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Vadnagar
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Anarta/xLe2k2z9">Anarta</a></p> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Vadnagar_archaeological_site/soKJe43l">Vadnagar archaeological site</a></p> <p>The archeological excavations presented sequence assigned from 4th-3rd century BCE to the present period.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> Recent excavations, in six trenches, consider the beginning of the site to be around 800 BCE, (ca. 2754 calibrated years before present).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p><p>Archaeologists found seven cultural periods of continuous human presence: 1) Pre-<a href="/facts/Mauryan_Empire/STQagR1r">Mauryan</a>, (ca. 800-320 BCE), (contemporary to <a href="/facts/Vedic_period/B357Bokz">Late-Vedic</a>/<a href="/facts/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism/5GhsfLCb">pre-Buddhist</a> <a href="/facts/Mahajanapadas/nwEe3Wsu">Mahajanapadas</a> or <a href="/facts/Oligarchy/1PjREsee">oligarchic</a> republics), 2) Mauryan (ca. 320-185 BCE), 3) <a href="/facts/Indo-Greek_Kingdom/K8ntlfEh">Indo-Greek</a>, 4) <a href="/facts/Indo-Scythians/qFqWo0pg">Indo-Scythian</a> or <a href="/facts/Western_Satraps/zm7EUx1L">Shaka-Kshatrapas</a> (ca. 35-415 CE), ('<a href="/facts/Satrap/kVKpwGXt">Satraps</a>', descendants of provincial governors of the ancient <a href="/facts/Achaemenid_Empire/avlzWxF0">Achaemenid Empire</a>), 5) <a href="/facts/Solankis/x6cTD0vp">Hindu-Solankis</a>, 6) <a href="/facts/Gujarat_Sultanate/rVvCk5j3">Sultanate</a>-<a href="/facts/Gujarat_Subah/lzT4rTEl">Mughal (Islamic)</a> to <a href="/facts/Gaekwad_dynasty/kUSC3dfl">Gaekwad-British colonial rule</a> (ca. 318 years before present), and 7) Recent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p>Several ancient inscriptions and literary sources mention a town called <i>Anartapura</i> or <i>Anandapura</i>, identified as the area in and around the present-day Vadnagar. The epic tale <a href="/facts/Mahabharata/EKbN9XwS">Mahabharata</a> mentions the <a href="/facts/Anarta_Kingdom/VN4e40rM">Anarta Kingdom</a> in the northern part of present-day <a href="/facts/Gujarat/HwmVfMwr">Gujarat</a>. The oldest <a href="/facts/Purana/AQ7FeRsA">Puranic</a> legend about Gujarat is about a king named Anartha. The town is mentioned in the <a href="/facts/Tirtha_(Hinduism)/dlsbdMU1">Tirtha Mahatmya</a> section of the <a href="/facts/Skanda_Purana/XqHmKfcp">Nagara Khanda</a> of the <a href="/facts/Skanda_Purana/XqHmKfcp">Skanda Purana</a>, by the name of <i>Chamatkarapura</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Junagadh_rock_inscription_of_Rudradaman/f3tqUurA">Junagadh rock inscription</a> (dating from 150 C.E.) of the <a href="/facts/Western_Kshatrapa/zm7EUx1L">Western Kshatrapa</a> King, <a href="/facts/Rudradaman_I/1odKtx1q">Rudradaman I</a>, mentions a region called "Anartha" (meaningless) in northern present-day Gujarat. </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Maitraka/vTN8sjCe">Maitraka</a> rulers of <a href="/facts/Vallabhi/Ghbm5vJ4">Vallabhi</a> (505-648 C.E.) issued land grants to the Brahmins of <i>Anarthapura</i> or <i>Anandapura</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Harsola_copper_plates/jeY7zVg7">Harsola copper plates</a> (949 C.E.) of the <a href="/facts/Paramara_dynasty/q5rHHblB">Paramara</a> king record the granting of two villages in Gujarat area to the <a href="/facts/Nagar_Brahmin/D8w5kMGW">Nagar Brahmins</a>, who originated from <i>Anandapura</i>. which is also identified with Vadnagar, and is associated with the Nagar Brahmins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> In 2009, archaeologists discovered a 4 km long fortification near Vadnagar, which they believe could be the historical <i>Anartapura</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>Vadnagar has also yielded an image of <a href="/facts/Bodhisattva/dCMtuevK">Bodhisattva</a> dated back to the 3rd or 4th century C.E. This image may have been brought from <a href="/facts/Mathura%2c_Uttar_Pradesh/ShS7I2c5">Mathura</a> to install in one of the town's Buddhist monasteries. Vadnagar's old town is found inside the walls of a fort with six gates: Kirti, Arjun, Nadiol, Amarthol, Ghaskol and Pithori. The town was added to the <a href="/facts/World_Heritage_Site/6AbWWKV4">tentative list of the UNESCO World Heritage sites</a> in December 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="geography">Geography</h2> <p>Vadnagar is located at <a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vadnagar¶ms=23.78_N_72.63_E_">23°47′N 72°38′E / 23.78°N 72.63°E / 23.78; 72.63</a>. It covers an area of about 7.08 km2 (2.73 sq mi) and has an average elevation of 143 m (469 ft) above the <a href="/facts/Mean_sea_level/mDhuI7Xe">mean sea level</a>. It lies in a relatively flat and dry region, as compared to the rest of <a href="/facts/Gujarat/HwmVfMwr">Gujarat</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="climate">Climate</h2> <p>The climate in Vadnagar is generally cold during winters and hot in summers, with temperatures varying from 14 °C (57 °F) to as high as 42 °C (108 °F). The average annual rainfall is about 670 mm. Relative humidity is generally high, especially in the monsoon and post–monsoon months, because of the interiorly location of the town.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="demographics">Demographics</h2> <p>As of <a href="/facts/2011_Census_of_India/U4V680pf">Census 2011</a>, Vadnagar's population was 27,790, including 14,097 males and 13,693 females. Its female sex ratio is 971 compared to the state average of 919. Moreover, Vadnagar's child sex ratio is around 937 compared to the 890 state average. In Vadnagar, 12.26% of the population is under 6 years of age. Vadnagar's average literacy rate is 80.53%, higher than the 78.03% national average: male literacy is 90.41%, and female literacy is 70.42%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="economy">Economy</h2> <p>Almost the entire population of Vadnagar is engaged in <a href="/facts/Agriculture/TGztqzJs">agriculture</a> and <a href="/facts/Primary_sector_of_the_economy/ghBwWtv5">primary sector</a>, because it is relatively isolated from the rest of <a href="/facts/Gujarat/HwmVfMwr">Gujarat</a>, as compared to other towns and cities like <a href="/facts/Mehsana/wbFQAg53">Mehsana</a>, and developmental stages related to <a href="/facts/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy/X0sdl2dF">secondary</a> and <a href="/facts/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy/IbtKqotL">tertiary sectors</a> are yet to be done. The primary sector accounts for around 40% of the total workforce. Another important industry on which the population is dependent is <a href="/facts/Tourism/x47vNhHj">tourism</a>, because in and around the town, there are many tourist attractions. Thus, it has a large potential yet to be tapped. </p> <h2 id="languages">Languages</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Gujarati_language/kGKRRbwe">Gujarati</a>, being the state language of <a href="/facts/Gujarat/HwmVfMwr">Gujarat</a>, is spoken by most of the people in Vadnagar. <a href="/facts/Hindi_language/n1QIEeCC">Hindi</a> and <a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a> are other common languages. </p> <h2 id="places-of-interest">Places of interest</h2> <ul><li>Sharmistha Lake: a lake with a small island, it is connected by a 7 km long inlet canal. The island has been developed into an urban park, including an open-air theatre.</li></ul> <ul><li>Buddhist Monastery: The recent excavations have brought to light a Buddhist monastery belonging to the 2nd-7th century AD, within the fortified area of Vadnagar. The monastery had two <a href="/facts/Votive/beHVf4L3">votive</a> <a href="/facts/Stupa/0dXQxGA3">stupas</a> and an open central courtyard, around which initially nine cells were constructed. The arrangement of the cells around the central courtyard creates a <a href="/facts/Swastika/621c40UU">swastika</a>-like pattern.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li>Hatkeshwar Mahadev Temple: It is a 15th-century temple, and is the most significant of the numerous Shiva shrines. He is the family deity of the <a href="/facts/Nagar_Brahmins/D8w5kMGW">Nagar Brahmins</a>. Facing east, the temple is enclosed by a high wall surmounted by three circular domes, interspersed with flat stretches, symbolising the <a href="/facts/Indo-Saracenic_architecture/pTrTdxjf">Indo-Saracenic architecture</a>. From the roof of the <a href="/facts/Sanctum_sanctorum/4pfSj7Dk">sanctum sanctorum</a>, a massive <i><a href="/facts/Shikara/QJIhwVz4">shikara</a></i> rises high above into the sky. A massive congregation hall leads to the sanctum, which houses a Shiva <i><a href="/facts/Linga/hNfv8zYH">linga</a></i>, and is said to have self-emerged, or as it is said, <i><a href="/facts/Swayambhu/Q8J0pMP9">swayambhu</a></i> (lit. has self-emerged). The premises also have an ancient Kashivishveshvara Shiva temple, a Swaminarayan temple and two <a href="/facts/Jain_temple/jK1QjEjR">Jain temples</a>. The temple's exterior is exquisitely and profusely decorated with the figures of <a href="/facts/Solar_System/QIcLSazQ">nine planets</a>, regent deities, the chief gods of the <a href="/facts/Hindu/D7TFhcg1">Hindu</a> <a href="/facts/Pantheon_(gods)/z9bMoTq8">pantheon</a>, scenes from the life of <a href="/facts/Krishna/oQVtX5MI">Krishna</a>, <a href="/facts/Pandava/0YvHSqHT">Pandava</a> princes <a href="/facts/Ramayana/z2DykxzF">Ramayana</a> and <a href="/facts/Mahabharata/EKbN9XwS">Mahabharata</a>, musicians, dancing <a href="/facts/Apsara/oJsQTLX4">apsaras</a>, as well as varied animal and floral motifs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li>Sitala Mata Temple: It is ornately carved with figures of celestial beings. Its door frames and ceilings depict the <i>Rasmandala</i>, portraying <a href="/facts/Krishna/oQVtX5MI">Krishna</a> dancing with milkmaids.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Vadnagar_Archaeological_Experiential_Museum/rcdWWPhw">Vadnagar Archaeological Experiential Museum</a> was built at estimated cost of ₹298 crore (US$35 million).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> It was inaugurated on 16 January 2025.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> It is the first experiential archaeological museum in India.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> It was opened to the public from 1 February 2025.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> It covers 2500 years history of continuous human habitation of the town as well as its cultural history.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Kirti_Toran/f3lJ1QoY">Kirti Toran</a>: The town is famous for its two <a href="/facts/Torana/Ahgu66Nx">toranas</a>, a pair of 12th-century columns supporting an arch, about 40 feet tall built in red and yellow sandstone, just north of the walled town. They stand on the bank of the Sharmistha Lake. Their pillars and arches are decorated with <a href="/facts/Lozenge_(shape)/eypxLHFb">lozenges</a> at the base and geometric and floral designs (i.e., leaves, creepers and lotus), animal motifs, human figures engaged in various activities, and divine figures in different poses. The one to the east is in better condition and has been used as a symbol of Gujarat in recent times. Initially, one <i>torana</i> was intact while the other was ruined. The ruined one was re-erected in 2007 by the <a href="/facts/Archaeological_Survey_of_India/aVeou2RT">Archaeological Survey of India</a> (ASI).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> The <i>toranas</i> might have served as an entrance to a large temple complex, but no remains of such have been found till date.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li></ul> <p>Other places include <a href="/facts/Tana_and_Riri/IKaurBTt">Tana-Riri</a> garden and shrine, Gauri kund, Pancham Mehta's Vav (stepwell), Janjanio well, <a href="/facts/Pushtimarg_Baithak/evrjVr2K">Baithakji of Gusaiji</a>, an ancient library and a directional stone from the Solanki period.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <p>There are many temples, dedicated to almost every god: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Shiva/SaHL5XBS">Shiva</a>: <ul><li>Dwaneshwar Mahadev Temple,</li> <li>Somnath Mahadev Temple and</li> <li>Kashi Vishveshvara Temple,</li></ul></li> <li>Vishnupuri Temple,</li> <li>Chhabila Temple,</li> <li>Hanuman Temple,</li> <li>Ashapuri Mata Temple,</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ambaji/Frj30QD6">Ambaji</a> Mata Temple,</li> <li>Sitla Mata Temple,</li> <li>Bhuvaneshpuri Temple,</li> <li>Amther Mata Temple,</li> <li>Gauri kund and</li> <li><a href="/facts/Swaminarayan/q0N9X6pt">Swaminarayan</a> Temple.</li></ul> <p>There are remains of a <a href="/facts/Buddhism/G0wsjrSl">Buddhist</a> <a href="/facts/Monastery/t8MRXpsM">monastery</a> dating from the 7th century C.E., as well as two <a href="/facts/Jainism/h0glxhjH">Jain</a> <i><a href="/facts/Derasar/jK1QjEjR">derasars</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="education">Education</h2> Schools <ul><li>Anarth Shikshan Kendra</li> <li>Shri B. N. High School</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jawahar_Navodaya_Vidyalaya/1kqI2CqX">Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya</a></li> <li>Navin Sarva Vidyalaya</li> <li>Pattharwali School</li> <li>Royal English Medium School</li> <li>Saraswati Vidya Mandir</li> <li>Sarvajanik Vidyayalaya, Vaghasi</li> <li>Vadnagar Girls High School</li></ul> Colleges <ul><li>Arts and Commerce College, Vadnagar</li> <li>GMERS Medical College, Vadnagar</li> <li>Government ITI, Vadnagar</li> <li>Government Polytechnic, Vadnagar</li> <li>Government Science College, Vadnagar</li></ul> <h2 id="healthcare">Healthcare</h2> Hospitals <ul><li>Bhavna Hospital</li> <li>Drishti Hospital</li> <li>GMERS Medical College & Civil Hospital</li> <li>Sadbhavna Hospital</li> <li>Sardar Patel General Hospital</li> <li>Vadnagar Nagrik Mandal Hospital</li> <li>Vasant Prabha Hospital</li></ul> <h2 id="transport">Transport</h2> <h3>Road</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/List_of_state_highways_in_Gujarat/xNDgAymF">Gujarat State Highway 56</a> (SH-56) passes through Vadnagar, that connects it directly with <a href="/facts/Mehsana/wbFQAg53">Mehsana</a>, <a href="/facts/Visnagar/FI5VNYbC">Visnagar</a> and <a href="/facts/Ambaji/Frj30QD6">Ambaji</a>. </p> <h3>Rail</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Vadnagar_railway_station/xRxdokIS">Vadnagar railway station</a> lies on the <a href="/facts/Mehsana/wbFQAg53">Mehsana</a>-<a href="/facts/Taranga_Jain_temple/TnJPdaMP">Taranga</a> line, that directly connects Vadnagar with the rest of the state and beyond through <a href="/facts/Mahesana_Junction_railway_station/q3sVYymC">Mehsana Junction railway station</a>. </p> <h3>Bus</h3> <p>The Vadnagar bus station is located within the centre of the town. Buses are available from here to all major towns and cities in Gujarat and neighbouring states, that operate under <a href="/facts/Gujarat_State_Road_Transport_Corporation/qYFwbuP5">Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation</a> (GSRTC), private and tourism operators. </p> <h3>Air</h3> <p>The nearest airport is <a href="/facts/Mehsana_Airport/hXKRxN1N">Mehsana Airport</a>, located 36 km (22 mi) south-west from Vadnagar at <a href="/facts/Mehsana/wbFQAg53">Mehsana</a>. However, currently, the airport is only used for private and government purposes, not for civilian or passenger services. Hence, the nearest operational airport is <a href="/facts/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_International_Airport/KT3edEM0">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport</a>, located 93 km (58 mi) south from the town at <a href="/facts/Ahmedabad/l0h2YG5R">Ahmedabad</a>. </p> <h2 id="notable-people">Notable people</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Narendra_Modi/bVn4fGGz">Narendra Modi</a>, <a href="/facts/List_of_prime_ministers_of_India/6xfavCPz">14th</a> and current <a href="/facts/Prime_Minister_of_India/htYDwX0a">Prime Minister of India</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Shankar_Chaudhary/KDB6zy7v">Shankar Chaudhary</a>, politician, current speaker of <a href="/facts/Gujarat_Legislative_Assembly/cNpYTEMp">Gujarat Legislative Assembly</a>, former Minister of State for Health and Family Welfare, Medical Education, Environment (All Independent charges) and Urban Development, <a href="/facts/Government_of_Gujarat/grcJk6eQ">Government of Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Asit_Kumarr_Modi/nxUJaXak">Asit Kumarr Modi</a>, Indian TV producer and actor, known for <i><a href="/facts/Taarak_Mehta_Ka_Ooltah_Chashmah/fTUpzmWw">Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Vasant_Parikh/f3cQxG0v">Vasant Parikh</a>, Indian politician</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Mehsana/wbFQAg53">Mehsana</a></li></ul> Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i>Vadnagar</i>. <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>The Ancient Geography of India: I. The Buddhist Period, Including the Campaigns of Alexander, and the Travels of Hwen-Thsang. By Sir Alexander Cunningham, p.493-494 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yH9Xef_vm1EC&pg=PA493" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=yH9Xef_vm1EC&pg=PA493</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Rawat, Yadubirsingh (2011). "11. Recently Found Ancient Monastery and Other Buddhist Remains at Vadnagar and Taranga In North Gujarat, India". Bujang Valley and Early Civilisations in South East Asia, Malaysia: 209–232 – via Academia. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/6973187" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/6973187</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Sarkar, Anindya, et al., (2024). "Climate, human settlement, and migration in South Asia from early historic to medieval period: Evidence from new excavation at Vadnagar, Western India", in: Quaternary Science Reviews, Volume 324, 15 January 2024, 108470: "Radiocarbon chronology of mollusc carbonates, charcoal and drill core sediments, retrieved from six trenches suggest that the settlement began at ~2754 years B.P. contemporary to Late-Vedic/pre-Buddhist Mahajanapadas or oligarchic republics of ancient India" (Conclusions). <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379123005188" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379123005188</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Sarkar, Anindya, et al., (2024). "Climate, human settlement, and migration in South Asia from early historic to medieval period: Evidence from new archaeological excavation at Vadnagar, Western India", in: Quaternary Science Reviews, Volume 324, 15 January 2024, 108470. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379123005188" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379123005188</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Tirtha Mahatmya Nagara Khanda Skanda Purana". Wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 12 January 2020. <a href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc493310.html" target="_blank">https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc493310.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Lost city could be Gujarat's womb: Archaeologists". The Times of India. 4 September 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2014. <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Lost-city-could-be-Gujarats-womb-Archaeologists/articleshow/4973865.cms" target="_blank">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Lost-city-could-be-Gujarats-womb-Archaeologists/articleshow/4973865.cms</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Harihar Vitthal Trivedi (1991). Inscriptions of the Paramāras (Part 2). Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties. Archaeological Survey of India. p. 5. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1451755. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Lost city could be Gujarat's womb: Archaeologists". The Times of India. 4 September 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2014. <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Lost-city-could-be-Gujarats-womb-Archaeologists/articleshow/4973865.cms" target="_blank">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Lost-city-could-be-Gujarats-womb-Archaeologists/articleshow/4973865.cms</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Vadnagar town, Modhera Sun Temple, Unakoti sculptures added to UNESCO's tentative list of World Heritage Sites". The Hindu. 20 December 2022. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 21 December 2022. <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vadnagar-town-modhera-sun-temple-unakoti-sculptures-added-to-unescos-tentative-list-of-world-heritage-sites/article66286396.ece" target="_blank">https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vadnagar-town-modhera-sun-temple-unakoti-sculptures-added-to-unescos-tentative-list-of-world-heritage-sites/article66286396.ece</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Vadnagar <a href="http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/09/Vadnagar.html" target="_blank">http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/09/Vadnagar.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Yearly & Monthly weather - Vadnagar, India". Weather Atlas. 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