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Microcotyle helotes
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<h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <p><i>Microcotyle helotes</i> was described and illustrated by Sandars (1944) based on 11 specimens from the gills of the eastern striped Grunter, <i>Helotes sexlineatus</i> (<a href="/facts/Terapontidae/bTpYCDl7">Terapontidae</a>) from off <a href="/facts/Safety_Bay/Ha3mwnTJ">Safety Bay</a>, <a href="/facts/Western_Australia/1ouCbwNh">Western Australia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> Unnithan (1971) placed <i>M. helotes</i> in the nominal subgenus <i>Microcotyle</i> as <i>Microcotyle (Microcotyle) helotes</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> However, this combinaison was suppressed by Mamaev in 1986.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> This monogenean was redescribed and illustrated by Dillon & Hargis (1985) based on 2 adults and one 1 juvenile from the type-host and locality.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Although Williams (1991) recovered specimens of <i>Microcotyle helotes</i> from the type-host and a second <a href="/facts/Terapontidae/bTpYCDl7">Terapontidae</a>, <i>Pelsartia humeralis</i>, from the type locality, he redescribed <i>Microcotyle helotes</i> from <i>Pelsartia humeralis</i> only.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Minor differences were noted in the redescriptions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Williams (1991) noted that examination of a large series of specimens from both hosts showed them to be identical.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="morphology">Morphology</h2> <p><i>Microcotyle helotes</i> has the general morphology of all species of <i><a href="/facts/Microcotyle/WSlfYQ7a">Microcotyle</a></i>, with a symmetrical elongated body of medium size, comprising an anterior part which contains most organs and a posterior part called the <a href="/facts/Haptor/5GQqQTRb">haptor</a>. The haptor is symmetrical, and bears 62 <a href="/facts/Clamp_(zoology)/9Tw2kxf4">clamps</a>, arranged as two rows, one on each side. The clamps of the haptor attach the animal to the <a href="/facts/Gill/FWgM3Jp8">gill</a> of the fish. There are also two buccal septated <a href="/facts/Sucker_(zoology)/XGXebc5a">suckers</a> at the anterior extremity. The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a circular pharynx, an <a href="/facts/Oesophagus/XWa7WoWn">oesophagus</a> dividing shortly behind the genital atrium and a posterior <a href="/facts/Intestine/nK2zwqBS">intestine</a> with two lateral branches provided with numerous secondary branches; the branches extends into the haptor. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium, armed with numerous minute <a href="/facts/Spine_(zoology)/JWqp5oJW">spines</a>, a medio-dorsal <a href="/facts/Vagina/ca5jsTwF">vagina</a>, a single <a href="/facts/Ovary/z2hG6bNy">ovary</a> and 14 irregular <a href="/facts/Testicle/Doy40hoq">testes</a> which are posterior to the ovary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="hosts-and-localities">Hosts and localities</h2> <p>The eastern striped Grunter, <i>Helotes sexlineatus</i> (<a href="/facts/Terapontidae/bTpYCDl7">Terapontidae</a>) is the type host of <i>Microcotyle helotes</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> It was redescribed from others <a href="/facts/Terapontidae/bTpYCDl7">Terapontidae</a>; <i>Pelsartia humeralis</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> and the sea trumpeter <i><a href="/facts/Terapon_theraps/QtxEJGl1">Terapon theraps</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> <i>Microcotyle helotes</i> was first described from fishes caught off <a href="/facts/Western_Australia/1ouCbwNh">Western Australia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> This monogenean was reported again from the type locality,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> and from South China Sea.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Sandars, Dorothea F. (1944). A contribution to the knowledge of the Microcotylidae of Western Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 68(1), 67-81. PDF in BHL <a href="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41564495" target="_blank">https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41564495</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Sandars, Dorothea F. (1944). A contribution to the knowledge of the Microcotylidae of Western Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 68(1), 67-81. PDF in BHL <a href="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41564495" target="_blank">https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41564495</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Unnithan, R. V. (1971). On the functional morphology of a new fauna of Monogenoidea on fishes from Trivandrum and environs. Part IV. Microcotylidae sensu stricto and its repartition into subsidiary taxa. American Midland Naturalist, 366-398. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Mamaev, Y. L. (1986). The taxonomical composition of the family Microcotylidae Taschenberg, 1879 (Monogenea). Folia Parasitologica, 33, 199-206. PDF <a href="https://folia.paru.cas.cz/pdfs/fol/1986/03/02.pdf" target="_blank">https://folia.paru.cas.cz/pdfs/fol/1986/03/02.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Dillon, W. A., Hargis Jr, W. J., & Harrises, A. E. (1985). Monogeneans from the southern Pacific Ocean: Polyopisthocotyleids from the Australian fishes. The subfamily Microcotylinae. Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal [1984], 63, (3), 348-359. Translation Series Number 32 of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, U.S.A. March, 1985 PDF of English Translation from Russian <a href="http://www.vims.edu/GreyLit/VIMS/trans32" target="_blank">http://www.vims.edu/GreyLit/VIMS/trans32</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Williams, Alan (1991). "Monogeneans of the families Microcotylidae Taschenberg, 1879 and Heteraxinidae Price, 1962 from Western Australia, including the description of Polylabris sandarsae n. sp. (Microcotylidae)". Systematic Parasitology. 18 (1): 17–43. doi:10.1007/BF00012221. ISSN 0165-5752. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Dillon, W. A., Hargis Jr, W. J., & Harrises, A. E. (1985). Monogeneans from the southern Pacific Ocean: Polyopisthocotyleids from the Australian fishes. The subfamily Microcotylinae. Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal [1984], 63, (3), 348-359. Translation Series Number 32 of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, U.S.A. March, 1985 PDF of English Translation from Russian <a href="http://www.vims.edu/GreyLit/VIMS/trans32" target="_blank">http://www.vims.edu/GreyLit/VIMS/trans32</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Williams, Alan (1991). "Monogeneans of the families Microcotylidae Taschenberg, 1879 and Heteraxinidae Price, 1962 from Western Australia, including the description of Polylabris sandarsae n. sp. (Microcotylidae)". Systematic Parasitology. 18 (1): 17–43. doi:10.1007/BF00012221. ISSN 0165-5752. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Williams, Alan (1991). "Monogeneans of the families Microcotylidae Taschenberg, 1879 and Heteraxinidae Price, 1962 from Western Australia, including the description of Polylabris sandarsae n. sp. (Microcotylidae)". Systematic Parasitology. 18 (1): 17–43. doi:10.1007/BF00012221. ISSN 0165-5752. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Sandars, Dorothea F. (1944). A contribution to the knowledge of the Microcotylidae of Western Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 68(1), 67-81. PDF in BHL <a href="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41564495" target="_blank">https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41564495</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Sandars, Dorothea F. (1944). A contribution to the knowledge of the Microcotylidae of Western Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 68(1), 67-81. PDF in BHL <a href="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41564495" target="_blank">https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41564495</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Dillon, W. A., Hargis Jr, W. J., & Harrises, A. E. (1985). Monogeneans from the southern Pacific Ocean: Polyopisthocotyleids from the Australian fishes. The subfamily Microcotylinae. Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal [1984], 63, (3), 348-359. Translation Series Number 32 of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, U.S.A. March, 1985 PDF of English Translation from Russian <a href="http://www.vims.edu/GreyLit/VIMS/trans32" target="_blank">http://www.vims.edu/GreyLit/VIMS/trans32</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Williams, Alan (1991). "Monogeneans of the families Microcotylidae Taschenberg, 1879 and Heteraxinidae Price, 1962 from Western Australia, including the description of Polylabris sandarsae n. sp. (Microcotylidae)". Systematic Parasitology. 18 (1): 17–43. doi:10.1007/BF00012221. ISSN 0165-5752. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Williams, Alan (1991). "Monogeneans of the families Microcotylidae Taschenberg, 1879 and Heteraxinidae Price, 1962 from Western Australia, including the description of Polylabris sandarsae n. sp. (Microcotylidae)". Systematic Parasitology. 18 (1): 17–43. doi:10.1007/BF00012221. ISSN 0165-5752. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Zhang J.Y., Yang T.B. & Liu L. (2001) Monogeneans of Chinese marine fishes. Beijing: Agriculture Press, 400 pp. (In Chinese) <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Sandars, Dorothea F. (1944). A contribution to the knowledge of the Microcotylidae of Western Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 68(1), 67-81. PDF in BHL <a href="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41564495" target="_blank">https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41564495</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Williams, Alan (1991). "Monogeneans of the families Microcotylidae Taschenberg, 1879 and Heteraxinidae Price, 1962 from Western Australia, including the description of Polylabris sandarsae n. sp. (Microcotylidae)". Systematic Parasitology. 18 (1): 17–43. doi:10.1007/BF00012221. ISSN 0165-5752. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Dillon, W. A., Hargis Jr, W. J., & Harrises, A. E. (1985). Monogeneans from the southern Pacific Ocean: Polyopisthocotyleids from the Australian fishes. The subfamily Microcotylinae. Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal [1984], 63, (3), 348-359. Translation Series Number 32 of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, U.S.A. March, 1985 PDF of English Translation from Russian <a href="http://www.vims.edu/GreyLit/VIMS/trans32" target="_blank">http://www.vims.edu/GreyLit/VIMS/trans32</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Zhang J.Y., Yang T.B. & Liu L. (2001) Monogeneans of Chinese marine fishes. Beijing: Agriculture Press, 400 pp. (In Chinese) <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>