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Anaerococcus
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<h2 id="physiology">Physiology</h2> <p>The genus Anaerococcus are non motile bacteria who can not form spores.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Depending on the species the arrangement can be different. The most common arrangements within this genus are pairs, tetrads, short chains and irregular formations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Their cells size can differ from 0.6μm to 0.9μm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> However, when they are grown using enrinched blood agar their size can go from 0.5μm to 2μm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> In this genus, there are more than one major cellular fatty acids: <a href="/facts/Oleic_acid/NeVuHTbe">C18:1</a>, <a href="/facts/Palmitoleic_acid/aUrAYB0T">C16:1</a>, <a href="/facts/Stearic_acid/ajnXYFo9">C18</a> and <a href="/facts/Palmitic_acid/wPvdsPHA">C16</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> Most species in this genus are indole-negative and coaguase-negative.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> In general, the species of Anaerococcus presents susceptibility to penicillins but are resistant to <a href="/facts/Tetracycline/DQ0exP62">tetracycline</a>, <a href="/facts/Erythromycin/dPt7avsU">erythromycin</a> and <a href="/facts/Clindamycin/n01yIK1x">clindamycin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="metabolism">Metabolism</h2> <p>The genus Anaerococcus are classified as <a href="/facts/Saccharolytic/JDshDrem">saccharolytic</a> bacteria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> Its species can be arranged from weakly saccharolytic (ex. <i>A. prevotii</i>, <i>A. lactolyticus</i>) to strongly saccharolytic (ex. <i>A. hydrogenalis</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> This genus can ferment carbohydrates weakly.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> The major sources of energy use in the metabolism of Anaerococcus are peptones and aminoacids.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> The three major sugars fermented within this genus are glucose, mannose, fructose and sucrose.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> After fermenting the sugars, Anaerococcus produce weak acids as their metabolic end product.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> Within these metabolic end products, this genus ca produce butyric acid, lactic acid, and some propionic and succinic acid.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> Nonetheless, the major metabolite produced by Anaerococcus is butyrate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="phylogeny">Phylogeny</h2> <p>The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the <a href="/facts/List_of_Prokaryotic_names_with_Standing_in_Nomenclature/9djL152L">List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature</a> (LPSN)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information/6Xj5wCbu">National Center for Biotechnology Information</a> (NCBI)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="1">16S rRNA based <a href="/facts/The_All-Species_Living_Tree_Project/txMadzJv">LTP</a>_10_2024<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></th><th colspan="1">120 marker proteins based <a href="/facts/Genome_Taxonomy_Database/hnEgBvVx">GTDB</a> 09-RS220<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></th></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td><i>Anaerococcus</i></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. porci</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. vaginalis</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. rubeinfantis</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. jeddahensis</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. hydrogenalis</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. senegalensis</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. pacaensis</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. nagyae</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. octavius</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. prevotii</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. tetradius</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. lactolyticus</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. degeneri</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. murdochii</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table><tbody><tr><td><i>Anaerococcus</i></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. porci</i> Wylensek et al. 2021</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. hydrogenalis</i> (Ezaki et al. 1990) Ezaki et al. 2001</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. senegalensis</i> Lagier et al. 2014</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. vaginalis</i> (Li et al. 1992) Ezaki et al. 2001</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. jeddahensis</i> Dione et al. 2023</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>"<i>A. ihuae</i>" Ly et al. 2022</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. rubeinfantis</i> corrig. Tidjani Alou et al. 2017</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. provencensis</i> corrig. Pagnier et al. 2017</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>"<i>A. urinimassiliensis</i>" corrig. Morand et al. 2016</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. pacaensis</i> Pagnier et al. 2017</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. nagyae</i> Veloo et al. 2017</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. octavius</i> (Murdoch et al. 1997) Ezaki et al. 2001</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>"<i>A. vaginimassiliensis</i>" Bordigoni et al. 2020</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. tetradius</i> (Ezaki et al. 1983) Ezaki et al. 2001</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>"<i>A. marasmi</i>" Tall et al. 2020</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. prevotii</i> (Foubert and Douglas 1948) Ezaki et al. 2001</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>"<i>A. mediterraneensis</i>" Diop et al. 2017</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. lactolyticus</i> (Li et al. 1992) Ezaki et al. 2001</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. degeneri</i> Veloo et al. 2017</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>A. murdochii</i> Song et al. 2010</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Incertae sedis: </p> <ul><li>"<i>A. faecalis</i>" Yu et al. 2021</li> <li>"<i>Ca.</i> A. massiliensis" Fenollar et al. 2006</li> <li>"<i>Ca.</i> A. phoceensis" Fenollar et al. 2006</li> <li>"<i>Ca.</i> A. timonensis" Fenollar et al. 2006</li></ul> <h2 id="species">Species</h2> <p>Until recently, the genus Anaerococcus have 14 known species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> Six of the species were initially classified in the genus Peptostreptococcus but then based on their characteristics were re-classified in the new genus Anaerococcus: <i>A. hydrogenalis</i>, <i>A. lactolyticus</i>, <i>A. octavius</i>, <i>A. prevotii</i>, <i>A. tetradius</i>, and <i>A. vaginalis.</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> Throughout the years, the specie who has been more commonly found on the body within this genus is <i>A. prevotii.</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> </p> <h3><i>Anaerococcus octavius</i></h3> <p>Contrary to most of the species in the genus, <i>Anaerococcus octavius</i> was not related to human infections.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> Nevertheless, recently a new case revealed <i>A. octavius</i> can cause <a href="/facts/Bacteremia/J0C082Sg">bacteremia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> Even though it is uncommon, <i>Anaerococcus octavius</i> can be the cause for human infections.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> Other studies have found <i>A. octavius</i> as part of the nasal, skin and vaginal normal flora.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> This bacteria can ferment ribose, glucose, and mannose.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> </p> <h3><i>Anaerococcus prevotii</i></h3> <p><i>A. prevotii</i> is normally found in vaginal discharge, human plasma and some types of abscesses - such as ovarian, peritoneal sacral and/or lung abscesses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> <i>Anaerococcus prevotii</i> is part of the normal flora in the skin, oral cavity and the gut.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> Studies has shown <i>Anaerococcus prevotii</i> presents resistance to <a href="/facts/Ceftazidime/KeXbaPTy">Ceftazidime</a>, <a href="/facts/Clindamycin/n01yIK1x">Clindamycin</a>, <a href="/facts/Levofloxacin/5PaH3HzG">Levofloxacin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> Unlike the other species, <i>A. prevotii</i> can not ferment glucose.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> </p> <h3><i>Anaerococcus vaginalis</i></h3> <p><i>A. vaginalis</i> was first recovered from vaginal discharges and ovarian abscesses although this bacteria can also be found in pressure ulcers and diabetic foot.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> Some strains from this species can be indole-positive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> </p> <h3><i>Anaerococcus provencensis</i></h3> <p><i>A. provencensis</i> was isolated from a cervical abscess.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> This species can ferment lactose, unlike <i>A. tetradius, A. prevotii,</i> and <i>A. octavius</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> The first analysis made on <i>Anaerococcus provencensis</i> showed it is susceptible to <a href="/facts/Benzylpenicillin/f5mRK45E">penicillin G</a>, <a href="/facts/Imipenem/MV44hs5V">imipenem</a>, <a href="/facts/Amoxicillin/ny596nAN">amoxillin</a>, <a href="/facts/Metronidazole/pY5K5twk">metronidazole</a>, <a href="/facts/Cefotetan/h9czgF9m">cefotetan</a> and <a href="/facts/Vancomycin/enHvz4uP">vancomycin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> </p> <h3><i>Anaerococcus senegalensis</i></h3> <p><i>A. senegalensis</i> is one of the few species in the genus whose genome has been sequenced.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> The genome has a size of 1,790,835 <a href="/facts/Base_pair/xmPpPQ9W">bp</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> Analysis did not show presence of a plasmid.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> Initially, <i>Anaerococcus senegalensis</i> was found in the fecal flora of a healthy person.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> </p> <h3><i>Anaerococcus rubiinfantis</i></h3> <p>A. rubiinfantis was discovered from a stool sample taken from an infant with severe acute malnutrition in Senegal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> Based on a genomic analysis, <i>Anaerococcus rubiinfantis</i> has high antibiotic susceptibility.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> For that reason this bacteria can be treated with common oral antibiotics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> <i>A.</i> <i>rubiinfantis</i> have catalase activity, which is not common from an anaerobic bacteria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> </p> <h3><i>Anaerococcus marasmi</i></h3> <p><i>A. marasmi</i> was first found in 2016 from a stool sample on a child with <a href="/facts/Marasmus/vc4XAKzS">marasmus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> Just like <i>A. rubiinfantis, Anaerococcus marasmi</i> is catalase positive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> <i>A. marasmi</i> can grow in a range of pH between 6.5 and 8.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> Moreover, <i>A. marasmi</i> has a high 16S rRNA sequence similarity (97.6%) with <i>A. prevotii</i> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> </p> <h3><i>Anaerococcus urinomassiliensis</i></h3> <p>A. urinomassiliensis<i> was isolated from a urine sample of a male adolescent with <a href="/facts/Membranoproliferative_glomerulonephritis/v7lh4PFE">membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis</a> and <a href="/facts/Autoimmune_hepatitis/aU7dC4Lc">autoimmune hepatitis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> It took 10 days of anaerobic incubation to observe growth from this bacteria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> Anaerococcus urinomassiliensis does not have either oxidase or catalase activity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></i> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_bacterial_orders/ujvD930b">List of bacterial orders</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_bacteria_genera/a25ukgSb">List of bacteria genera</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>A.C. Parte; et al. "Anaerococcus". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2023-09-09. <a href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/anaerococcus" target="_blank">https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/anaerococcus</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Lagier JC, El Karkouri K, Nguyen TT, Armougom F, Raoult D, Fournier PE (March 2012). "Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Anaerococcus senegalensis sp. nov". Standards in Genomic Sciences. 6 (1): 116–25. Bibcode:2012SGenS...6..116L. doi:10.4056/sigs.2415480. PMC 3359877. PMID 22675604. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3359877" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3359877</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Song Y, Finegold SM (2011-01-01). "Peptostreptococcus, Finegoldia, Anaerococcus, Peptoniphilus, Veillonella , and Other Anaerobic Cocci". 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PMID 11491354. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-51-4-1521" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-51-4-1521</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Lagier JC, El Karkouri K, Nguyen TT, Armougom F, Raoult D, Fournier PE (March 2012). "Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Anaerococcus senegalensis sp. nov". Standards in Genomic Sciences. 6 (1): 116–25. Bibcode:2012SGenS...6..116L. doi:10.4056/sigs.2415480. PMC 3359877. PMID 22675604. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3359877" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3359877</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Ezaki T, Kawamura Y, Li N, Li ZY, Zhao L, Shu S (July 2001). "Proposal of the genera Anaerococcus gen. nov., Peptoniphilus gen. nov. and Gallicola gen. nov. for members of the genus Peptostreptococcus". 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If this is an intentional citation to a such a paper, please replace {{expression of concern|...}} with {{expression of concern|...|intentional=yes}}.) <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7082211" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7082211</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:79"><p>Tall ML, Pham TP, Bellali S, Ngom II, Delerce J, Lo CI, et al. (May 2020). "marasmi sp. nov., a new bacterium isolated from human gut microbiota". New Microbes and New Infections. 35: 100655. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100655. PMC 7082211. PMID 32211195. (This paper currently has an expression of concern, see doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2024.101252, PMID 38799826, Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a such a paper, please replace {{expression of concern|...}} with {{expression of concern|...|intentional=yes}}.) <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7082211" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7082211</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:80"><p>Tall ML, Pham TP, Bellali S, Ngom II, Delerce J, Lo CI, et al. (May 2020). "marasmi sp. nov., a new bacterium isolated from human gut microbiota". New Microbes and New Infections. 35: 100655. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100655. PMC 7082211. PMID 32211195. (This paper currently has an expression of concern, see doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2024.101252, PMID 38799826, Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a such a paper, please replace {{expression of concern|...}} with {{expression of concern|...|intentional=yes}}.) <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7082211" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7082211</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:81"><p>Tall ML, Pham TP, Bellali S, Ngom II, Delerce J, Lo CI, et al. (May 2020). "marasmi sp. nov., a new bacterium isolated from human gut microbiota". New Microbes and New Infections. 35: 100655. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100655. PMC 7082211. PMID 32211195. (This paper currently has an expression of concern, see doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2024.101252, PMID 38799826, Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a such a paper, please replace {{expression of concern|...}} with {{expression of concern|...|intentional=yes}}.) <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7082211" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7082211</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:82"><p>Morand A, Cornu F, Tsimaratos M, Lagier JC, Cadoret F, Fournier PE, Raoult D (September 2016). "Anaerococcus urinomassiliensis sp. nov., isolated from a urine sample of a 17-year-old boy affected by autoimmune hepatitis and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis". New Microbes and New Infections. 13: 56–8. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2016.06.001. PMC 4933030. PMID 27408746. (This paper currently has an expression of concern, see doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2024.101253, PMID 38799835, Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a such a paper, please replace {{expression of concern|...}} with {{expression of concern|...|intentional=yes}}.) <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4933030" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4933030</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:83"><p>Morand A, Cornu F, Tsimaratos M, Lagier JC, Cadoret F, Fournier PE, Raoult D (September 2016). "Anaerococcus urinomassiliensis sp. nov., isolated from a urine sample of a 17-year-old boy affected by autoimmune hepatitis and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis". New Microbes and New Infections. 13: 56–8. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2016.06.001. PMC 4933030. PMID 27408746. (This paper currently has an expression of concern, see doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2024.101253, PMID 38799835, Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a such a paper, please replace {{expression of concern|...}} with {{expression of concern|...|intentional=yes}}.) <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4933030" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4933030</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:84"><p>Morand A, Cornu F, Tsimaratos M, Lagier JC, Cadoret F, Fournier PE, Raoult D (September 2016). "Anaerococcus urinomassiliensis sp. nov., isolated from a urine sample of a 17-year-old boy affected by autoimmune hepatitis and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis". New Microbes and New Infections. 13: 56–8. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2016.06.001. PMC 4933030. PMID 27408746. (This paper currently has an expression of concern, see doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2024.101253, PMID 38799835, Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a such a paper, please replace {{expression of concern|...}} with {{expression of concern|...|intentional=yes}}.) <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4933030" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4933030</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>