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IARC group 1
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<h2 id="agents">Agents</h2> <h3>Infectious conditions</h3> <h4>Viruses</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Human_immunodeficiency_virus/ulY2rgzu">Human immunodeficiency virus</a> type 1 (infection with)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_1/ups6exft">Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Human_papillomavirus/7XW8mjG2">Human papillomavirus</a> types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hepatitis_B_virus/vk2qncf2">Hepatitis B virus</a> (chronic infection with)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hepatitis_C_virus/DFUwAzlB">Hepatitis C virus</a> (chronic infection with)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma-associated_herpesvirus/uP1fKRnI">Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus/Uv8f1PNd">Epstein–Barr virus</a></li></ul> <h4>Bacterium</h4> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Helicobacter_pylori/9q4H68LP">Helicobacter pylori</a></i> (infection with)</li></ul> <h4>Worms</h4> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Clonorchis_sinensis/YFc6cj7C">Clonorchis sinensis</a></i> (infection with)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Opisthorchis_viverrini/Y530lW7H">Opisthorchis viverrini</a></i> (infection with)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Schistosoma_haematobium/XN3QgYbC">Schistosoma haematobium</a></i> (infection with)</li></ul> <h3>Chemical substances</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Acetaldehyde/QllLbSUe">Acetaldehyde</a> associated with consumption of <a href="/facts/Alcoholic_beverages/HSHVWBtX">alcoholic beverages</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Acrylonitrile/zvhfg050">Acrylonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Aflatoxin/EUu21Ywp">Aflatoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/4-Aminobiphenyl/m9j6VGwe">4-Aminobiphenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Aristolochic_acid/Lqg0aW1x">Aristolochic acids</a>, and plants containing them</li> <li><a href="/facts/Arsenic/k1c4f44D">Arsenic</a> and inorganic <a href="/facts/Inorganic_compounds_by_element/7EYjC7Xe">arsenic compounds</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Asbestos/dEnjQyee">Asbestos</a> (all forms, including <a href="/facts/Actinolite/Xql9k08e">actinolite</a>, <a href="/facts/Amosite/4uRhDYac">amosite</a>, <a href="/facts/Anthophyllite/cIzjDxmN">anthophyllite</a>, <a href="/facts/Chrysotile/paDBHhKb">chrysotile</a>, <a href="/facts/Crocidolite/TzmEjq7r">crocidolite</a>, <a href="/facts/Tremolite/CKw7qT2g">tremolite</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Azathioprine/CmeIK3ca">Azathioprine</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Benzene/Fguue7nr">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Benzidine/GWJseNTm">Benzidine</a>, and <a href="/facts/Dyes/a1NSlcsG">dyes</a> metabolized to</li> <li><a href="/facts/Benzo(a)pyrene/44vgzew5">Benzo[<i>a</i>]pyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Beryllium/dv295voP">Beryllium</a> and <a href="/facts/Inorganic_compounds_by_element/7EYjC7Xe">beryllium compounds</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1,3-Butadiene/j9W2LxGv">1,3-Butadiene</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1,4-Butanediol_dimethanesulfonate/M0vX7TdQ">1,4-Butanediol dimethanesulfonate</a> (Busulphan, Myleran)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Cadmium/wXkV2eIX">Cadmium</a> and <a href="/facts/Inorganic_compounds_by_element/7EYjC7Xe">cadmium compounds</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chlornapazine/ktYJl5mk">Chlornapazine</a> (<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-naphthylamine)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Chlorambucil/QrLRYQ1L">Chlorambucil</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bis(chloromethyl)ether/qjXtKNSp">Bis(chloromethyl)ether</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chloromethyl_methyl_ether/3mk4nUkr">Chloromethyl methyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chromium(VI)/lLgEDVPl">Chromium(VI)</a> (<a href="/facts/Hexavalent_chromium/lLgEDVPl">Hexavalent chromium</a>) compounds<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ciclosporin/tcIToHvK">Ciclosporin</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cyclophosphamide/eTXHmLFV">Cyclophosphamide</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1,2-Dichloropropane/SEMtLURR">1,2-Dichloropropane</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Diethylstilboestrol/0kPqaIex">Diethylstilboestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Erionite/H69RTE6T">Erionite</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ethanol/3lCLfBSP">Ethanol</a> in <a href="/facts/Alcoholic_beverages/HSHVWBtX">alcoholic beverages</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ethylene_oxide/4WDVKX2r">Ethylene oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Etoposide/5t08BsIE">Etoposide</a> alone, and in combination with <a href="/facts/Cisplatin/eXLc7Fzw">cisplatin</a> and <a href="/facts/Bleomycin/rKU5TF7C">bleomycin</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fluoro-edenite/VbVYSY3A">Fluoro-edenite fibrous amphibole</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Formaldehyde/Ck8RLfqk">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gallium_arsenide/BakLFjpp">Gallium arsenide</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lindane/cPQMjec7">Lindane</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Melphalan/Ryaed2Vg">Melphalan</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Methoxsalen/XGEzpt3M">Methoxsalen</a> (8-Methoxypsoralen) plus ultraviolet A radiation</li> <li><a href="/facts/4,4%27-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline)/CAMhmoPk">4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline)</a> (MOCA)</li> <li><a href="/facts/MOPP_(medicine)/V98Vmgs2">MOPP</a> and other combined chemotherapy including <a href="/facts/Alkylating_agent/1rd5SNbt">alkylating agents</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mustard_gas/e3qWU2Qp">Mustard gas</a> (Sulfur mustard)</li> <li><a href="/facts/2-Naphthylamine/cTulJDPJ">2-Naphthylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nickel/KwMCHYRP">Nickel compounds</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone/0WBRjd2M">4-(<i>N</i>-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone</a> (NNK)</li> <li><a href="/facts/N-Nitrosonornicotine/aY85uW7p"><i>N</i>-Nitrosonornicotine</a> (NNN)</li> <li><a href="/facts/2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran/s809KmpN">2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/3,4,5,3%E2%80%99,4%E2%80%99-Pentachlorobiphenyl/R3sC5PEf">3,4,5,3’,4’-Pentachlorobiphenyl</a> (PCB-126)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Pentachlorophenol/494cEdGh">Pentachlorophenol</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Perfluorooctanoic_acid/My764IGA">Perfluorooctanoic acid</a> (PFOA), evaluated 2023</li> <li><a href="/facts/Polychlorinated_biphenyls/R3sC5PEf">Polychlorinated biphenyls</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Semustine/DmDtEVLG">Semustine</a> [1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea, Methyl-CCNU]</li> <li><a href="/facts/Silica/A3WILp6J">Silica</a> <a href="/facts/Dust/vaNKP8wk">dust</a>, <a href="/facts/Crystalline/e2R2mk3E">crystalline</a>, in the form of <a href="/facts/Quartz/4n86tE2G">quartz</a> or <a href="/facts/Cristobalite/r1rQss4r">cristobalite</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tamoxifen/oHU8n7ch">Tamoxifen</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin/zSHhaM73">2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-<i>p</i>-dioxin</a> (TCDD)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Thiotepa/4CQk3lR7">Thiotepa</a> (1,1',1"-Phosphinothioylidynetrisaziridine)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Treosulfan/jduQwdkC">Treosulfan</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Trichloroethylene/VrhHehsC">Trichloroethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/O-Toluidine/PCoreAQE">o-Toluidine</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Vinyl_chloride/UNGUdwTK">Vinyl chloride</a></li></ul> <h3>Radiations and physical agents thereof</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Ionizing_radiation/vw0d9GaT">Ionizing radiation</a> (all types)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Neutron_radiation/LVJhCcwL">Neutron radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Phosphorus/27xCeIqs">Phosphorus</a>-32, as phosphate</li> <li><a href="/facts/Plutonium/4bUw9zH3">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Isotopes_of_iodine/HxgH1yJD">Radioiodines</a>, including <a href="/facts/Iodine-131/cMvRbKfK">iodine-131</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nuclear_fission_products/xJd9MXXH">Nuclear fission products</a>, including <a href="/facts/Strontium-90/VJNoC5eR">strontium-90</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Radionuclide/5WpCfbdq">Radionuclides</a>, α-particle-emitting, internally deposited<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Radionuclide/5WpCfbdq">Radionuclides</a>, β-particle-emitting, internally deposited<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Radium-224/T0SlGtRH">Radium-224</a> and its decay products</li> <li><a href="/facts/Radium-226/T0SlGtRH">Radium-226</a> and its decay products</li> <li><a href="/facts/Radium-228/T0SlGtRH">Radium-228</a> and its decay products</li> <li><a href="/facts/Radon-222/FTWdEQn0">Radon-222</a> and its decay products</li> <li><a href="/facts/Solar_radiation/SI26I7aD">Solar radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Thorium-232/lRb3opzg">Thorium-232</a> and its decay products</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ultraviolet_radiation/kncBUqn5">Ultraviolet radiation</a> (wavelengths 100-400 nm, encompassing UVA, UVB, and UVC)</li> <li><a href="/facts/X-ray/wseP79cN">X-ray</a> and <a href="/facts/Gamma_radiation/5Drf913J">gamma radiation</a></li></ul> <h3>Complex mixtures/agents</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Aflatoxins/EUu21Ywp">Aflatoxins</a> (naturally occurring mixtures of)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Air_pollution/zmk9Dy7S">Outdoor air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Air_pollution/zmk9Dy7S">Outdoor air pollution</a>, <a href="/facts/Particulate_matter/RleGr5E6">particulate matter</a> in</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alcoholic_beverage/HSHVWBtX">Alcoholic beverages</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Areca_nut/PpVulG0r">Areca nut</a>, also known as betel nut</li> <li><a href="/facts/Betel_quid/uQeTwPEl">Betel quid</a> with or without <a href="/facts/Tobacco/bTD4RUPQ">tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Coal-tar/6lLDL4Ic">Coal-tar</a> <a href="/facts/Pitch_(resin)/GpdKnQMa">pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Coal-tar/6lLDL4Ic">Coal-tars</a> (see <a href="/facts/Coal-tar/6lLDL4Ic">Coal-tar</a> <a href="/facts/Distillation/plDvUMxn">distillation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Diesel_exhaust/2NgrA37M">Engine exhaust, diesel</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hormone_replacement_therapy_(menopause)/d3KW80rn">Estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy (combined)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill/Wudd4dH7">Estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives (combined)</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hormone_replacement_therapy_(menopause)/d3KW80rn">Estrogen therapy, postmenopausal</a> NB There is "evidence suggesting lack of carcinogenicity" for estrogen-only menopausal therapy in humans and <a href="/facts/Colorectal_cancer/nV592sW7">colorectal cancer</a>. An inverse association has been observed between estrogen-only menopausal therapy and cancer of the colorectum.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Leather/kvQtwHPH">Leather</a> dust</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mineral_oil/KjXl9BUo">Mineral oils</a>, untreated or mildly treated</li> <li><a href="/facts/Phenacetin/Ij00CRxt">Phenacetin</a>, <a href="/facts/Analgesic/xLj4XBcq">analgesic</a> mixtures containing</li> <li>Plants containing <a href="/facts/Aristolochic_acid/Lqg0aW1x">aristolochic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Polychlorinated_biphenyl/R3sC5PEf">Polychlorinated biphenyls</a>, <a href="/facts/Dioxins_and_dioxin-like_compounds/s809KmpN">dioxin-like</a>, with a Toxicity Equivalency Factor (TEF) according to WHO (PCBs 77, 81, 105, 114, 118, 123, 126, 156, 157, 167, 169, 189)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Processed_meat/LvyBpwac">Processed meat</a> (consumption of)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cantonese_salted_fish/hlSy9mp5">Salted fish, Chinese-style</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Shale-oil/aAtffEIw">Shale-oils</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Soot/xzU91yKv">Soot</a>, as found in occupational exposure of chimney sweeps</li> <li><a href="/facts/Wood_dust/lVFHgXxK">Wood dust</a></li></ul> <h3>Exposure circumstances</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Acheson_process/pMN95kDB">Acheson process</a>, occupational exposure associated with</li> <li>Acid mists, strong inorganic</li> <li><a href="/facts/Aluminium/7wmR8jYE">Aluminium</a> production</li> <li><a href="/facts/Auramine/3KEYWkk5">Auramine</a> production</li> <li><a href="/facts/Shoemaking/eofYqDSJ">Boot and shoe manufacture</a> and repair (see <a href="/facts/Leather/kvQtwHPH">Leather</a> dust, <a href="/facts/Benzene/Fguue7nr">Benzene</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Chimney_sweep/4aEQYmao">Chimney sweeping</a> (see <a href="/facts/Soot/xzU91yKv">Soot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Coal_gas/ekdg4VuE">Coal gasification</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Coal/83kV3qxg">Coal</a>, indoor emissions from <a href="/facts/Household/snEgg9vP">household</a> <a href="/facts/Combustion/ohQoWj8z">combustion</a> of</li> <li><a href="/facts/Coal-tar/6lLDL4Ic">Coal-tar</a> <a href="/facts/Distillation/plDvUMxn">distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Coke_(fuel)/vD8xjd0m">Coke</a> production</li> <li><a href="/facts/Firefighter/483TlnYB">Firefighter</a> (occupational exposure as a)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Furniture/J7JrsrlA">Furniture</a> and <a href="/facts/Cabinetry/NaT8nXS0">cabinet</a> making (see <a href="/facts/Sawdust/lVFHgXxK">Wood dust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Haematite/716YBzGr">Haematite</a> <a href="/facts/Mining/g6uDIFab">mining</a> (underground)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Iron/QK1JYy8E">Iron</a> and <a href="/facts/Steel/aN6qWo4H">steel</a> <a href="/facts/Casting/cFJ0hPuU">founding</a> (<a href="/facts/Occupational/7KFjXtkK">occupational</a> exposure during)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Isopropyl_alcohol/7KqgIkUd">Isopropyl alcohol</a> manufacture using strong acids</li> <li><a href="/facts/Fuchsine/UnnPmw5n">Magenta production</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Opium/JzHUtced">Opium</a> consumption</li> <li><a href="/facts/House_painter_and_decorator/NkDn1FvH">Painter</a> (<a href="/facts/Occupational/7KFjXtkK">occupational</a> exposure as a)</li> <li>Paving and roofing with <a href="/facts/Coal-tar/6lLDL4Ic">coal-tar</a> <a href="/facts/Pitch_(resin)/GpdKnQMa">pitch</a> (see <a href="/facts/Coal-tar/6lLDL4Ic">Coal-tar</a> <a href="/facts/Pitch_(resin)/GpdKnQMa">pitch</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Rubber/CbsjJxhY">Rubber</a> <a href="/facts/Manufacturing/3qW7bcdy">manufacturing</a> industry</li> <li><a href="/facts/Smokeless_tobacco/yxFVuNfA">Tobacco, smokeless</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tobacco/bTD4RUPQ">Tobacco</a> <a href="/facts/Smoke/KRJaumoC">smoke</a>, second-hand</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tobacco/bTD4RUPQ">Tobacco</a> <a href="/facts/Smoking/byhnmD0X">smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Indoor_tanning/3n1skfEJ">Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Welding/6EJ62mYV">Welding</a> fumes and UV radiation</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/IARC_group_2A/vEpMWjhm">IARC group 2A</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/IARC_group_2B/h9RmLd6r">IARC group 2B</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/IARC_group_3/VEtXu6jI">IARC group 3</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/">Description of the list of classifications</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728195941/http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/">Archived</a> 2013-07-28 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/facts/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer/Pb8KPyTz">IARC</a> <ul><li><a href="https://monographs.iarc.fr/list-of-classifications">List of Classifications</a> (latest version)</li> <li><a href="https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Classifications_by_cancer_site.pdf">List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans, Volumes 1 to 124</a> (Last update: 8 July 2019)</li> <li><a href="http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/List_of_Classifications.pdf">Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–123</a> (Last update: 25 March 2019)</li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"List of Classifications, Agents classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–124". IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Risk to Humans. IARC. July 7, 2019. Retrieved July 14, 2019. <a href="https://monographs.iarc.fr/list-of-classifications" target="_blank">https://monographs.iarc.fr/list-of-classifications</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"IARC monographs preamble (as amended in 2019)" (PDF). International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Retrieved August 18, 2023. A cancer hazard is an agent that is capable of causing cancer, whereas a cancer risk is an estimate of the probability that cancer will occur given some level of exposure to a cancer hazard. <a href="https://monographs.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Preamble-2019.pdf" target="_blank">https://monographs.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Preamble-2019.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"List of Classifications – IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans". monographs.iarc.who.int. Retrieved 2024-02-01. <a href="https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications" target="_blank">https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"IARC Strengthens Its Findings on Several Carcinogenic Personal Habits and Household Exposures" (Press release). International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Retrieved August 1, 2014. November 2, 2009 ‐‐ IARC has updated the cancer assessments of several personal habits and household exposures that cause cancer, including tobacco, areca nut, alcohol, and household coal smoke. The update was conducted with the advice of 30 scientists from 10 countries who met at IARC in October 2009. [...] The Working Group concluded that acetaldehyde associated with alcohol consumption is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) and confirmed the classification in Group 1 of alcohol consumption and of ethanol in alcoholic beverages. <a href="http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2009/pdfs/pr196_E.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2009/pdfs/pr196_E.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>This evaluation applies to the group of compounds as a whole and not necessarily to all individual compounds within the group. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Evaluated as a group. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Evaluated as a group. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Evaluated as a group. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"IARC Strengthens Its Findings on Several Carcinogenic Personal Habits and Household Exposures" (Press release). International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Retrieved August 1, 2014. November 2, 2009 ‐‐ IARC has updated the cancer assessments of several personal habits and household exposures that cause cancer, including tobacco, areca nut, alcohol, and household coal smoke. The update was conducted with the advice of 30 scientists from 10 countries who met at IARC in October 2009. [...] The Working Group concluded that acetaldehyde associated with alcohol consumption is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) and confirmed the classification in Group 1 of alcohol consumption and of ethanol in alcoholic beverages. <a href="http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2009/pdfs/pr196_E.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2009/pdfs/pr196_E.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Evaluated as a group. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>There is also conclusive evidence that this agent (tamoxifen) reduces the risk of contralateral breast cancer. <a href="/wiki/Tamoxifen" target="_blank">/wiki/Tamoxifen</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Specific radionuclides for which there is sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity to humans are also listed individually as Group 1 agents. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Specific radionuclides for which there is sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity to humans are also listed individually as Group 1 agents. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"IARC: Diesel Engine Exhaust Carcinogenic" (Press release). International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Retrieved August 14, 2016. June 12, 2012 ‐‐ After a week-long meeting of international experts, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), which is part of the World Health Organization (WHO), today classified diesel engine exhaust as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on sufficient evidence that exposure is associated with an increased risk for lung cancer <a href="https://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2012/pdfs/pr213_E.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2012/pdfs/pr213_E.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>There is also convincing evidence in humans that these agents confer a protective effect against cancer in the endometrium and ovary. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 with strong supporting evidence from other relevant data. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"IARC Monographs evaluate consumption of red meat and processed meat" (PDF). Retrieved 26 October 2015. <a href="http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2015/pdfs/pr240_E.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2015/pdfs/pr240_E.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>