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Work 4.0
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<h2 id="conceptual-framework">Conceptual framework</h2> <p>Conceptually, Work 4.0 reflects the current fourth phase of work relations, having been preceded by the birth of industrial society and the first workers' organizations in the late 18th century (Work 1.0), the beginning of mass production and of the welfare state in the late 19th century (Work 2.0), and the advent of <a href="/facts/Globalization/0locjSHH">globalization</a>, <a href="/facts/Digital_transformation/c7c78R5Y">digitalization</a> and the transformation of the <a href="/facts/Social_market_economy/9zHvc3YR">social market economy</a> since the 1970s (Work 3.0). By contrast, Work 4.0 is characterized by a high degree of integration and cooperation, the use of digital technologies (e.g. the <a href="/facts/Internet/Xw1rVvJU">internet</a>), and a rise in flexible work arrangements.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Its drivers include <a href="/facts/Digital_transformation/c7c78R5Y">digitalization</a>, <a href="/facts/Globalization/0locjSHH">globalization</a>, <a href="/facts/Demographic_change/VktYwWUD">demographic change</a> (ageing, <a href="/facts/Human_migration/r2oTzF6F">migration</a>), and cultural change.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Challenges include </p> <ul><li>(i) the transformation of economic sectors and activities and its effect on employment,</li> <li>(ii) the creation of new markets and new forms of work through digital platforms,</li> <li>(iii) the issues associated with <a href="/facts/Big_Data/XGtrVg4z">Big Data</a> (e.g. data protection),</li> <li>(iv) the relationship between the use of human and machine labor (upskilling vs. deskilling, devaluation of experience, individual support vs. behavioral monitoring),</li> <li>(v) the possibility of flexible work conditions regarding time and location, and</li> <li>(vi) profound changes in the structures of organizations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li></ul> <p>In response to these challenges, the BMAS has developed a "vision for quality jobs in the digital age", based on policies such as moving from <a href="/facts/Unemployment_insurance/rCzFFgmQ">unemployment</a> to <a href="/facts/Employment_insurance/rCzFFgmQ">employment insurance</a>, the promotion of self-determined flexible working time arrangements, improvements in the working conditions of the service sector, new ergonomic approaches to <a href="/facts/Occupational_health_and_safety/ko1IeS92">occupational health and safety</a>, high standards in employee <a href="/facts/Information_privacy/fb6DMpdN">data protection</a>, the co-determination and participation of social partners in employment relations, better social protection for self-employed persons, and the beginning of a European dialogue on the future of the welfare state.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>The Fourth Industrial Revolution, 4IR or Industry 4.0 marks a rapid change to how technology influences industry, society, processes and operations in the 21st century. The term has become increasingly common in literature, media and scientific documentation and has continued to evolve since its inception <a href="/facts/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution/BqVVErBA">in 2015.</a> </p><p>Under the Industry 4.0 umbrella is Work 4.0, a term coined by Germany and used within the European Union to describe significant changes to the world of work until 2030. This concept was also introduced in 2015 and has subsequently been adopted by trade unions, discussed by the World Bank, and become part of a global technology shift in mindset and approach. </p><p>Both Industry 4.0 and Work 4.0 are powered by transformation and digitalization and the evolution of technology and its inherent connectivity and capability have given rise to other applications and approaches. One such approach is Safety 4.0. this is a fundamental shift in the safety management and technologies designed to create a standardized framework that focuses on new practices and processes that shift safety engagements between workers and machinery. </p><p>Safety 4.0 offers a new level of Industry 4.0 by ensuring that people sit at the center of engagements across plants, machinery and systems. It allows for increases in productivity, worker efficiency and connectivity while allowing for the secure automation of safety protocols, technologies and systems. </p> <h2 id="world-bankanalysis"><a href="/facts/World_Bank/hIH9uUb2">World Bank</a> analysis</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/World_Development_Report/f58kU68d">World Development Report</a> 2019 argues that a new <a href="/facts/Social_contract/vFPeB2J2">social contract</a> is needed to address longer work transitions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Authors <a href="/facts/Simeon_Djankov/NgBhnjNQ">Simeon Djankov</a> and Federica Saliola documents examples of countries and companies that have created new ways to deliver social insurance. </p> <h2 id="world-economic-forumdebate"><a href="/facts/World_Economic_Forum/91KlC7Cb">World Economic Forum</a> debate</h2> <p>Work 4.0 has also emerged as a core topic of discussion for the WEF during its annual meetings in <a href="/facts/Davos/LK2SAtN4">Davos</a>. Referring to this phenomenon as the <a href="/facts/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution/BqVVErBA">Fourth Industrial Revolution</a>, it integrates concepts from <a href="/facts/Synthetic_biology/rHSNe8j3">Synthetic biology</a>, <a href="/facts/Artificial_intelligence/lJGauQwX">Artificial intelligence</a>, and <a href="/facts/Additive_Manufacturing/lbvWU3t0">Additive Manufacturing</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> However, some speculate that this push to automate is less a technological edict and more a hidden agenda by corporations to replace laborers with <a href="/facts/Industrial_automation/3YlF2K5q">Industrial automation</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.bmas.de/EN/Services/Publications/a883-white-paper.html">White Paper on Work 4.0 by the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of Germany (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.bmas.de/EN/Services/Publications/arbeiten-4-0-greenpaper-work-4-0.html">Green Paper on Work 4.0 by the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of Germany (2015)</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>European Political Strategy Centre (2016). The Future of Work: Skills and Resilience for a World of Change. EPSC Strategic Notes, Issue 13. Retrieved May 3rd, 2018. <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/epsc/sites/epsc/files/strategic_note_issue_13.pdf" target="_blank">http://ec.europa.eu/epsc/sites/epsc/files/strategic_note_issue_13.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Vogler-Ludwig, K., Düll, N., Kriechel, B. (2016). Arbeitsmarkt 2030 - Wirtschaft und Arbeitsmarkt im digitalen Zeitalter. Prognose 2016. Munich: Economix Research & Consulting. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of Germany (2017). Re-Imagining Work: White Paper Work 4.0, p. 5. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Salimi, M. (2015). Work 4.0: An Enormous Potential for Economic Growth in Germany. ADAPT Bulletin. <a href="http://englishbulletin.adapt.it/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/work4.0_sam.pdf" target="_blank">http://englishbulletin.adapt.it/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/work4.0_sam.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Suchy, O. (November 17th, 2015). Stellungnahme des DGB zum Grünbuch "Arbeiten 4.0" des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales. Retrieved August 18th, 2018" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-09-20. Retrieved 2018-08-18. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180920024713/https://www.arbeitenviernull.de/fileadmin/Futurale/Statements/PDFs/DGB_Stellungnahme_Gruenbuch_Arbeiten_4.0.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180920024713/https://www.arbeitenviernull.de/fileadmin/Futurale/Statements/PDFs/DGB_Stellungnahme_Gruenbuch_Arbeiten_4.0.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"VDMA. Work 4.0 - Humans at its heart". Archived from the original on 2021-01-24. Retrieved 2018-08-18. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124052005/https://humans-machines-progress.com/reportage/work-4-0-humans-at-its-heart/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210124052005/https://humans-machines-progress.com/reportage/work-4-0-humans-at-its-heart/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"BDA (May 2015). Chancen der Digitalisierung nutzen: Positionspapier der BDA zur Digitalisierung von Wirtschaft und Arbeitswelt. Retrieved August 18th, 2018" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-09-20. Retrieved 2018-08-18. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180920024709/https://www.arbeitgeber.de/www/arbeitgeber.nsf/res/BDA_Chancen_Digitalisierung.pdf/$file/BDA_Chancen_Digitalisierung.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180920024709/https://www.arbeitgeber.de/www/arbeitgeber.nsf/res/BDA_Chancen_Digitalisierung.pdf/$file/BDA_Chancen_Digitalisierung.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>World Bank World Development Report 2019: The Changing Nature of Work. <a href="http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/816281518818814423/pdf/2019-WDR-Report.pdf" target="_blank">http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/816281518818814423/pdf/2019-WDR-Report.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>International Labour Organization: The Future of Work Centenary Initiative. Retrieved August 18th, 2018. <a href="https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/future-of-work/lang--en/index.htm" target="_blank">https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/future-of-work/lang--en/index.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of Germany (2015). Re-Imagining Work: Green Paper Work 4.0, pp. 33-5. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of Germany (2017). Re-Imagining Work: White Paper Work 4.0, pp. 18-41. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of Germany (2017). Re-Imagining Work: White Paper Work 4.0, pp. 42-91. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of Germany (2017). Re-Imagining Work: White Paper Work 4.0, pp. 98–187. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"The Changing Nature of Work". Retrieved 7 October 2018. <a href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2019" target="_blank">http://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2019</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"The Fourth Industrial Revolution, by Klaus Schwab". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 2020-07-27. <a href="https://www.weforum.org/about/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-by-klaus-schwab/" target="_blank">https://www.weforum.org/about/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-by-klaus-schwab/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Roose, Kevin (2019-01-25). "The Hidden Automation Agenda of the Davos Elite". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-07-27. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/25/technology/automation-davos-world-economic-forum.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/25/technology/automation-davos-world-economic-forum.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Min, Jeehee; Kim, Yangwoo; Lee, Sujin; Jang, Tae-Won; Kim, Inah; Song, Jaechul (2019-12-01). "The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on Occupational Health and Safety, Worker's Compensation and Labor Conditions". Safety and Health at Work. 10 (4): 400–408. doi:10.1016/j.shaw.2019.09.005. ISSN 2093-7911. PMC 6933166. PMID 31890322. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6933166" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6933166</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>