Allied Joint Force Command Naples

<h2 id="history">History</h2>

Originally, Allied Forces Southern Europe was one of two major NATO commands in the Mediterranean area, the other being <a href="/facts/Allied_Forces_Mediterranean/SoCrLNP2">Allied Forces Mediterranean</a> based on the island of Malta, responsible for naval activities in the region. While <a href="/facts/Admiral_(United_States)/4EnHN4bR">Admiral</a> <a href="/facts/Robert_B._Carney/q8guxjG4">Robert B. Carney</a> of the <a href="/facts/U.S._Navy/xYK0fUou">U.S. Navy</a> was appointed as Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces Southern Europe (CinCAFSOUTH) on 19 June 1951,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> AFMED was not activated until 1953. The delay was due to negotiations and compromises between the Americans and the British, who wished to retain one of their commanders over Britain's traditional <a href="/facts/Sea_lines_of_communication/35sQsGk0">sea lines of communication</a> stretching through the Mediterranean to the <a href="/facts/Suez_Canal/1zYoNryp">Suez Canal</a> and beyond. From 1951 to 2003, the Commander-in-Chief of Allied Forces Southern Europe was always a <a href="/facts/United_States_Navy/xYK0fUou">United States Navy</a> <a href="/facts/Admiral_(United_States)/4EnHN4bR">admiral</a>, based at <a href="/facts/Naples/SXrFcg2C">Naples</a>, who also held the US Navy position of Commander-in-Chief <a href="/facts/United_States_Naval_Forces_Europe/vo8l2L08">United States Naval Forces Europe</a> and functioned as the Navy service component commander for <a href="/facts/United_States_European_Command/6raWrnU4">United States European Command</a> within the US-only chain of command. AFSOUTH headquarters was established at <a href="/facts/Bagnoli/6GlPlbUo">Bagnoli</a>, Naples.
The initial command arrangements for AFSOUTH consisted of the classic three land, sea, and air headquarters preferred by Eisenhower. <a href="/facts/Allied_Land_Forces_Southern_Europe/IVnUajVg">Allied Land Forces Southern Europe</a> (LANDSOUTH), <a href="/facts/Allied_Naval_Forces_Southern_Europe/U2mjKYVs">Allied Naval Forces Southern Europe</a> (NAVSOUTH), and <a href="/facts/Allied_Air_Forces_Southern_Europe/MA6V4jNf">Allied Air Forces Southern Europe</a> (AIRSOUTH) were all established in Italy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> Greece and <a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a> joined the alliance in early 1952.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> On 8 September 1952, a new allied land command, <a href="/facts/Allied_Land_Forces_South-Eastern_Europe/EkAQ0YF9">Allied Land Forces South-Eastern Europe</a> (LANDSOUTHEAST), was created with its headquarters in <a href="/facts/Izmir,_Turkey/CUkMRT28">Izmir, Turkey</a>, under the command of a U.S. officer, <a href="/facts/Lieutenant_General/kwDr2Kf8">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/facts/Willard_G._Wyman/1QVBKNtX">Willard G. Wyman</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> Under this command, with its headquarters in Izmir assisted by the subordinate Thessaloniki Advanced Command Post, were to be most of the Greek and Turkish armies in case of war.
The first AIRSOUTH commander became U.S. Major General David M. Schlatter, USAF. On 14 October 1953, the Sixth Allied Tactical Air Force was also established in Izmir, commanded by Major General R.E.L. Easton, USAF, and responsible to <a href="/facts/Allied_Air_Forces_Southern_Europe/MA6V4jNf">Allied Air Forces Southern Europe</a> for the air defence of Greece and Turkey.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> Three national air <a href="/facts/Command_(military_formation)/kJAeWBH5">Commands</a> were assigned to it: the Turkish 1st and 3rd Tactical Air Forces, and the <a href="/facts/Greek_Air_Force/RBzpfCcE">Greek Air Force</a>'s Royal Hellenic 28th Tactical Air Force. In terms of actual forces, this meant two Greek wings, four Turkish fighter-bomber groups of F-84 aircraft, and some B-26A Mosquitoes.
Later in 1953, the various national naval forces within Allied Forces Mediterranean were organised into six Sub-Principal Subordinate Commands (Sub-PSCs), each commanded by an Admiral (including one French (MEDOC), one Greek, one Turkish, one Italian and two British). In time of war, CINCAFMED would be responsible for securing the <a href="/facts/Sea_lines_of_communication/35sQsGk0">Sea lines of communications</a> throughout the Mediterranean Sea.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>
Some of AFSOUTH's first exercises took place in 1952. Operation Ancient Wall was a series of military maneuvers involving <a href="/facts/Small_unit_tactics/HSzGaHIY">ground small unit tactical training</a>, land-based tactical air support, and carrier-based air support under the overall command of Admiral Carney.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> <a href="/facts/Exercise_Grand_Slam/ccJwFj9x">Exercise Grand Slam</a> was a combined naval exercise held in the Mediterranean Sea between 25 February to 16 March 1952. The exercise included allied warships escorting three convoys of supply ships which were subjected to repeated simulated air and submarine attacks, as well as <a href="/facts/Anti-submarine_warfare/dW89ebRA">anti-submarine warfare (ASW) operations</a> and naval gunfire shore bombardment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> <a href="/facts/Operation_Longstep/E6jX7dum">Operation Longstep</a> was a ten-day naval exercise held in the <a href="/facts/Mediterranean_Sea/Vr2pzVbM">Mediterranean Sea</a> held during November 1952. It involved over 170 warships and 700 aircraft, and it featured a large-scale <a href="/facts/Amphibious_assault/1Povrhpm">amphibious assault</a> along the western coast of <a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>
1953 AFSOUTH exercises included:

<ul><li>"Italic Weld" — a combined air-naval-ground exercise in <a href="/facts/Northern_Italy/paEuCnnf">northern Italy</a> involving the United States, Italy, Turkey, and Greece<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a></li>
<li>"Weldfast" — a combined amphibious landing exercise in the Mediterranean Sea involving British, Greek, Italian, Turkish, and U.S. naval forces<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a></li></ul>
In 1957, <a href="/facts/Operation_Deep_Water/auqgILzL">Operation Deep Water</a> simulated the defence of the <a href="/facts/Dardanelles/rxUhLwvj">Dardanelles</a> from a Soviet attack. The exercise included an 8,000-strong amphibious landing.
The drawdown of the British <a href="/facts/Mediterranean_Fleet/E1a13yfL">Mediterranean Fleet</a>, the military difficulties of the politically-decided command structure, and the withdrawal of the French from the military command structure forced a rearrangement of the command arrangements in the southern region. Allied Forces Mediterranean was disbanded on 5 June 1967, and all forces in the south and the Mediterranean were assigned to AFSOUTH.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>
AFSOUTH continued to conduct exercises in the 1960s and 1970s, among which was exercise 'Dawn Patrol,' a five-nation naval and air exercise conducted throughout the Mediterranean in 1974.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> The U.S. contribution to the exercise was based on the <a href="/facts/USS_America_(CV-66)/e5BcHC1M">USS America</a> carrier battle group. During the 1960s Exercise Deep Furrow appears to have been held annually. Deep Furrow was to be conducted from 20–29 September 1973 in the southern region of Allied Command Europe. Forces from Greece, Turkey and other countries in AF South Command were to participate, which is scheduled annually by CINCSOUTH. Land forces will hold maneuvers in Greek and Turkish Thrace, and naval Force will exercise in the Eastern Mediterranean, including the Aegean Sea; naval activities will include amphibious and carrier operations. As part of the exercise, ground units will be airlifted from their home stations in the United Kingdom and the United States to northwestern Turkey, where Turkish National Forces will execute plans for receiving them. Turkish National Forces will also conduct operations with Hellenic Armed Forces and NATO air units, providing fighter-bomber and reconnaissance support throughout the area of operations. Highlights of the exercise in Turkish Thrace will be a multi-national amphibious landing on 25 September 1973 and a multinational airborne operation on 26 September 1973.
From 1967 the overall shape of AFSOUTH did not significantly change until the command was renamed in 2004. There were five principal subordinate commands (PSCs).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> The number rose to six when Greece was taking part in the military structure; Greece withdrew from the NATO military structure after the <a href="/facts/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus/Vp4xRPQd">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a> in 1974, and after some behind the scenes negotiating by NATO officials, returned in October 1980. Two land commands, Allied Land Forces Southern Europe and Allied Land Forces Southeastern Europe, were tasked to defend Italy and Turkey, respectively. Each was directly responsible to Commander-in-Chief, AFSOUTH, and supported by a tactical air force, Fifth Allied Tactical Air Force in Italy and Sixth Allied Tactical Air Force in Turkey. The two allied tactical air forces were under an overall air command, Allied Air Forces Southern Europe, headquartered at Naples in Italy under a <a href="/facts/United_States_Air_Force/7MxWBYlc">United States Air Force</a> officer, ComAirSouth, responsible himself to CinCAFSOUTH.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> ComAirSouth held the U.S. national appointment of Commander <a href="/facts/Sixteenth_Air_Force/Y2nMpl3f">Sixteenth Air Force</a> for a long period.
Due to political considerations, command of the naval forces in the region was split. <a href="/facts/Allied_Naval_Forces_Southern_Europe/U2mjKYVs">Allied Naval Forces Southern Europe</a>, at Naples, operated most of the NATO allies' naval forces in the Mediterranean under an Italian admiral. But due to the U.S. desire to retain control of their nuclear-armed naval forces,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> the <a href="/facts/United_States_Sixth_Fleet/I0cuovc0">United States Sixth Fleet</a> reported directly to CinCAFSOUTH, supported by a separate headquarters named <a href="/facts/Naval_Striking_and_Support_Forces_Southern_Europe/Vv6oMcPo">Naval Striking and Support Forces Southern Europe</a> (STRIKFORSOUTH).
The sixth command was an Allied command responsible for the land defence of Greece, named Allied Land Forces South-Central Europe or LANDSOUTHCENT. However, it is not certain whether it was ever actually operational, with the 1998/99 NATO Handbook listing it as 'yet to be activated.' Below these PSCs were smaller headquarters such as Maritime Air Forces, Mediterranean, at <a href="/facts/Sigonella/AWIdEukG">Sigonella</a>, Sicily, responsible for the coordination of the aerial anti-submarine effort, Submarine Forces, South,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> and the Naval On-Call Force Mediterranean, a multinational escort squadron activated at intervals.

<h3>Structure in 1989</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/Structure_of_the_Italian_Army_in_1989/L2IW3pIJ">Structure of the Italian Army in 1989</a>

At the end of the Cold War AFSOUTH consisted of the following commands:

<ul><li>Allied Forces Southern Europe (AFSOUTH), in <a href="/facts/Naples/SXrFcg2C">Naples</a>, <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Allied_Land_Forces_Southern_Europe/IVnUajVg">Allied Land Forces Southern Europe</a> (LANDSOUTH), in <a href="/facts/Verona/tquPI1yc">Verona</a>, Italy
<ul><li><a href="/facts/3rd_Army_Corps_(Italy)/s3Lh2qHw">3rd Italian Corps</a>, in <a href="/facts/Milan/0xrtbPdt">Milan</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/4th_Alpine_Army_Corps/Ym0xbfKV">4th Italian Alpine Corps</a>, in <a href="/facts/Bolzano/4dzTthN4">Bolzano</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/5th_Army_Corps_(Italy)/gTJTsKbR">5th Italian Corps</a>, in <a href="/facts/Vittorio_Veneto/LeSTlwI9">Vittorio Veneto</a></li>
<li>Earmarked Portuguese Mixed Brigade</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Allied_Land_Forces_South-Eastern_Europe/EkAQ0YF9">Allied Land Forces South-Eastern Europe</a> (LANDSOUTHEAST), in <a href="/facts/%C4%B0zmir/CUkMRT28">İzmir</a>, <a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/First_Army_(Turkey)/9GTQ6Ymb">1st Turkish Army</a>, in <a href="/facts/Istanbul/Xo1hzGWH">Istanbul</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Third_Army_(Turkey)/UIfYuY2V">3rd Turkish Army</a>, in <a href="/facts/Erzincan/Y9sbJ7A2">Erzincan</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/First_Army_(Greece)/BsAzETvm">Allied Land Forces South-Central Europe</a> (LANDSOUTHCENT) in <a href="/facts/Larissa/qtYRluUn">Larissa</a>, <a href="/facts/Greece/lqHw8bTB">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Allied_Air_Forces_Southern_Europe/MA6V4jNf">Allied Air Forces Southern Europe</a> (AIRSOUTH), in Naples, Italy
<ul><li>Fifth Allied Tactical Air Force (5 ATAF), in Vicenza, Italy</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Sixth_Allied_Tactical_Air_Force/EEpyyTNc">Sixth Allied Tactical Air Force</a> (6 ATAF), in İzmir, Turkey</li>
<li>Seventh Allied Tactical Air Force (7 ATAF) in Larissa, Greece, a planned command for the <a href="/facts/Hellenic_Air_Force/RBzpfCcE">Greek Air Force</a>, but never actually established</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Allied_Naval_Forces_Southern_Europe/U2mjKYVs">Allied Naval Forces Southern Europe</a> (NAVSOUTH), in Naples, Italy, with the following national commands:
<ul><li>Commander Gibraltar Mediterranean (COMGIBMED), in <a href="/facts/Gibraltar/ja2yukgq">Gibraltar</a>, under a <a href="/facts/Royal_Navy/Xdy8YCH7">Royal Navy</a> <a href="/facts/Rear_admiral_(Royal_Navy)/qyNlY43k">Rear Admiral</a>, who doubled as Commander <a href="/facts/British_Forces_Gibraltar/BEXchHtn">British Forces Gibraltar</a>. British plans, to Captain Peter Melson (RN)'s knowledge in 1990 "committed no forces to defence of the Strait, while Spain was willing to commit substantial elements of their ORBAT [order of battle, their armed forces]."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a></li>
<li>Commander Western Mediterranean (COMMEDWEST), under a <a href="/facts/French_Navy/hL9F15Wk">French Navy</a> admiral, until 1962 in <a href="/facts/Algiers/Cdk8BQl1">Algiers</a>, then <a href="/facts/Military_port_of_Toulon/Iyeej153">Toulon</a>, after France left NATO's integrated command structure in 1966 the command was absorbed by NAVSOUTH</li>
<li>Commander Central Mediterranean (COMEDCENT), in <a href="/facts/Naples/SXrFcg2C">Naples</a>, under an <a href="/facts/Italian_Navy/hFaazKk2">Italian Navy</a> admiral</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Hellenic_Navy_General_Staff/INBhdQnn">Commander Eastern Mediterranean</a> (COMEDEAST), in <a href="/facts/Athens/mBxlp8X1">Athens</a>, under a <a href="/facts/Hellenic_Navy/2L3DyrSm">Hellenic Navy</a> admiral</li>
<li>Commander South-Eastern Mediterranean (COMMEDSOUTHEAST), under a <a href="/facts/Royal_Navy/Xdy8YCH7">British admiral</a> in <a href="/facts/Malta/FsqM3M37">Malta</a>, after the disbanding of the <a href="/facts/Mediterranean_Fleet/E1a13yfL">Mediterranean Fleet</a>, the command was absorbed by NAVSOUTH</li>
<li>Commander North-eastern Mediterranean (COMEDNOREAST), in <a href="/facts/Ankara/llGIJ0vj">Ankara</a>, under a <a href="/facts/Turkish_Naval_Forces/DIbgnefr">Turkish Naval Forces</a> admiral (includes the <a href="/facts/Black_Sea/M0rLKvge">Black Sea</a>)</li>
<li>Commander Maritime Air Forces Mediterranean (COMMARAIRMED), at <a href="/facts/Naval_Air_Station_Sigonella/AWIdEukG">Naval Air Station Sigonella</a>, Italy, under Commander <a href="/facts/United_States_Navy/xYK0fUou">US Navy</a> Fleet Air Wing Mediterranean</li>
<li>Commander Submarines Mediterranean (COMSUBMED), in Naples, under Commander US Navy <a href="/facts/Submarine_Group_8/pr0P23F1">Submarine Group 8</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Naval Striking and Support Forces Southern Europe (<a href="/facts/Naval_Striking_and_Support_Forces_NATO/Vv6oMcPo">STRIKFORSOUTH</a>), in Naples, Italy, centered around the US Navy <a href="/facts/United_States_Sixth_Fleet/I0cuovc0">Sixth Fleet</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<h3>Post Cold War</h3>
From 1992 AFSOUTH was heavily involved in NATO operations in the Balkans, initially with NATO seaborne enforcement of a UN arms embargo, Operation 'Maritime Monitor,' which began in July 1992. This operation was fused with a similar <a href="/facts/Western_European_Union/KLtu7fbc">Western European Union</a> effort and thus became <a href="/facts/Operation_Sharp_Guard/zxwymyjn">Operation Sharp Guard</a> from July 1993. AFSOUTH also directed activities such as <a href="/facts/Operation_Deny_Flight/qYlmVwQY">Operation Deny Flight</a> from AIRSOUTH headquarters in Italy. Commander-in-Chief AFSOUTH directed the NATO peacekeeping missions in Bosnia & Hercegovina, <a href="/facts/IFOR/NdqC2cQH">IFOR</a> and <a href="/facts/SFOR/flfSuT2q">SFOR</a>, from December 1995. While technically in charge of <a href="/facts/Kosovo_Force/73LYIooD">KFOR</a> from mid-1999, General Sir <a href="/facts/Mike_Jackson_(British_Army_officer)/3uRYoxMM">Mike Jackson</a>'s autobiography, Soldier, indicates General <a href="/facts/Wesley_Clark/AkWTIn9B">Wesley Clark</a> at <a href="/facts/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe/NbaGtA8f">SHAPE</a> in Belgium directly supervised many of <a href="/facts/Kosovo_Force/73LYIooD">KFOR</a>'s activities, without going through AFSOUTH, at least during the <a href="/facts/Allied_Rapid_Reaction_Corps/7T16g0J7">Allied Rapid Reaction Corps</a>' tour as HQ KFOR in 1999.
Beginning 10 July 1951, Headquarters Allied Land Forces Southern Europe was responsible for defending the North-Eastern Italian sector in cooperation with other NATO nations. During the intervening 40 years, the HQ produced plans and studies to counter a potential invasion by the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. After 53 years in the city of Verona, what had become Joint Command South (JCS) closed its doors on 15 June 2004.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> Also closing was Joint Headquarters Southwest in Madrid and Joint Headquarters Southeast/Joint Command Southeast in Izmir.

<h3>Establishment as JFC Naples</h3>

The reorganisation of AFSOUTH as JFC Naples in 2004 was a part of <a href="/facts/NATO/dCeTddMY">NATO</a>’s transformation, initiated by the Prague summit of 2002, aimed at adapting the allied military structure to the operational challenges of coalition warfare, to face the emerging threats in the new millennium. The new NATO Command Structure is leaner and focused on conducting a much wider range of missions.
NHQ Sarajevo remains operational, as also NATO Headquarters Tirana, an outgrowth of the former <a href="/facts/Kosovo_Force/73LYIooD">Kosovo Force</a> (KFOR) Communications Zone West, originally established in 1999. Communication Zone West was retitled NHQ Tirana on 17 June 2002,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> and it now performs a Defence Reform and <a href="/facts/Security_Sector_Reform/635kn4yV">Security Sector Reform</a> advisory role, aiming to support the <a href="/facts/Albanian_Armed_Forces/EdKhrogU">Albanian Armed Forces</a>, now a member of <a href="/facts/NATO/dCeTddMY">NATO</a>.
In 2013 a further command structure reorganisation began to take effect. <a href="/facts/Allied_Maritime_Command_Naples/UVsmeYFI">Allied Maritime Command Naples</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> <a href="/facts/Allied_Air_Command_%C4%B0zmir/EbhTcKjs">Allied Air Command İzmir</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> and <a href="/facts/Allied_Force_Command_Madrid/mhCnVqSI">Allied Force Command Madrid</a> were all deactivated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>
From 2013 <a href="/facts/Allied_Command_Operations/dsCC93HM">Allied Command Operations</a> started directing the <a href="/facts/Allied_Joint_Force_Command_Brunssum/3uzEIg9C">Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum</a> and Allied Joint Force Command Naples, and three component commands, <a href="/facts/Allied_Air_Command/yTqy9Sw3">Allied Air Command</a> at Ramstein, Germany, <a href="/facts/Allied_Land_Command/EkAQ0YF9">Allied Land Command</a> at Izmir, Turkey, and <a href="/facts/Allied_Maritime_Command/CjEvwsu4">Allied Maritime Command</a> at Northwood, UK.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>
NATO and Romanian Ministry of Defense representatives activated the <a href="/facts/Headquarters_Multinational_Division_Southeast/YrJ3FCt2">Headquarters Multinational Division Southeast</a> (HQ MND-SE) headquarters in Bucharest, Romania, on December 1, 2015.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> The new HQ was activated as part of the Readiness Action Plan agreed at the 2014 Wales Summit. JFC Naples will serve as the operational control of MND-SE. The division HQ will be prepared to execute command and control over the NATO Force Integration Units in Romania and Bulgaria for a range of missions, which includes Article V operations based on NATO planning, when authorized by the North Atlantic Council and directed by the Supreme Allied Commander Europe.

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li>Chourchoulis, Dionysios (2014). The Southern Flank of NATO, 1951–1959: Military Strategy or Political Stabilization. Lanham, MD: <a href="/facts/Lexington_Books/NJNX9xwH">Lexington Books</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-73919-305-1.</li>
<li>Chourchoulis, Dionysios (2012). <a href="https://www.academia.edu/4680453">"A nominal defence? NATO threat perception and responses in the Balkan area, 1951–1967"</a>. <a href="/facts/Cold_War_History_(journal)/147s5Y9d">Cold War History</a>. 12 (4): 637–657. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14682745.2012.671297">10.1080/14682745.2012.671297</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153376367">153376367</a>.</li>
<li>Iatrides, John O. (2008). "Failed Rampart: NATO's Balkan Front". In Heiss, Mary Ann; Papacosma, S. Victor (eds.). NATO and the Warsaw Pact: Intrabloc Conflicts. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-61277-603-3.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Allied Joint Force Command Naples.

<ul><li><a href="https://jfcnaples.nato.int/">Official website</a> </li></ul>
<a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Allied_Joint_Force_Command_Naples¶ms=40_55_49.4_N_14_02_48.2_E_region:IT-72_type:landmark_source:dewiki">40°55′49.4″N 14°02′48.2″E / 40.930389°N 14.046722°E / 40.930389; 14.046722</a>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Veltri, Franco (April 2004). "AFSOUTH 1951–2004: Over Fifty Years Working for Peace and Stability". AFSOUTH. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013004000/http://www.afsouth.nato.int/archives/history.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20071013004000/http://www.afsouth.nato.int/archives/history.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University (1997). Allied Command Structures in the New NATO. Darby, PA: DIANE Publishing (originally DOD). p. 18. ISBN 978-1-42898-133-1. <a href="978-1-42898-133-1" target="_blank">978-1-42898-133-1</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Wragg, David W. (1973). A Dictionary of Aviation (first ed.). Osprey. p. 11. ISBN 9780850451634. <a href="9780850451634" target="_blank">9780850451634</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"Allied Joint Force Command Naples Factsheet". Joint Force Command Naples. Archived from the original on 5 June 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080605232159/http://www.afsouth.nato.int/JFCN_Factsheets/JFC_Naples.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080605232159/http://www.afsouth.nato.int/JFCN_Factsheets/JFC_Naples.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"JFC Naples Fact sheet". AFSOUTH. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927185959/http://www.afsouth.nato.int/JFCN_Factsheets/JFC_Naples_history.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110927185959/http://www.afsouth.nato.int/JFCN_Factsheets/JFC_Naples_history.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Pedlow, Gregory W. (2009). "The Evolution of NATO's Command Structure, 1951-2009" (PDF). Allied Command Operation (ACO). NATO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-01. Retrieved 2010-08-01. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160301003107/http://www.shape.nato.int/resources/21/evolution%20of%20nato%20cmd%20structure%201951-2009.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160301003107/http://www.shape.nato.int/resources/21/evolution%20of%20nato%20cmd%20structure%201951-2009.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Pedlow, Gregory W. (2009). "The Evolution of NATO's Command Structure, 1951-2009" (PDF). Allied Command Operation (ACO). NATO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-01. Retrieved 2010-08-01. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160301003107/http://www.shape.nato.int/resources/21/evolution%20of%20nato%20cmd%20structure%201951-2009.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160301003107/http://www.shape.nato.int/resources/21/evolution%20of%20nato%20cmd%20structure%201951-2009.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Ismay, Lord (1954). "Chapter 7: The Military Structure". NATO: The First Five Years 1949-1954. NATO. Archived from the original on 10 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-03. <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Ismay,_1st_Baron_Ismay" target="_blank">/wiki/Hastings_Ismay,_1st_Baron_Ismay</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">"Greece & Turkey Enter the Alliance". Allied Joint Force Command Naples. Archived from the original on 2015-03-06. Retrieved 2015-03-03. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150306072844/http://www.jfcnaples.nato.int/page11702920.aspx" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150306072844/http://www.jfcnaples.nato.int/page11702920.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">"Greece & Turkey Enter the Alliance". Allied Joint Force Command Naples. Archived from the original on 2015-03-06. Retrieved 2015-03-03. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150306072844/http://www.jfcnaples.nato.int/page11702920.aspx" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150306072844/http://www.jfcnaples.nato.int/page11702920.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Ismay, Lord (1954). "Chapter 7: The Military Structure". NATO: The First Five Years 1949-1954. NATO. Archived from the original on 10 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-03. <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Ismay,_1st_Baron_Ismay" target="_blank">/wiki/Hastings_Ismay,_1st_Baron_Ismay</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">"The NATO Exercises, Part 1". Flight. September 26, 1952. pp. 402–404. <a href="/wiki/Flight_International" target="_blank">/wiki/Flight_International</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">"U.S. Navymen Work on NATO Team" (PDF). All Hands. No. 427. Washington, DC: BUPERS. September 1952. pp. 31–35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-11-15. Retrieved 2010-03-02. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041115113343/http://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/ah195209.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20041115113343/http://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/ah195209.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"A Big Step Forward: Operation Longstep" (PDF). All Hands. No. 431. Washington, DC: BUPERS. January 1953. pp. 20–21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-11-20. Retrieved 2011-06-21. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041120201907/http://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/ah195301.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20041120201907/http://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/ah195301.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Ismay, Lord (1954). "Chapter 9: The Increase in Strength". NATO: The First Five Years 1949-1954. NATO. Archived from the original on 10 November 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-03. <a href="http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/9.htm" target="_blank">http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/9.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Ismay, Lord (1954). "Chapter 9: The Increase in Strength". NATO: The First Five Years 1949-1954. NATO. Archived from the original on 10 November 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-03. <a href="http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/9.htm" target="_blank">http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/9.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Veltri, Franco (April 2004). "AFSOUTH 1951–2004: Over Fifty Years Working for Peace and Stability". AFSOUTH. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013004000/http://www.afsouth.nato.int/archives/history.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20071013004000/http://www.afsouth.nato.int/archives/history.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"America (III)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Archived from the original on August 15, 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070815111157/http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/a8/america-iii.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070815111157/http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/a8/america-iii.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">NATO Handbook (50th Anniversary ed.). Brussels: NATO Office of Information and Press. November 1999. p. 252. ISBN 978-9-28450-109-0. and The Military Balance, 1975-76. London, UK: International Institute for Strategic Studies. 1975. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-0-90049-284-6. <a href="978-9-28450-109-0978-0-90049-284-6" target="_blank">978-9-28450-109-0978-0-90049-284-6</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Operation Deny Flight was directed by Allied Forces Southern Europe (AFSOUTH) in Naples, under the command of the Commander-in-Chief of Allied Forces Southern Europe. Smith and Boorda, however, delegated day-to-day authority to Allied Air Forces Southern Europe (AIRSOUTH) commanded by Lieutenant General Joseph W. Ashy (until 1994) and then Lt. Gen Michael Ryan. While AIRSOUTH maintained day-to-day command, "mission tasking and operational control" were delegated to the commander of the NATO Fifth Allied Tactical Air Force (5ATAF). <a href="/wiki/Operation_Deny_Flight" target="_blank">/wiki/Operation_Deny_Flight</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Maloney, Sean M. (1992). 'To Secure Command of the Sea': NATO Command Organization and Naval Planning for the Cold War, 1945-1954 (MA). University of New Brunswick. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"Commander Submarine Group 8". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 14 June 2014. <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/navy/subgru8.htm" target="_blank">http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/navy/subgru8.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Peter Melson (2014). "NATO in Transition: Five Years in SHAPE 1989 to 1994". The Naval Review: 161. <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"Previous Commands". Allied Joint Force Command Naples. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-06-14. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204841/http://www.jfcnaples.nato.int/page87231614.aspx" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204841/http://www.jfcnaples.nato.int/page87231614.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">"Factsheet: NHQT Mission". Allied Forces Southern Europe. Archived from the original on 2009-04-12. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090412213349/http://www.afsouth.nato.int/NHQT/Factsheets/Factsheet_NHQTmission.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090412213349/http://www.afsouth.nato.int/NHQT/Factsheets/Factsheet_NHQTmission.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">"Deactivation ceremony of Allied Maritime Command Naples". Headquarters Allied Joint Force Command Naples. 27 March 2013. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164459/http://www.jfcnaples.nato.int/page11122031/2013/deactivation-ceremony-of-allied-maritime-command-naples.aspx" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164459/http://www.jfcnaples.nato.int/page11122031/2013/deactivation-ceremony-of-allied-maritime-command-naples.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">"NATO deactivates Allied Air Command Izmir". NATO. 22 May 2013. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154929/http://www.jfcnaples.nato.int/page11122031/2013/nato-deactivates-allied-air-command-izmir-headquarters--turkey.aspx" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154929/http://www.jfcnaples.nato.int/page11122031/2013/nato-deactivates-allied-air-command-izmir-headquarters--turkey.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">"NATO's Allied Force Command Madrid deactivated". Allied Command Operations NATO. 13 June 2013. Archived from the original on 15 June 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014. <a href="https://archive.today/20140615102700/http://www.aco.nato.int/natos-allied-force-command-madrid-deactivated.aspx" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20140615102700/http://www.aco.nato.int/natos-allied-force-command-madrid-deactivated.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">"Structure". Allied Command Operations NATO. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201004843/http://www.aco.nato.int/structure.aspx" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140201004843/http://www.aco.nato.int/structure.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Nissen, Kay (1 December 2015). "NATO activates new Multinational Division Southeast headquarters in Bucharest". DVIDS. <a href="https://www.dvidshub.net/news/183159/nato-activates-new-multinational-division-southeast-headquarters-bucharest#.Vl9WT79rMSF" target="_blank">https://www.dvidshub.net/news/183159/nato-activates-new-multinational-division-southeast-headquarters-bucharest#.Vl9WT79rMSF</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">"NATO activates new Multinational Division Southeast headquarters in Bucharest". NATO. 1 December 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2017. <a href="http://www.nato.int/cps/in/natohq/news_125356.htm?selectedLocale=en" target="_blank">http://www.nato.int/cps/in/natohq/news_125356.htm?selectedLocale=en</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Allied Joint Force Command Naples open-in-new

Allied Joint Force Command Naples