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SCMaglev
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<h2 id="technology">Technology</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Maglev/2o7UVAM5">Maglev § Technology</a></p> <p>The SCMaglev system uses an <a href="/facts/Electrodynamic_suspension/5GJnQVgV">electrodynamic suspension</a> (EDS) system. The train's <a href="/facts/Bogie/Q5060jts">bogies</a> have <a href="/facts/Superconductivity/pqQAlSzJ">superconducting</a> magnets installed, and the guideways contain two sets of metal coils. The current levitation system uses a series of coils wound into a "figure 8" along both walls of the guideway. These coils are cross-connected underneath the track.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>As the train accelerates, the magnetic fields of its superconducting magnets induce a current into these coils due to the <a href="/facts/Electromagnetic_induction/T36JjtgY">magnetic field induction effect</a>. If the train were centered with the coils, the electrical potential would be balanced and no currents would be induced. However, as the train runs on rubber wheels at relatively low speeds, the magnetic fields are positioned below the center of the coils, causing the electrical potential to no longer be balanced. This creates a reactive magnetic field opposing the superconducting magnet's pole (in accordance with <a href="/facts/Lenz%27s_law/8Atydpcb">Lenz's law</a>), and a pole above that attracts it. Once the train reaches 150 km/h (93 mph), there is sufficient current flowing to lift the train 100 mm (4 in) above the guideway.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>These coils also generate guiding and stabilizing forces. Because they are cross-connected underneath the guideway, if the train moves off-center, currents are induced into the connections that correct its positioning.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> SCMaglev also uses a <a href="/facts/Linear_motor/cLBAMYtq">linear synchronous motor</a> (LSM) propulsion system, which powers a second set of coils in the guideway. </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Japanese_National_Railways/DnhDoFSA">Japanese National Railways</a> (JNR) began research on a linear propulsion railway system in 1962 with the goal of developing a train that could travel between <a href="/facts/Tokyo/GTvuw4ct">Tokyo</a> and <a href="/facts/Osaka/sbS1N7sl">Osaka</a> in one hour.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Shortly after <a href="/facts/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory/L2JrG0K1">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a> patented superconducting magnetic levitation technology in the United States in 1969, JNR announced development of its own superconducting maglev (SCMaglev) system. The railway made its first successful SCMaglev run on a short track at its Railway Technical Research Institute in 1972.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> JR Central plans on exporting the technology, pitching it to potential buyers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h3>Miyazaki test track</h3> <p>In 1977, SCMaglev testing moved to a new 7 km test track in <a href="/facts/Hy%C5%ABga,_Miyazaki/gk5KHzU2">Hyūga, Miyazaki</a>. By 1980, the track was modified from a "┴" shape to the "U" shape used today. In April 1987, JNR was privatized, and <a href="/facts/Central_Japan_Railway_Company/FG4QvyLr">Central Japan Railway Company</a> (JR Central) took over SCMaglev development. </p><p>In 1989, JR Central decided to build a better testing facility with tunnels, steeper gradients, and curves.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> After the company moved maglev tests to the new facility, the company's Railway Technical Research Institute began to allow testing of <a href="/facts/Ground_effect_train/qyAXjWn1">ground effect trains</a>, an alternate technology based on <a href="/facts/Aerodynamics/Cn6Lnl3H">aerodynamic</a> interaction between the train and the ground, at the Miyazaki Test Track in 1999. </p> <h3>Yamanashi maglev test line</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen/EFzlEMJk">Chūō Shinkansen § Miyazaki and Yamanashi Test Tracks</a></p> <p>Construction of the Yamanashi Maglev Test Line began in 1990. The initial 18.4 km (11.4 mi) “priority section” in <a href="/facts/Tsuru,_Yamanashi/2waTEGFo">Tsuru, Yamanashi</a>, opened in 1997, with MLX01 trains undergoing testing until the fall of 2011. At that point, the facility was closed to extend the line to 42.8 km (26.6 mi) and upgrade it to commercial specifications.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>Since 1997, the Chuo Shinkansen has amassed over 2,044,000 miles of test runs, averaging roughly 2,000 kilometers per day. In one record-setting day, the SCMaglev traveled approximately 2,525 miles<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> (4,062 km)—far exceeding the expected daily mileage during routine operation. </p> <h2 id="commercial-use">Commercial use</h2> <h3>Japan</h3> <p>In 2009, Japan's <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Land,_Infrastructure,_Transport_and_Tourism/KRyyTqvh">Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism</a> decided that the SCMaglev system was ready for commercial operation. In 2011, the ministry gave JR Central permission to operate the SCMaglev system on their planned <a href="/facts/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen/EFzlEMJk">Chūō Shinkansen</a> linking Tokyo and <a href="/facts/Nagoya/JPTK2v4M">Nagoya</a> by 2034, and to Osaka by 2037. Construction is currently underway. </p> <h3>United States</h3> <p>Since 2010, JR Central has promoted the SCMaglev system in international markets, particularly the <a href="/facts/Northeast_Corridor/9XXxRFh2">Northeast Corridor</a> of the United States, as the <a href="/facts/Northeast_Maglev/eHAFVlwu">Northeast Maglev</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> In 2013, <a href="/facts/Prime_Minister_of_Japan/RMknUoMt">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/facts/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe/n6aG71Km">Shinzō Abe</a> met with U.S. President <a href="/facts/Barack_Obama/76wUMgL1">Barack Obama</a> and offered to provide the first portion of the SC Maglev track free, a distance of about 40 miles (64 km).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> In 2016, the Federal Railroad Administration awarded $27.8 million to the Maryland Department of Transportation to prepare preliminary engineering and NEPA analysis for an SCMaglev train between Baltimore, Maryland, and Washington, D.C.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h3>Australia</h3> <p>In late 2015, JR Central, <a href="/facts/Mitsui/oJe97Fuh">Mitsui</a>, and <a href="/facts/General_Electric/bBm5CzVY">General Electric</a> in Australia formed a joint venture named <a href="/facts/Consolidated_Land_and_Rail_Australia/btEVzaYT">Consolidated Land and Rail Australia</a> to provide a commercial funding model using private investors that could build the SC Maglev (linking Sydney, Canberra, and Melbourne), create eight new self-sustaining inland cities linked to the high-speed connection, and contribute to the community.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="vehicles">Vehicles</h2> <ul><li>1972 – LSM200</li> <li>1972 – ML100</li> <li>1975 – ML100A</li> <li>1977 – ML500</li> <li>1979 – ML500R (remodeled ML500)</li> <li>1980 – MLU001</li> <li>1987 – MLU002</li> <li>1993 – MLU002N</li> <li>1995 – MLX01 (MLX01-1, 11, 2)</li> <li>1997 – MLX01 (MLX01-3, 21, 12, 4)</li> <li>2002 – MLX01 (MLX01-901, 22)</li> <li>2009 – MLX01 (MLX01-901A, 22A: remodeled 901 and 22)</li> <li>2013 – <a href="/facts/L0_Series_Shinkansen/fAbR8DfV">L0 Series Shinkansen</a></li> <li>2020 – Revised <a href="/facts/L0_Series_Shinkansen/fAbR8DfV">L0 Series Shinkansen</a></li></ul> <table><tbody><tr><th>No.</th><th>Type</th><th>Note</th><th>Built</th></tr><tr><td>MLX01-1</td><td>Kōfu-end car with double-cusp head</td><td>Displayed at the <a href="/facts/SCMaglev_and_Railway_Park/vJVg0tPv">SCMaglev and Railway Park</a></td><td rowspan="3">1995</td></tr><tr><td>MLX01-11</td><td>Standard intermediate car</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MLX01-2</td><td>Tokyo-end car with aero-wedge head</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MLX01-3</td><td>Kōfu-end car with aero-wedge head</td><td>Displayed at the <a href="/facts/Railway_Technical_Research_Institute/dmESCjh8">Railway Technical Research Institute</a></td><td rowspan="4">1997</td></tr><tr><td>MLX01-21</td><td>Long intermediate car</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MLX01-12</td><td>Standard intermediate car</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MLX01-4</td><td>Tokyo-end car with double-cusp head</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MLX01-901A</td><td>Kōfu-end car with long head</td><td>Remodeled and renamed from MLX01-901 in 2009</td><td rowspan="2">2002</td></tr><tr><td>MLX01-22A</td><td>Long intermediate car</td><td>Remodeled and renamed from MLX01-22 in 2009</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="records">Records</h2> <h3>Manned records</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Speed [km/h (mph)]</th><th>Train</th><th>Type</th><th>Location</th><th>Date</th><th>Comments</th></tr><tr><td>60 (37)</td><td>ML100</td><td>Maglev</td><td>RTRI of JNR</td><td>1972</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>400.8 (249.0)</td><td>MLU001</td><td>Maglev</td><td><a href="/facts/Miyazaki_Prefecture/wlVb5cE9">Miyazaki</a> Maglev Test Track</td><td>February 1987</td><td>Two-car train set. Former <a href="/facts/Land_speed_record_for_rail_vehicles/BwusYhR7">world speed record for maglev trains</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>394.3 (245.0)</td><td>MLU002</td><td>Maglev</td><td>Miyazaki Maglev Test Track</td><td>November 1989</td><td>Single-car</td></tr><tr><td>411 (255)</td><td>MLU002N</td><td>Maglev</td><td>Miyazaki Maglev Test Track</td><td>February 1995</td><td>Single-car</td></tr><tr><td>531 (330)</td><td>MLX01</td><td>Maglev</td><td><a href="/facts/Yamanashi_Prefecture/lRdCCLjc">Yamanashi</a> Maglev Test Line, Japan</td><td>12 December 1997</td><td>Three-car train set. Former world speed record for maglev trains.</td></tr><tr><td>552 (343)</td><td>MLX01</td><td>Maglev</td><td>Yamanashi Maglev Test Line</td><td>14 April 1999</td><td>Five-car train set. Former world speed record for maglev trains.</td></tr><tr><td>581 (361)</td><td>MLX01</td><td>Maglev</td><td>Yamanashi Maglev Test Line</td><td>2 December 2003</td><td>Three-car train set. Former world speed record for all trains.</td></tr><tr><td>590 (367)</td><td><a href="/facts/L0_series/fAbR8DfV">L0 series</a></td><td>Maglev</td><td>Yamanashi Maglev Test Line</td><td>16 April 2015</td><td>Seven-car train set.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Former world speed record for all trains.</td></tr><tr><td>603 (375)</td><td>L0 series</td><td>Maglev</td><td>Yamanashi Maglev Test Line</td><td>21 April 2015</td><td>Seven-car train set. Current world speed record for all trains.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Unmanned records</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Speed [km/h (mph)]</th><th>Train</th><th>Type</th><th>Location</th><th>Date</th><th>Comments</th></tr><tr><td>504 (313.2)</td><td>ML-500</td><td>Maglev</td><td>Miyazaki Maglev Test Track</td><td>12 December 1979</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>517 (321.2)</td><td>ML-500</td><td>Maglev</td><td>Miyazaki Maglev Test Track</td><td>21 December 1979</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>352.4 (219.0)</td><td>MLU001</td><td>Maglev</td><td>Miyazaki Maglev Test Track</td><td>January 1986</td><td>Three-car train set</td></tr><tr><td>405.3 (251.8)</td><td>MLU001</td><td>Maglev</td><td>Miyazaki Maglev Test Track</td><td>January 1987</td><td>Two-car train set</td></tr><tr><td>431 (267.8)</td><td>MLU002N</td><td>Maglev</td><td>Miyazaki Maglev Test Track</td><td>February 1994</td><td>Single-car</td></tr><tr><td>550 (341.8)</td><td>MLX01</td><td>Maglev</td><td>Yamanashi Maglev Test Line</td><td>24 December 1997</td><td>Three-car train set</td></tr><tr><td>548 (340.5)</td><td>MLX01</td><td>Maglev</td><td>Yamanashi Maglev Test Line</td><td>18 March 1999</td><td>Five-car train set</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Relative passing speed records</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Speed [km/h (mph)]</th><th>Train</th><th>Type</th><th>Location</th><th>Date</th><th>Comments</th></tr><tr><td>966 (600)</td><td>MLX01</td><td>Maglev</td><td>Yamanashi Maglev Test Line</td><td>December 1998</td><td>Former <a href="/facts/Land_speed_record_for_rail_vehicles/BwusYhR7">world relative passing speed record</a></td></tr><tr><td>1,003 (623)</td><td>MLX01</td><td>Maglev</td><td>Yamanashi Maglev Test Line</td><td>November 1999</td><td>Former world relative passing speed record</td></tr><tr><td>1,026 (638)</td><td>MLX01</td><td>Maglev</td><td>Yamanashi Maglev Test Line</td><td>16 November 2004</td><td>Current world relative passing speed record</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/MAGLEV_2000/2o7UVAM5">MAGLEV 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Transrapid/D3ywq6BY">Transrapid</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Krauss-Maffei_Transurban/pdevygRy">Krauss-Maffei Transurban</a> - <a href="/facts/Electromagnetic_suspension/NLYnEbqV">Electromagnetic suspension</a> technology had been transferred from <a href="/facts/Krauss-Maffei/lDW7hcuR">Krauss-Maffei</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/ROMAG/NyHGS4JH">ROMAG</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Inductrack/UIXTm0jo">Inductrack</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Hood, Christopher P. (2006). <i>Shinkansen – From Bullet Train to Symbol of Modern Japan</i>. Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-415-32052-6.</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Heller, Arnie (June 1998). <a href="http://www.llnl.gov/str/Post.html">"A New Approach for Magnetically Levitating Trains—and Rockets"</a>. Science & Technology Review.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Henry_Kolm/QcSAwpyf">Henry H. Kolm</a>; Richard D. Thornton (October 1973). "Electromagnetic Flight". <i><a href="/facts/Scientific_American/jkl8bhUN">Scientific American</a></i>. 229 (4). Springer Nature: 17–25. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973SciAm.229d..17K">1973SciAm.229d..17K</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican1073-17">10.1038/scientificamerican1073-17</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to JR-Maglev. <ul><li><a href="http://scmaglev.jr-central-global.com/">Central Japan Railway Company SCMAGLEV Official Website</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051102050249/http://www.rtri.or.jp/index.html">Railway Technical Research Institute (RTRI)</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.rtri.or.jp/rd/division/rd79/yamanashi/english/maglev_frame_E.html">RTRI Maglev website</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.northeastmaglev.com">The Northeast Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.maglev.net/japanese-maglev-evolution">SCMaglev trains</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.maglevboard.net/en/pics/jr-maglev">Project information by The International Maglev Board</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205213037/https://www.maglevboard.net/en/pics/jr-maglev">Archived</a> 5 December 2020 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <p><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=SCMaglev¶ms=35_35_N_138_56_E_region:JP_type:landmark">35°35′N 138°56′E / 35.583°N 138.933°E / 35.583; 138.933</a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Central Japan Railway Company (11 May 2010). Test Ride of Superconducting Maglev by the US Secretary of Transportation, Mr. Ray LaHood. <a href="http://english.jr-central.co.jp/company/company/others/high-speed-rail/high-speed-rail.html" target="_blank">http://english.jr-central.co.jp/company/company/others/high-speed-rail/high-speed-rail.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Central Japan Railway Company (2012). "Central Japan Railway Company Annual Report 2012" (PDF). pp. 23–25. Retrieved 23 July 2013. <a href="http://english.jr-central.co.jp/company/ir/annualreport/_pdf/annualreport2012.pdf" target="_blank">http://english.jr-central.co.jp/company/ir/annualreport/_pdf/annualreport2012.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>He, J.L.; Rote, D.M.; Coffey, H.T. (1994). "Study of Japanese Electrodynamic-Suspension Maglev Systems". NASA Sti/Recon Technical Report N. 94. Argonne National Laboratory: 37515. Bibcode:1994STIN...9437515H. doi:10.2172/10150166. OSTI 10150166. <a href="https://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/10150166" target="_blank">https://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/10150166</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>McCurry, Justin (21 April 2015). "Japan's Maglev Train Breaks World Speed Record with 600 km/h Test Run". The Guardian (U.S. ed.). New York. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/21/japans-maglev-train-notches-up-new-world-speed-record-in-test-run" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/21/japans-maglev-train-notches-up-new-world-speed-record-in-test-run</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>He, J.L.; Rote, D.M.; Coffey, H.T. (1994). "Study of Japanese Electrodynamic-Suspension Maglev Systems". NASA Sti/Recon Technical Report N. 94. Argonne National Laboratory: 37515. Bibcode:1994STIN...9437515H. doi:10.2172/10150166. OSTI 10150166. <a href="https://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/10150166" target="_blank">https://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/10150166</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>He, J.L.; Rote, D.M.; Coffey, H.T. (1994). "Study of Japanese Electrodynamic-Suspension Maglev Systems". NASA Sti/Recon Technical Report N. 94. Argonne National Laboratory: 37515. Bibcode:1994STIN...9437515H. doi:10.2172/10150166. OSTI 10150166. <a href="https://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/10150166" target="_blank">https://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/10150166</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>He, J.L.; Rote, D.M.; Coffey, H.T. (1994). "Study of Japanese Electrodynamic-Suspension Maglev Systems". NASA Sti/Recon Technical Report N. 94. Argonne National Laboratory: 37515. Bibcode:1994STIN...9437515H. doi:10.2172/10150166. OSTI 10150166. <a href="https://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/10150166" target="_blank">https://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/10150166</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>The airline distance between Tokyo and Osaka is 397 kilometres (247 mi). To achieve an average speed of 397 km/h, such a train would need to be capable of speeds in excess of 500 km/h to allow for acceleration and deceleration times, intermediate stops, and additional distance incurred by a land route. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>U.S.-Japan Maglev (2012). "History". USJMAGLEV. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728110724/http://usjmaglev.com/usjmaglev/History.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140728110724/http://usjmaglev.com/usjmaglev/History.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Japanese rail company eyes exports to cover maglev costs". Nikkei Asian Review. <a href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/Japanese-rail-company-eyes-exports-to-cover-maglev-costs" target="_blank">https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/Japanese-rail-company-eyes-exports-to-cover-maglev-costs</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>U.S.-Japan Maglev (2012). "History". USJMAGLEV. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728110724/http://usjmaglev.com/usjmaglev/History.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140728110724/http://usjmaglev.com/usjmaglev/History.html</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Central Japan Railway Company (2012). "The Chuo Shinkansen Using the Superconducting Maglev System" (PDF). Data Book 2012. pp. 24–25. <a href="http://english.jr-central.co.jp/company/company/others/data-book/_pdf/2012.pdf" target="_blank">http://english.jr-central.co.jp/company/company/others/data-book/_pdf/2012.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"About | SCMAGLEV | Central Japan Railway Company". About | SCMAGLEV | Central Japan Railway Company. Retrieved 13 March 2025. <a href="https://scmaglev.jr-central-global.com/maglevline/about/" target="_blank">https://scmaglev.jr-central-global.com/maglevline/about/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Central Japan Railway Company (11 May 2010). Test Ride of Superconducting Maglev by the US Secretary of Transportation, Mr. Ray LaHood. <a href="http://english.jr-central.co.jp/company/company/others/high-speed-rail/high-speed-rail.html" target="_blank">http://english.jr-central.co.jp/company/company/others/high-speed-rail/high-speed-rail.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Pfanner, Eric (19 November 2013). "Japan Pitches Its High-Speed Train With an Offer to Finance". The New York Times (New York ed.). p. B8. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/19/business/international/japan-pitches-americans-on-its-maglev-train.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/19/business/international/japan-pitches-americans-on-its-maglev-train.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Baltimore-Washington Superconducting Maglev Project - Background". <a href="http://bwmaglev.info/index.php/overview/background" target="_blank">http://bwmaglev.info/index.php/overview/background</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"General Electric, Japan Rail and Mitsui all aboard high-speed rail proposal". Financial Review. 12 May 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2016. <a href="http://www.afr.com/brand/rear-window/general-electric-japan-rail-and-mitsui-all-aboard-highspeed-rail-proposal-20160512-gotq5d" target="_blank">http://www.afr.com/brand/rear-window/general-electric-japan-rail-and-mitsui-all-aboard-highspeed-rail-proposal-20160512-gotq5d</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Consolidated Land and Rail Australia Pty Ltd". www.clara.com.au. Retrieved 22 June 2016. <a href="http://www.clara.com.au" target="_blank">http://www.clara.com.au</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>リニアが世界最速５９０キロ 長距離走行記録も更新 [Maglev sets new world record of 590 km/h - Also sets new distance record]. Sankei News (in Japanese). Japan: The Sankei Shimbun & Sankei Digital. 16 April 2015. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015. <a href="リニアが世界最速５９０キロ 長距離走行記録も更新" target="_blank">リニアが世界最速５９０キロ 長距離走行記録も更新</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>McCurry, Justin (21 April 2015). "Japan's Maglev Train Breaks World Speed Record with 600 km/h Test Run". The Guardian (U.S. ed.). New York. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/21/japans-maglev-train-notches-up-new-world-speed-record-in-test-run" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/21/japans-maglev-train-notches-up-new-world-speed-record-in-test-run</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>