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Chalconatronite
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<h2 id="bronze-disease">Bronze Disease</h2> <p>Most chalconatronite formed on bronze and silver that have been treated with either <a href="/facts/Sodium_sesquicarbonate/318FP3d5">sodium sesquicarbonate</a> or <a href="/facts/Sodium_cyanide/CQfl206o">sodium cyanide</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> to prevent <a href="/facts/Bronze_disease/njwz7aIl">corrosion</a> and <a href="/facts/Bronze_disease/njwz7aIl">bronze disease</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> The mineral has also been proven to form on the surface of copper artifacts after being treated with aqueous <a href="/facts/Sodium_carbonate/P6RHvIoK">sodium carbonate</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> This formation by using sodium sesquicarbonate is undesirable by many antique collectors, as the mineral changes the patinas of copper artifacts. When the mineral forms, it can replace copper salts within the patina, and turn the color from a rich green to a blue-green or even black.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="historical-occurrence">Historical Occurrence</h2> <p>The mineral was recorded in 1955 on three bronze artifacts from <a href="/facts/Ancient_Egypt/BDsEGK4g">ancient Egypt</a>, which were being held in the <a href="/facts/Fogg_Art_Museum/EkcUA3h1">Fogg Art Museum</a> at <a href="/facts/Harvard_University/Lhy9L1cx">Harvard</a>. Chalconatronite was found inside of two bronze figures (one depicting a seated <a href="/facts/Sekhmet/W3MulNar">Sekhmet</a>, and another one depicting a group of cats and kittens<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a>) from around the late <a href="/facts/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt/53Y1YQfB">Nubian Dynasty</a> or early <a href="/facts/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt/7PPYC65S">Saite Period</a>. Another chalconatronite specimen was found under a bronze censer from the late <a href="/facts/Coptic_period/nq2hGTBV">Coptic Period</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> The chalconatronite found on the censer formed over <a href="/facts/Cuprite/WdFFUXo2">cuprite</a> and some <a href="/facts/Atacamite/G0UE1crT">atacamite</a> crystals, which are associated minerals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>Chalconatronite was also found on <a href="/facts/Iron/QK1JYy8E">iron</a> and copper <a href="/facts/Ancient_Roman_military_clothing/wFsJDlrX">Roman armor</a> in 1982 at a site in <a href="/facts/Chester/Ed9BmDyY">Chester, England</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Some of the mineral was found on a copper pin in <a href="/facts/St_Mark%27s_Basilica/RrGlpbWt">St. Mark's Basilica</a>, <a href="/facts/Venice/Xzc2uVDg">Venice</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> and in two different <a href="/facts/Maya_civilization/JMynpRSR">Mayan</a> paintings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Along with <a href="/facts/Pseudomalachite/wJ9HlMX8">pseudomalachite</a>, chalconatronite was found on an <a href="/facts/Illuminated_manuscript/4IPxhUdM">illuminated manuscript</a> from the sixteenth century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Synthetic chalconatronite could have possibly been made in <a href="/facts/Ancient_China/TNqRSvQ4">ancient China</a> as a form of <a href="/facts/Pigment/I3clCYkF">pigment</a>, named "synthetic malachite". It was made by taking <a href="/facts/Patina/IVQsrSMM">copper oxide</a> and boiling it with <a href="/facts/Alum/ULAn0XRB">white alum</a> in a "sufficient amount of water". After the result is cooled, a <a href="/facts/Natron/1lm9rD1y">natron</a> solution would be added to <a href="/facts/Precipitation_(chemistry)/s3BgsLLY">precipitate</a> a synthetic form of chalconatronite, as sodium copper carbonate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Atacamite/G0UE1crT">Atacamite</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cuprite/WdFFUXo2">Cuprite</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Patina/IVQsrSMM">Patina</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Botallackite/y8TKhEtk">Botallackite</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bronze_disease/njwz7aIl">Bronze disease</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Chalconatronite: Chalconatronite mineral information and data". www.mindat.org. Retrieved 2017-06-16. <a href="https://www.mindat.org/min-954.html" target="_blank">https://www.mindat.org/min-954.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Gettens, R. J.; Frondel, C. (1955). "Chalconatronite: An Alteration Product on Some Ancient Egyptian Bronzes". Studies in Conservation. 2 (2): 64–75. doi:10.2307/1504919. JSTOR 1504919. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Barthelmy, Dave. "Chalconatronite Mineral Data". www.webmineral.com. Retrieved 2017-06-16. <a href="http://www.webmineral.com/data/Chalconatronite.shtml" target="_blank">http://www.webmineral.com/data/Chalconatronite.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Frondel, Clifford; Gettens, Rutherford J. (1955-07-08). "Chalconatronite, a New Mineral from Egypt". Science. 122 (3158): 75–76. Bibcode:1955Sci...122...75F. doi:10.1126/science.122.3158.75. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17748802. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Franke, Walter; Mircea, Magda (2005-06-01). "Plutarch's Report on the Blue Patina of Bronze Statues at Delphi: A Scientific Explanation". Journal of the American Institute for Conservation. 44 (2): 103–116. doi:10.1179/019713605806082356. S2CID 192001746. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272309645" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272309645</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Gettens, R. J.; Frondel, C. (1955). "Chalconatronite: An Alteration Product on Some Ancient Egyptian Bronzes". Studies in Conservation. 2 (2): 64–75. doi:10.2307/1504919. JSTOR 1504919. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Eastaugh, Nicholas (2008). Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary and Optical Microscopy of Historical Pigments. Routledge. ISBN 9780750689809. <a href="9780750689809" target="_blank">9780750689809</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Deremo Mine (Deremo - Snyder Mine; Deremo Shafts; Snyder Shaft), Slick Rock District, San Miguel Co., Colorado, USA". www.mindat.org. Retrieved 2018-01-24. <a href="https://www.mindat.org/loc-10556.html" target="_blank">https://www.mindat.org/loc-10556.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Chalconatronite - CAMEO". cameo.mfa.org. Retrieved 2017-06-17. <a href="http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Chalconatronite" target="_blank">http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Chalconatronite</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Horie, C. V.; Vint, J. A. (1982). "Chalconatronite: a by-product of conservation?". Studies in Conservation. 27 (4): 185–186. doi:10.1179/sic.1982.27.4.185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Chalconatronite: Chalconatronite mineral information and data". www.mindat.org. Retrieved 2017-06-16. <a href="https://www.mindat.org/min-954.html" target="_blank">https://www.mindat.org/min-954.html</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Horie, C. V.; Vint, J. A. (1982). "Chalconatronite: a by-product of conservation?". Studies in Conservation. 27 (4): 185–186. doi:10.1179/sic.1982.27.4.185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Gettens, R. J.; Frondel, C. (1955). "Chalconatronite: An Alteration Product on Some Ancient Egyptian Bronzes". Studies in Conservation. 2 (2): 64–75. doi:10.2307/1504919. JSTOR 1504919. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Scott, David A. (2002). Copper and Bronze in Art: Corrosion, Colorants, Conservation. Getty Publications. ISBN 9780892366385. <a href="9780892366385" target="_blank">9780892366385</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Gettens, R. J.; Frondel, C. (1955). "Chalconatronite: An Alteration Product on Some Ancient Egyptian Bronzes". Studies in Conservation. 2 (2): 64–75. doi:10.2307/1504919. JSTOR 1504919. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Gettens, R. J.; Frondel, C. (1955). "Chalconatronite: An Alteration Product on Some Ancient Egyptian Bronzes". Studies in Conservation. 2 (2): 64–75. doi:10.2307/1504919. JSTOR 1504919. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Scott, David A. (2002). Copper and Bronze in Art: Corrosion, Colorants, Conservation. Getty Publications. ISBN 9780892366385. <a href="9780892366385" target="_blank">9780892366385</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Frondel, Clifford; Gettens, Rutherford J. (1955-07-08). "Chalconatronite, a New Mineral from Egypt". Science. 122 (3158): 75–76. Bibcode:1955Sci...122...75F. doi:10.1126/science.122.3158.75. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17748802. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Scott, David A. (2002). Copper and Bronze in Art: Corrosion, Colorants, Conservation. Getty Publications. ISBN 9780892366385. <a href="9780892366385" target="_blank">9780892366385</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>E.E., Staffeldt; Andrea, Paleni (1978). "Chalconatronite, a new mineral from St, Mark's Basilica in Venice: alteration of a copper pin fitted on a lead ingot". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)[permanent dead link] <a href="http://www.bcin.ca/Interface/openbcin.cgi?submit=submit&Chinkey=10291" target="_blank">http://www.bcin.ca/Interface/openbcin.cgi?submit=submit&Chinkey=10291</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Eastaugh, Nicholas (2008). Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary and Optical Microscopy of Historical Pigments. Routledge. ISBN 9780750689809. <a href="9780750689809" target="_blank">9780750689809</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Eastaugh, Nicholas (2008). Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary and Optical Microscopy of Historical Pigments. Routledge. ISBN 9780750689809. <a href="9780750689809" target="_blank">9780750689809</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Eastaugh, Nicholas (2008). Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary and Optical Microscopy of Historical Pigments. Routledge. ISBN 9780750689809. <a href="9780750689809" target="_blank">9780750689809</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Scott, David A. (2002). Copper and Bronze in Art: Corrosion, Colorants, Conservation. Getty Publications. ISBN 9780892366385. <a href="9780892366385" target="_blank">9780892366385</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>