a href="/facts/Sustainability/9oYH9mAs">sustainability</a> (<i>"Computing for the future of the planet"</i>). Members have been involved in the creation of many successful UK <a href="/facts/Information_technology/glMzunwe">IT</a> companies such as <a href="/facts/Acorn_Computers/jCddUElC">Acorn</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> <a href="/facts/ARM_Limited/jqqppj7b">ARM</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> nCipher and <a href="/facts/XenSource/U5fq6ESl">XenSource</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="staff">Staff</h2> <h3>Professors</h3> <p>As of 2024<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Computer_Science_and_Technology,_University_of_Cambridge&action=edit">[update]</a>, the department employs 34 professors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Notable ones include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Alan_F._Blackwell/9VWwGh5j">Alan F. Blackwell</a>, Professor of Interdisciplinary Design</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ann_Copestake/HcomPHfQ">Ann Copestake</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Professor of Computational Linguistics</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jon_Crowcroft/Ef6hCcng">Jon Crowcroft</a>, Marconi Professor of Communications Systems</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hatice_Gunes/USy8ghPr">Hatice Gunes</a>, Professor of Affective Intelligence and Robotics</li> <li><a href="/facts/Neil_Lawrence/Xtx1wNoy">Neil Lawrence</a>, <a href="/facts/Deepmind/n5ehBwCx">Deepmind</a> Professor of Machine learning</li> <li>Anil Madhavapeddy, Professor of Planetary Computing</li> <li><a href="/facts/Cecilia_Mascolo/N5gYuw7L">Cecilia Mascolo</a>, Professor of Mobile Systems</li> <li><a href="/facts/Lawrence_Paulson/kt3dnAkn">Lawrence Paulson</a>, Professor of Computational Logic</li></ul> <p>Other notable staff include <a href="/facts/Sue_Sentance/U91rbaar">Sue Sentance</a>, <a href="/facts/Robert_Watson_(computer_scientist)/JVrDq783">Robert Watson</a>, <a href="/facts/Markus_Kuhn_(computer_scientist)/3vWeuSTs">Markus Kuhn</a>. </p> <p class="note">See also: Category:Members of the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory</p> <h3>Former staff</h3> <p>Former staff include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Ross_J._Anderson/hIq4z659">Ross J. Anderson</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Jean_Bacon/qRjwk4BR">Jean Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/James_Davenport_(professor)/bsHxoWPR">James Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Andrew_D._Gordon/XTDJElgC">Andrew D. Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Philip_Hazel/2mus7WJ5">Philip Hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Andy_Hopper/DEdkYdKI">Andy Hopper</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Robin_Milner/oMfdsRwK">Robin Milner</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Alan_Mycroft/AeQBnmhM">Alan Mycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Roger_Needham/sSz9TUYM">Roger Needham</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Martin_Richards_(computer_scientist)/rGwFp9Uh">Martin Richards</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Peter_Robinson_(computer_scientist)/eSs399tU">Peter Robinson</a>,</li> <li><a href="/facts/Karen_Sp%C3%A4rck_Jones/NLFBuKaf">Karen Spärck Jones</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/David_Wheeler_(computer_scientist)/eMm8hmrz">David Wheeler</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Maurice_Wilkes/2RJ58EKc">Maurice Wilkes</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Neil_Wiseman/RWXd8DIq">Neil Wiseman</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Neil_Dodgson/FewVzHlo">Neil Dodgson</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Michael_J.C._Gordon/ojEYxohV">Mike Gordon</a></li></ul> <h3>Heads of the Computer Laboratory</h3> <p>The lab has been led by: </p> <ul><li>1949 <a href="/facts/Maurice_Wilkes/2RJ58EKc">Maurice Wilkes</a></li> <li>1980 <a href="/facts/Roger_Needham/sSz9TUYM">Roger Needham</a></li> <li>1996 <a href="/facts/Robin_Milner/oMfdsRwK">Robin Milner</a></li> <li>1999 Ian Leslie</li> <li>2004 <a href="/facts/Andy_Hopper/DEdkYdKI">Andy Hopper</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/facts/Ann_Copestake/HcomPHfQ">Ann Copestake</a></li> <li>2023 Alastair Beresford</li></ul> <h2 id="achievements-and-innovations">Achievements and innovations</h2> <p>Members have made impact in computers, Turing machines, microprogramming, subroutines, computer networks, mobile protocols, security, programming languages, kernels, OS, security, virtualisation, location badge systems, etc. Below is a list. </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/EDSAC/nyK6xJ7B">EDSAC</a> – world's first practical stored program electronic computer (1949–1958)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Subroutine/9vFJrg0A">Subroutine</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/facts/OXO_(video_game)/hgXaI4hU">OXO</a> – world's first video game (1952)</li> <li><a href="/facts/EDSAC_2/Q2vqMPul">EDSAC 2</a> (1958–1965)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Autocode/6ITEG7sR">Autocode</a> – one of the first <a href="/facts/High-level_programming_language/smjECUhx">high-level programming languages</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Titan_(1963_computer)/WNoFNzxa">Titan</a> – early multi-user time-share computer (1964–1973)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Phoenix_(computer)/evMSUnR3">Phoenix</a> – IBM 370 with locally developed OS and hardware extensions (1973–1995)</li> <li><a href="/facts/TRIPOS/Wrj0r0ma">TRIPOS</a> operating system – became later the basis for <a href="/facts/AmigaDOS/D3AXdf2m">AmigaDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/BCPL/GkBV2hXy">BCPL</a> programming language – ancestor of <a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/CAP_computer/1lfkx6BA">CAP computer</a> – hardware support for <a href="/facts/Capability-based_security/negzSwhS">capability-based security</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cambridge_Ring_(computer_network)/jXQELbb8">Cambridge Ring</a> – an early <a href="/facts/Local_area_network/edUDxJ6J">local area network</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cambridge_Distributed_Computing_System/9vgp7p6M">Cambridge Distributed Computing System</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Trojan_Room_coffee_pot/TgwosqDz">Trojan Room coffee pot</a> – the world's first <a href="/facts/Webcam/1vTYrHWw">webcam</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Iris_recognition/8dt1HS19">Iris recognition</a> – <a href="/facts/Biometric_identification/MgTbyA0r">biometric identification</a> with vanishingly small false-accept rate</li> <li><a href="/facts/Nemesis_(computing)/THEwt0Q7">Nemesis</a> – real-time microkernel OS</li> <li>Active Badge System –<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Active_Bat/VdTtUVtz">Active Bat</a> – ultrasonic indoor positioning system</li> <li><a href="/facts/Xen_(virtual_machine_monitor)/U5fq6ESl">Xen</a> – virtual machine monitor (2003–<i>present</i>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Isabelle_(proof_assistant)/CNbtbX83">Isabelle</a> and <a href="/facts/HOL_(proof_assistant)/xLdcpPeL">HOL</a> – interactive theorem provers</li> <li><a href="/facts/CAD/5gSXrmmN">CAD</a> - Alan Grayer, Charles Lang and Ian Braid were researchers who left the department to found <a href="/facts/Shape_Data/5AlFSE5C">Shape Data</a>, develop the <a href="/facts/Romulus/hkfGLmHv">Romulus</a> CAD kernel and later the <a href="/facts/ACIS/245HIIx2">ACIS</a> kernel that forms the basis of several modern CAD systems. Shape Data went on to develop <a href="/facts/Parasolid/x5wW0Dlg">Parasolid</a>, which is used in many modern CAD systems.</li></ul> <h2 id="impact-on-business-enterprise">Impact on business enterprise</h2> <p>A number of companies have been founded by staff and graduates. Their names were featured in the new entrance in 2012.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> Some cited examples of successful companies are <a href="/facts/ARM_Holdings/jqqppj7b">ARM</a>, <a href="/facts/Autonomy_Corporation/yBU8pJh1">Autonomy</a>, <a href="/facts/Aveva/bmsAE4BF">Aveva</a>, <a href="/facts/CSR_plc/mKGWb7X9">CSR</a> and Domino. One common factor they share is that key staff or founder members are "drenched in university training and research".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Cambridge_Computer_Lab_Ring/uHIBhkwo">Cambridge Computer Lab Ring</a> was praised for its "tireless work" by <a href="/facts/Andy_Hopper/DEdkYdKI">Andy Hopper</a> in 2012, at its tenth anniversary dinner.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="notable-alumni-industries">Notable alumni (industries)</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Demis_Hassabis/Cua93qw0">Demis Hassabis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Eben_Upton/aYGTvoEk">Eben Upton</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bjarne_Stroustrup/Be1Yq6rn">Bjarne Stroustrup</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/John_Bates_(technology_executive)/cYpnWohP">John Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ian_Pratt_(computer_scientist)/a0cgU6sy">Ian Pratt</a></li> <li>David L Tennenhouse</li> <li><a href="/facts/Michael_Burrows_(computer_scientist)/pKs8qreY">Michael Burrows</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Andrew_Herbert/LvQcvaPI">Andrew Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Andy_Harter/DUjUKwB3">Andy Harter</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Andy_Hopper/DEdkYdKI">Andy Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Spencer_Kelly/w6l9wzFL">Spencer Kelly</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"'People - Department of Computer Science'". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 29 December 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229083953/https://www.cst.cam.ac.uk/people/directory/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20221229083953/https://www.cst.cam.ac.uk/people/directory/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Computer Laboratory - The History of the Computer Lab". www.cl.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 6 May 2024. <a href="https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/relics/history.html" target="_blank">https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/relics/history.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"A brief informal history of the Computer Laboratory". www.cl.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 6 May 2024. <a href="https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/events/EDSAC99/history.html" target="_blank">https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/events/EDSAC99/history.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Wilkes, W. V.; Renwick, W. (1950). "The EDSAC (Electronic delay storage automatic calculator)". Math. Comp. 4 (30): 61–65. doi:10.1090/s0025-5718-1950-0037589-7. <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkes" target="_blank">/wiki/Maurice_Wilkes</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Wilkes, M.V. (1992). "EDSAC 2". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 14 (4). PDF available by "View PDF" (expand "View on IEEE"): 49–56. doi:10.1109/85.194055. S2CID 11377060. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Cambridge Computer Lab Ring". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 28 March 2012. <a href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/ring/" target="_blank">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/ring/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Notices by the General Board – Cambridge University Reporter 6473: Renaming of the Computer Laboratory". University of Cambridge. p. 753. Retrieved 18 July 2017. <a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2016-17/weekly/6473/section3.shtml#heading2-4" target="_blank">http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2016-17/weekly/6473/section3.shtml#heading2-4</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"History of ARM: from Acorn to Apple". 6 January 2011. Archived from the original on 16 March 2018 – via The Telegraph. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180316092313/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/epic/arm/8243162/History-of-ARM-from-Acorn-to-Apple.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180316092313/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/epic/arm/8243162/History-of-ARM-from-Acorn-to-Apple.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"ARM's first press release" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160127093621/https://community.arm.com/servlet/JiveServlet/previewBody/10926-102-1-22184/ARM_1st_Press_Release.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160127093621/https://community.arm.com/servlet/JiveServlet/previewBody/10926-102-1-22184/ARM_1st_Press_Release.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Xen". SourceForge.net. 2 October 2003. Retrieved 18 October 2012. <a href="http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=5533663" target="_blank">http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=5533663</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Jonathan Corbet (2 October 2003). "The first stable Xen release". Lwn.net. Retrieved 18 October 2012. <a href="https://lwn.net/Articles/52033/" target="_blank">https://lwn.net/Articles/52033/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"People: Faculty". www.cst.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 6 May 2024. <a href="https://www.cst.cam.ac.uk/people/directory/faculty" target="_blank">https://www.cst.cam.ac.uk/people/directory/faculty</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Ann Copestake publications indexed by Google Scholar <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wqzh1HwAAAAJ" target="_blank">https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wqzh1HwAAAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"ANDERSON, Prof. Ross John". Who's Who. Vol. 2014 (online edition via Oxford University Press ed.). A & C Black. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) <a href="https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U70837" target="_blank">https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U70837</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"HOPPER, Prof. Andrew". Who's Who. Vol. 2015 (online Oxford University Press ed.). A & C Black. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) <a href="https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U20751" target="_blank">https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U20751</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Hoffmann, L. (2010). "Robin Milner: the elegant pragmatist". Communications of the ACM. 53 (6): 20. doi:10.1145/1743546.1743556. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1743546.1743556" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1743546.1743556</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Hoare, T.; Wilkes, M. V. (2004). "Roger Michael Needham CBE FREng. 9 February 1935 – 1 March 2003: Elected F.R.S. 1985". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 50: 183. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2004.0014. S2CID 58340004. <a href="/wiki/Tony_Hoare" target="_blank">/wiki/Tony_Hoare</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Martin Richards at DBLP Bibliography Server <a href="https://dblp.org/pid/24/3158" target="_blank">https://dblp.org/pid/24/3158</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Tait, J. I. (2007). "Karen Spärck Jones". Computational Linguistics. 33 (3): 289–291. doi:10.1162/coli.2007.33.3.289. S2CID 219302075. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fcoli.2007.33.3.289" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fcoli.2007.33.3.289</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Campbell-Kelly, M. (2006). "David John Wheeler. 9 February 1927 -- 13 December 2004: Elected FRS 1981". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 52: 437. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2006.0030. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Campbell-Kelly" target="_blank">/wiki/Martin_Campbell-Kelly</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Campbell-Kelly, M. (2014). "Sir Maurice Vincent Wilkes 26 June 1913 -- 29 November 2010". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 60: 433–454. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2013.0020. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Campbell-Kelly" target="_blank">/wiki/Martin_Campbell-Kelly</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"HOPPER, Prof. Andrew". Who's Who. Vol. 2015 (online Oxford University Press ed.). A & C Black. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) <a href="https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U20751" target="_blank">https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U20751</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>url="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/dtg/attarchive/ab.html Archived 27 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine" <a href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/dtg/attarchive/ab.html" target="_blank">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/dtg/attarchive/ab.html</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Quested, Tony (24 February 2012). "Cambridge technology cluster thriving thanks to university dynamism". Business Weekly. Retrieved 13 March 2012. <a href="http://www.businessweekly.co.uk/academia-a-research/13632-cambridge-technology-cluster-thriving-thanks-to-university-dynamism" target="_blank">http://www.businessweekly.co.uk/academia-a-research/13632-cambridge-technology-cluster-thriving-thanks-to-university-dynamism</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Vargas, Lautaro (5 March 2012). "Cambridge University plans £30m VC fund and opens door to non-uni investment". Cabume. Cambridge. Retrieved 14 March 2012. <a href="http://www.cabume.co.uk/the-cluster/cambridge-university-plans-p30m-vc-fund-and-opens-door-to-non-uni-investment.html" target="_blank">http://www.cabume.co.uk/the-cluster/cambridge-university-plans-p30m-vc-fund-and-opens-door-to-non-uni-investment.html</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Quested, Tony (27 March 2012). "Gates no barrier to Bango enterprise". Business Weekly. Retrieved 28 March 2012. <a href="http://www.businessweekly.co.uk/hi-tech/13791-gates-no-barrier-to-bango-enterprise" target="_blank">http://www.businessweekly.co.uk/hi-tech/13791-gates-no-barrier-to-bango-enterprise</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>