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Common-interest development
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<h2 id="benefits">Benefits</h2> <p>A CID's ownership benefits are having rights to an undivided interest in common areas and amenities that might prove to be too expensive to be solely owned. For example, an owner would like to have a pool but cannot afford one. When buying a <a href="/facts/Condominium/UN3Wapsv">condominium</a> with a pool in a CID of one hundred units, an owner would have use of that pool for basically one-hundredth of the cost due to sharing the cost with the other 99 owners.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Timeshare/gScNWStu">Timeshare</a>, or vacation ownership, is the same concept. Buying a second home for vacation purposes might not be financially possible; buying a week or two can be when sharing the overall costs with other participants. </p><p>Within the United States, when a CID is developed, the developer is required to incorporate (in a form) a <a href="/facts/Homeowner_association/syQRXMMz">homeowner association</a> (HOA) prior to any property sales. The role of the HOA is to manage the CID once the control is transferred from the developer. The HOA governs the CID based upon the incorporated <a href="/facts/Restrictive_covenant/SCN0IHBS">covenants, conditions, and restrictions</a> (CC&Rs) which were recorded when the property was subdivided. The CC&Rs will outline the financial <a href="/facts/Budgeting/5wR3hBvM">budgeting</a> guideline for the HOA in determining the dollar amount in maintenance fees for assessing the owners. In a wholly owned CID, maintenance fees would normally be assessed on a monthly basis. </p> <h2 id="growth">Growth</h2> <p>The following table shows the spread of Common Interest Developments in the United States. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="4">Spread of Common Interest Developments<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></th></tr><tr><th></th><th>CIDS</th><th>Housing Units (in millions)</th><th>Residents (in millions)</th></tr><tr><th>1970</th><td>10,000</td><td>0.7</td><td>2.1</td></tr><tr><th>1980</th><td>36,000</td><td>3.6</td><td>9.6</td></tr><tr><th>1990</th><td>130,000</td><td>11.6</td><td>29.6</td></tr><tr><th>2000</th><td>222,500</td><td>17.8</td><td>45.2</td></tr><tr><th>2010</th><td>311,600</td><td>24.8</td><td>62.0</td></tr><tr><th>2017</th><td>344,500</td><td>26.6</td><td>70.0</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to the <a href="/facts/Community_Associations_Institute/FXeAlXt2">Community Associations Institute</a>, between 22 and 24 percent of the entire <a href="/facts/Demographics_of_the_United_States/6u0gImvp">U.S. population</a> in 2017 lived in community associations. The two leading states with CIDs are <a href="/facts/California/zLW2vdQJ">California</a>, where around 9,327,000 people lived in a CID, and <a href="/facts/Florida/cF245A3Q">Florida</a>, where about 9,753,000 lived in a Community Interest Development.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="criticisms">Criticisms</h2> <p>In his 2019 Devane Lecture series at <a href="/facts/Yale_University/KUdS6jt1">Yale University</a>, Professor <a href="/facts/Ian_Shapiro/C3H3onGa">Ian Shapiro</a> identified three primary threats to <a href="/facts/American_democracy/huMQkzQD">American democracy</a> posed by the spread of CIDs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h3>Undemocratic boards</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Homeowner_association/syQRXMMz">CID Boards</a> are often undemocratic. HOA board members are selected prior to the construction of the development and are only very rarely elected to their positions. However, in their communities, they take on the responsibilities and functions of <a href="/facts/Local_government/I9QYqnWI">municipal government</a> officials.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h3>Effects on homelessness</h3> <p>"As seen in <a href="/facts/Albert_O._Hirschman/3qM9ekkN">Albert O. Hirschman's</a> <i><a href="/facts/Exit,_Voice,_and_Loyalty/CTFDMaaN">Exit, Voice, and Loyalty</a></i>, there are problems here about <i>entry</i>, because if all of the housing in parts of the country are built in these developments and can pick [the type of consumers they will] serve, what about <a href="/facts/Homeless_people/uqVV2c5R">homeless people</a>? Where are homeless people going to wind up? They're going to wind up on the streets of <a href="/facts/Homelessness_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area/w5uPQcfl">San Francisco</a> or somewhere like that. Because if you want to buy into one of these residences, they don't want you unless they can ensure you can pay. You're going to go through <a href="/facts/Tenant_screening/9vfcSq5V">financial screening</a>. You're going to have to prove you can afford to live in the place. People who can't are going to wind up not getting served. If you try to do housing through this type of <a href="/facts/Real_estate_economics/I8plHkMh">market</a>, there's going to be a <a href="/facts/Market_failure/S8CGBAPk">market failure</a> that's probably going to be quite costly for governments."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h3>Segmented democracy</h3> <p>"<a href="/facts/Douglas_W._Rae/Vyfn2YBs">Douglas W. Rae</a> has an essay titled <i>Democratic Liberty and the Tyrannies of Place,</i> which points to the fact that we're becoming an increasingly segmented democracy. That is, people tend to spend time around people that are like themselves. Of course, CIDs greatly facilitate that because people will sort by income or go to the ones in Florida, often by <a href="/facts/Ethnic_group/XSp5l24t">ethnic group</a> - into these relatively <a href="/facts/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States/sMQwaVK7">homogenous</a> certainly financially homogenous, groups. We know from <a href="/facts/Cass_R._Sunstein/XjJGHQzs">Cass R. Sunstein</a> that like-minded people, if they talk to one another, tend to become more <a href="/facts/Extremism/2AgIalFJ">extreme</a>. So if we get an increasingly segmented democracy of people only hanging around people who look and talk like themselves, this will reinforce a lot of the divisions contributing to the <a href="/facts/Political_polarization/fYgdHgh7">polarization</a> of the electorate. This reinforces the "out of sight, out of mind" mentality about people not like themselves."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Living in a California Common Interest Development". State of California Department of Real Estate. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2010-10-04. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721033635/http://www.dre.cahwnet.gov/pub_re39.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110721033635/http://www.dre.cahwnet.gov/pub_re39.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>McKenzie, Evan (1994). Privatopia: Homeowner Associations and the Rise of Residential Private Governments. Yale University Press. pp. 7. ISBN 0-300-06638-4. <a href="0-300-06638-4" target="_blank">0-300-06638-4</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"The Role of Coliving in a Socially Distanced World". Retrieved 2023-12-16. <a href="https://sharedeasy.club/the-role-of-coliving-in-a-socially-distanced-world/" target="_blank">https://sharedeasy.club/the-role-of-coliving-in-a-socially-distanced-world/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Common Interest Development (CID)". Adams-Stirling Law Corporation. Retrieved 5 June 2020. <a href="https://www.davis-stirling.com/HOME/CID-Defined" target="_blank">https://www.davis-stirling.com/HOME/CID-Defined</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Ayala, Jonathan (2024-09-24). "How Does Fractional Ownership Of A Condo Work?". Retrieved 2024-09-23. <a href="https://hudsoncondos.com/how-does-fractional-ownership-of-a-condo-work/" target="_blank">https://hudsoncondos.com/how-does-fractional-ownership-of-a-condo-work/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"U.S. community associations, housing units, and residents" (PDF). CAI. Community Associations Institute. Retrieved 25 April 2020. <a href="https://foundation.caionline.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/2017StatsReview.pdf" target="_blank">https://foundation.caionline.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/2017StatsReview.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"U.S. community associations, housing units, and residents" (PDF). CAI. Community Associations Institute. Retrieved 25 April 2020. <a href="https://foundation.caionline.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/2017StatsReview.pdf" target="_blank">https://foundation.caionline.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/2017StatsReview.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Shapiro, Ian. "Lecture 8: Privatizing Government I: Utilities, Eminent Domain, and Local Government". Yale Broadcast Studio. Yale University. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 25 April 2020. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dULs7w8b-0&list=PLh9mgdi4rNeyViG2ar68jkgEi4y6doNZy&index=8" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dULs7w8b-0&list=PLh9mgdi4rNeyViG2ar68jkgEi4y6doNZy&index=8</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Shapiro, Ian. "Lecture 8: Privatizing Government I: Utilities, Eminent Domain, and Local Government". Yale Broadcast Studio. Yale University. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 25 April 2020. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dULs7w8b-0&list=PLh9mgdi4rNeyViG2ar68jkgEi4y6doNZy&index=8" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dULs7w8b-0&list=PLh9mgdi4rNeyViG2ar68jkgEi4y6doNZy&index=8</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Shapiro, Ian. "Lecture 8: Privatizing Government I: Utilities, Eminent Domain, and Local Government". Yale Broadcast Studio. Yale University. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 25 April 2020. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dULs7w8b-0&list=PLh9mgdi4rNeyViG2ar68jkgEi4y6doNZy&index=8" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dULs7w8b-0&list=PLh9mgdi4rNeyViG2ar68jkgEi4y6doNZy&index=8</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Shapiro, Ian. "Lecture 8: Privatizing Government I: Utilities, Eminent Domain, and Local Government". Yale Broadcast Studio. Yale University. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 25 April 2020. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dULs7w8b-0&list=PLh9mgdi4rNeyViG2ar68jkgEi4y6doNZy&index=8" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dULs7w8b-0&list=PLh9mgdi4rNeyViG2ar68jkgEi4y6doNZy&index=8</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>