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DOSBox
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<h2 id="development">Development</h2> <p>Before <a href="/facts/Windows_XP/IozrkAYS">Windows XP</a>, consumer-oriented versions of Windows were based on <a href="/facts/MS-DOS/fVrrz1uN">MS-DOS</a>. <a href="/facts/Windows_3.0/AmCtP94m">Windows 3.0</a> and its updates were <a href="/facts/Operating_environment/j5I5cnR5">operating environments</a> that ran on top of MS-DOS, and the <a href="/facts/Windows_9x/f1zwlghw">Windows 9x</a> series consisted of operating systems that were still based on MS-DOS.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> These versions of Windows could run DOS applications. Conversely, the <a href="/facts/Windows_NT/EtccWvxQ">Windows NT</a> operating systems were not based on DOS. A member of the series, Windows XP, debuted on October 25, 2001, and became the first consumer-oriented version of Windows to not use DOS. Although Windows XP <a href="/facts/NTVDM/Wv1jNzBx">could emulate DOS</a>, it could not run many of its applications as they ran only in <a href="/facts/Real_mode/wfU8vfjn">real mode</a> to directly access the computer's hardware, and Windows XP's <a href="/facts/Virtual_DOS_machine/Wv1jNzBx">protected mode</a> prevented such direct access for security reasons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> MS-DOS continued to receive support until the end of 2001,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> and all support for any DOS-based Windows operating system ended on July 11, 2006.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>The development of DOSBox began around the launch of <a href="/facts/Windows_2000/amJIt9gz">Windows 2000</a>—a Windows NT system<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a>—when its creators,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Dutch programmers Peter Veenstra and Sjoerd van der Berg, discovered that the operating system had dropped much of its support for DOS software. The two knew of solutions at the time, but they could not run the applications in windowed mode or scale the graphics. The project was first uploaded to <a href="/facts/SourceForge/lxYAgUAX">SourceForge</a> and released for beta testing on July 22, 2002.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="features">Features</h2> <p>DOSBox is a <a href="/facts/Command-line_program/R9JpGmXQ">command-line program</a>, configured either by a set of command-line arguments or by editing a <a href="/facts/Plain_text/TSlSSAg2">plain text</a> configuration file. For ease of use, several graphical <a href="/facts/Front_end_and_back_end/QVUfH8gu">front ends</a> have been developed by the user community.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>While the DOSBox project hopes that one day the emulator will run all programs ever made for the PC, the goal is not yet reached,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> and as of the latest version the primary focus has been on DOS gaming. The basic version does not support <a href="/facts/Long_filename/HCgRr2aF">long filenames</a>, most versions of DOS do not support them, and filenames must follow the <a href="/facts/8.3_filename/P61yKaHS">8.3 name.extension pattern</a>: a maximum of 8 characters for the name and up to 3 characters for the <a href="/facts/Filename_extension/cJgfAym4">extension</a>. Otherwise, filenames will be altered to fit the pattern.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>There are versions available on the DOSBox website that support long filenames, at the cost of possible incompatibility with some older programs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> The focus of the vanilla version is on gaming, and features such as support for <a href="/facts/Ctrl-Break/PwqUHSsm">Ctrl-Break</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> may be missing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Some of the alternative versions support features not present in the vanilla version such as <a href="/facts/Advanced_Power_Management/tdvVyaP5">APM</a> power off, direct parallel port passthrough for printing, and support for East Asian characters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Because DOSBox accesses the host computer's file system, there thus is a risk of DOS malware exploiting the emulator's security vulnerabilities and causing damage to the host machine, although these vulnerabilities continue to be patched with new DOSBox updates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>Users can also capture screenshots and record videos of DOS sessions, although a <a href="/facts/Codec/C7b7Am8t">codec</a> is required to play the videos.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> It is also possible to record <a href="/facts/Yamaha_OPL/kMgQj6Qb">OPL</a> sound card and <a href="/facts/MIDI/tblhmeFV">MIDI</a> commands, as well as save sound output on a <a href="/facts/WAV/ptUfKleW">WAV</a> file.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Keyboard keys and the buttons of a game controller can be mapped to other keys and combinations thereof.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h3>OS emulation</h3> <p>DOSBox is a full-system emulator that provides <a href="/facts/BIOS_interrupt_call/UThr5YWN">BIOS interrupts</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> and contains its own internal DOS-like <a href="/facts/Shell_(computing)/Sa67elS7">shell</a>. This means that it can be used without owning a license to any real DOS operating system. Most commands that are found in <a href="/facts/COMMAND.COM/06Sz5wle">COMMAND.COM</a> are supported,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> but many of the more advanced commands found in the latest MS-DOS versions are not.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> In addition to its internal shell, it also supports running image files of games and software originally intended to start without any <a href="/facts/Operating_system/8XTuvMh2">operating system</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Besides emulating DOS, users can also run <a href="/facts/Windows_3.0/AmCtP94m">Windows 3.0</a> and applications designed for it,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> as well as versions of Windows within the <a href="/facts/Windows_9x/f1zwlghw">Windows 9x</a> family.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p><p>When the DOSBox application is opened, it automatically <a href="/facts/Mount_(computing)/INDgdDX9">mounts</a> to a virtual, permanent<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> Z: drive that stores DOSBox commands and utilities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> The reasons for the virtual drive are related to security,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> but the user can mount a different drive letter in the emulator to a directory, image file, floppy disk drive, or CD-ROM drive on the host to access its data. A configuration file and its <a href="/facts/AUTOEXEC.BAT/EGxK9nzh">AUTOEXEC</a> section can be used to respectively configure DOSBox settings and execute DOS commands at startup.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p> <h3>Hardware emulation</h3> <p>DOSBox is capable of running DOS programs that require the <a href="/facts/Central_processing_unit/Jxp1bqMV">CPU</a> to be in <a href="/facts/Real_mode/wfU8vfjn">real mode</a> or <a href="/facts/Protected_mode/y5u3Gwqq">protected mode</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> Since DOSBox can emulate its CPU by interpretation, the environment it emulates is completely independent of the host CPU.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> On systems which provide the x86, <a href="/facts/ARM_architecture/SALsYA79">ARM</a>, or other <a href="/facts/Reduced_instruction_set_computer/aQbGM62p">RISC</a> <a href="/facts/Instruction_set/8p8vwUeE">instruction sets</a>, however, DOSBox can use <a href="/facts/Binary_translation/trAQq97A">dynamic instruction translation</a> to accelerate execution.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> The emulated CPU speed of DOSBox is also manually adjustable by the user to accommodate the speed of the systems for which DOS programs were originally written.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p><p>DOSBox uses the <a href="/facts/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer/9tSff0Lg">Simple DirectMedia Layer</a> external library to handle graphics, audio, and input devices.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> Graphically, it can use the <a href="/facts/DirectDraw/abGMNIlP">DirectDraw</a> or <a href="/facts/OpenGL/xQoMWePr">OpenGL</a> <a href="/facts/API/GMlN4vUr">APIs</a>, and can also use <a href="/facts/Bilinear_interpolation/yoke6SzF">bilinear interpolation</a> and scale graphics for computers with modern displays.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> Graphical emulation includes <a href="/facts/IBM_Monochrome_Display_Adapter/oUM5MT24">text mode</a>, <a href="/facts/Hercules_Graphics_Card/EqVmDYVJ">Hercules</a>, <a href="/facts/Color_Graphics_Adapter/zcX23HQo">CGA</a>, <a href="/facts/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter/VFU5QRyp">EGA</a>, <a href="/facts/Video_Graphics_Array/8GGsGTSc">VGA</a>, <a href="/facts/VESA_BIOS_Extensions/h0zmB0qW">VESA</a>, <a href="/facts/S3_Trio/vBVmzWLH">S3 Trio 64</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Tandy_Graphics_Adapter/7Kcx6eo4">Tandy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> Sound emulation includes the <a href="/facts/PC_speaker/27mCwdtG">PC speaker</a>, <a href="/facts/AdLib/YWfT5QYY">AdLib</a>, <a href="/facts/Gravis_Ultrasound/WTu5r8lJ">Gravis Ultrasound</a>, <a href="/facts/Sound_Blaster/tKl0zY5n">Sound Blaster</a>, <a href="/facts/Covox_Speech_Thing/sSWwslff">Disney Sound Source</a>, Tandy, and <a href="/facts/MPU-401/PnjVQbLX">MPU-401</a>. However, because DOSBox does not come packaged with Gravis Ultrasound drivers, they need to be installed separately for full support.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p><p>DOSBox can simulate serial <a href="/facts/Null_modem/AguNIs12">null modems</a> using the <a href="/facts/Internet_protocol_suite/KNkxtSpw">TCP/IP</a> protocol and <a href="/facts/IPX/TEGGak0E">IPX</a> network tunneling, which allows for DOS multiplayer games using one of them to be played over <a href="/facts/Local_area_network/edUDxJ6J">local area networks</a> or the Internet.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> It can also simulate the <a href="/facts/Game_port/8sfmQqzz">PC joystick port</a>, with limited options being to emulate one <a href="/facts/Joystick/cY64dGpb">joystick</a> with four axes and four buttons; one <a href="/facts/Gamepad/WeNdbxjt">gamepad</a> with two axes and six buttons; two joysticks each with two axes and two buttons; a <a href="/facts/Thrustmaster/Aa0Hqva8">Thrustmaster</a> Flight Control System joystick that has three axes, four buttons, and a <a href="/facts/Hat_switch/cY64dGpb">hat switch</a>; and a CH Flightstick with four axes, six buttons that can be pressed only one at a time, and a hat switch. Newer joysticks and gamepads will need to use one of these configurations to function.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="reception">Reception</h2> <p>DOSBox has become the <i>de facto</i> standard for running DOS games.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> <i><a href="/facts/Rock,_Paper,_Shotgun/N33qTXAa">Rock, Paper, Shotgun</a></i> positively remarked on the project's continual reception of updates, its influence on PC gaming, and some front ends designed to facilitate using it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> Freelance writer Michael Reed lauded the quality of scaled graphics and the project's overall focus on compatibility and accurate emulation, but criticized the lack of both <a href="/facts/Save_state/s05dfbad">save states</a> and user-friendly control over the emulator during runtime, even with the front ends available at the time of his review.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> DOSBox was named SourceForge's Project of the Month in May 2009<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> and again in January 2013, making it the first project in the website's history to receive two Project of the Month awards.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> On the SourceForge website, it reached 10 million downloads on July 21, 2008,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> and was downloaded more than 25 million times as of October 2015.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="usage">Usage</h2> <p>Since January 2011, the developers of the <a href="/facts/Wine_(software)/JF0wHs7y">Wine</a> <a href="/facts/Compatibility_layer/UU3le7BV">compatibility layer</a> have integrated DOSBox into Wine to facilitate running DOS programs that are not supported natively by the Wine <a href="/facts/Virtual_DOS_machine/Wv1jNzBx">Virtual DOS machine</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> </p><p>Since January 2015, the <a href="/facts/Internet_Archive/PHStU8Lo">Internet Archive</a> has added thousands of DOS games to its software library. As of October 2019<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DOSBox&action=edit">[update]</a>, the DOS library contained 6,934 games.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> The collection is provided for "scholarship and research purposes only".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> </p> <h3>Forks</h3> <ul><li>Em-DOSBox<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> uses <a href="/facts/Emscripten/QmwKMoh2">Emscripten</a> to convert the emulator's C++ code<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> to <a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a>, making the games playable in a web browser.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></li> <li>DOSBox-X<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> aims to be compatible with all pre-2000 DOS and Windows 9x based hardware scenarios.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></li> <li>DOSBox Staging<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> aims to be a modern continuation of DOSBox; with modern coding practices and advanced features.</li> <li>DOSBox Pure<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> is a <a href="/facts/Libretro/to2vVkUL">libretro</a> core that implements DOSBox, with some additional features such as state saving and rewind.</li> <li>jDOSBox<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> is a pure Java x86 emulator based on DOSBox. It was created to run all DOS games as well as DOSBox, but in the browser (before Java applets were discontinued). In addition, it will boot up Windows 95/98, Windows NT 4.0, Windows XP, ReactOS and some flavors of Linux such as DSL.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Commercial</h3> <p class="note">See also: Category:Games commercially released with DOSBox</p> <p>DOSBox has also been both the most used DOS emulator and, because of the straightforward process of making the games work on modern computers,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> the most popular emulation software for developers re-releasing legacy versions of their games.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Id_Software/NsbHCMsV">id Software</a> has used DOSBox to re-release vintage games such as <i><a href="/facts/Wolfenstein_3D/7sPdmrwV">Wolfenstein 3D</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Commander_Keen/oMKeBN1l">Commander Keen</a></i> on <a href="/facts/Valve_Corporation/zlRE5vJL">Valve</a>'s <a href="/facts/Steam_(service)/nrpWwLA9">Steam</a>. In the process, it was reported they violated the program's license, the GNU GPL, by not packaging the license text; the breach, which was reported as an oversight, was promptly resolved.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Activision_Blizzard/gPnVvNtk">Activision Blizzard</a> has also used it to re-release <a href="/facts/Sierra_Entertainment/9B83JIW6">Sierra Entertainment</a>'s DOS games.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> <a href="/facts/LucasArts/KpwJclUk">LucasArts</a> used it to rerelease <i><a href="/facts/Star_Wars:_Dark_Forces/MsUXUm9L">Star Wars: Dark Forces</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Star_Wars:_TIE_Fighter/lt433Mzx">Star Wars: TIE Fighter</a></i> for modern machines on Steam and <a href="/facts/GOG.com/bk9IEFmU">GOG.com</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> <a href="/facts/2K_Games/N4hE8Kg7">2K Games</a> producer Jason Bergman stated the company used DOSBox for Steam rereleases of certain installments of the <i><a href="/facts/XCOM/HnnkYAr9">XCOM</a></i> series.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Bethesda_Softworks/T8dpn2M7">Bethesda Softworks</a> has recommended DOSBox and provided a link to the DOSBox website on the downloads page for <i><a href="/facts/The_Elder_Scrolls:_Arena/kzGFN5G9">The Elder Scrolls: Arena</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/The_Elder_Scrolls_II:_Daggerfall/gIbnr6a6">The Elder Scrolls II: Daggerfall</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> It also included DOSBox with both games in <i>The Elder Scrolls Anthology</i> release.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Electronic_Arts/fy7Ppdem">Electronic Arts</a>' <a href="/facts/Origin_(service)/1dFpebC0">Origin</a> client uses DOSBox for the platform's DOS games,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> including Electronic Arts titles such as <i><a href="/facts/Syndicate_(1993_video_game)/FU5Rrcg4">Syndicate</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> and <i><a href="/facts/SimCity_2000/bn5Bnx1q">SimCity 2000</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Tao_ExDOS/f8fQs6n7">Tao ExDOS</a></li></ul> <h3>Sources</h3> <ul><li><a href="https://www.dosbox.com/DOSBoxManual.html"><i>DOSBox v0.74-3 Manual</i></a>. The DOSBox Team. 2019. Retrieved November 9, 2020.</li> <li>Norton, Peter (December 30, 2004). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WK8gAQAAIAAJ"><i>Peter Norton's Intro to Computers 6/e</i></a>. <a href="/facts/McGraw-Hill_Education/oG8VpKJT">McGraw-Hill Education</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0072978902. Retrieved November 2, 2020.</li> <li>Loguidice, Bill; Barton, Matt (February 24, 2014). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZnpAgAAQBAJ"><i>Vintage Game Consoles: An Inside Look at Apple, Atari, Commodore, Nintendo, and the Greatest Gaming Platforms of All Time</i></a>. <a href="/facts/CRC_Press/duTuH4hz">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781135006518. Retrieved November 8, 2020.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to DOSBox. <ul><li><a href="https://www.dosbox.com/">Official website</a> </li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"DOSBox, an x86 emulator with DOS". www.dosbox.com. <a href="https://www.dosbox.com/comp_list.php?letter=a" target="_blank">https://www.dosbox.com/comp_list.php?letter=a</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Norton 2004, p. 286. - Norton, Peter (December 30, 2004). Peter Norton's Intro to Computers 6/e. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 0072978902. Retrieved November 2, 2020. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WK8gAQAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=WK8gAQAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Hoffman, Chris (May 11, 2014). "PCs Before Windows: What Using MS-DOS Was Actually Like". How-To Geek. Retrieved November 2, 2020. <a href="https://www.howtogeek.com/188980/pcs-before-windows-what-using-ms-dos-was-actually-like/" target="_blank">https://www.howtogeek.com/188980/pcs-before-windows-what-using-ms-dos-was-actually-like/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Regan, Patrick (March 8, 2011). "Introduction to Windows 7 – The Road to Windows 7". MCTS 70-680 Exam Cram: Microsoft Windows 7, Configuring. Pearson Education. ISBN 9780132603201. Retrieved November 2, 2020. <a href="9780132603201" target="_blank">9780132603201</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Cowart, Robert; Knittel, Brian (December 2010). Microsoft Windows 7 in Depth (4th ed.). Que Publishing. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-7897-4199-8. Retrieved December 15, 2020. <a href="978-0-7897-4199-8" target="_blank">978-0-7897-4199-8</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Thurrott, Paul (April 12, 2006). "Finally, Windows 98/Me Move Towards Retirement". ITPro Today. Informa. Retrieved December 15, 2020. <a href="https://www.itprotoday.com/windows-78/finally-windows-98me-move-towards-retirement" target="_blank">https://www.itprotoday.com/windows-78/finally-windows-98me-move-towards-retirement</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Norton 2004, p. 288. - Norton, Peter (December 30, 2004). Peter Norton's Intro to Computers 6/e. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 0072978902. Retrieved November 2, 2020. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WK8gAQAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=WK8gAQAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Loguidice & Barton 2014, p. 103. - Loguidice, Bill; Barton, Matt (February 24, 2014). Vintage Game Consoles: An Inside Look at Apple, Atari, Commodore, Nintendo, and the Greatest Gaming Platforms of All Time. CRC Press. ISBN 9781135006518. 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