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Popigai impact structure
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<h2 id="diamond-deposits">Diamond deposits</h2> <p>Most modern industrial diamonds are produced <a href="/facts/Synthetic_diamond/G74kbCBg">synthetically</a>. The diamond deposits at Popigai have not been mined because of the remote location and lack of infrastructure, and are unlikely to be competitive with synthetic diamonds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Many of the diamonds at Popigai contain <a href="/facts/Crystal_lattice/7gQKTsXk">crystalline</a> <a href="/facts/Lonsdaleite/S5YFqKr5">lonsdaleite</a>, an <a href="/facts/Allotrope_of_carbon/GSetCyq6">allotrope of carbon</a> that has a hexagonal lattice.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Pure, laboratory-created lonsdaleite is up to 58% harder than ordinary diamonds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> These types of diamonds are known as "impact diamonds" because they are thought to be produced when a meteorite strikes a graphite deposit at high velocity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> They may have industrial uses but are unsuitable as <a href="/facts/Gem/kHffmvE3">gems</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>Additionally, carbon <a href="/facts/Polymorphism_(materials_science)/bu2tqsB9">polymorphs</a>, a combination of diamond and lonsdaleite even harder than pure lonsdaleite, have been discovered in the crater.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_impact_craters_on_Earth/XkH7hHFF">List of impact craters on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_possible_impact_structures_on_Earth/y4qTejPq">List of possible impact structures on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Logancha_crater/gP7qAQxd">Logancha crater</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.unb.ca/passc/ImpactDatabase/">Earth Impact Database</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100627071048/http://geology.mines.edu/faculty/Klee/Popigai.pdf">About the Popigai impact structure</a></li> <li><a href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001500/150007e.pdf">UNESCO Global Geopark Network</a></li> <li><a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=71.661935,+110.960998&num=1&t=h&vpsrc=6&ie=UTF8&ll=70.670881,99.316406&spn=31.51452,173.144531&z=3&iwloc=A">Google Maps</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Popigai". Earth Impact Database. Planetary and Space Science Centre University of New Brunswick Fredericton. Retrieved 2017-10-09. <a href="http://www.passc.net/EarthImpactDatabase/New%20website_05-2018/Popigai.html" target="_blank">http://www.passc.net/EarthImpactDatabase/New%20website_05-2018/Popigai.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Masaitis, Victor L. (2003). Popigai Crater: General Geology. Springer. pp. 81–85. ISBN 978-3-540-43517-4. <a href="978-3-540-43517-4" target="_blank">978-3-540-43517-4</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Deutsch, Alexander; Christian Koeberl (2006). "Establishing the link between the Chesapeake Bay impact structure and the North American tektite strewn field: The Sr-Nd isotopic evidence". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 41 (5): 689–703. Bibcode:2006M&PS...41..689D. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2006.tb00985.x. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.2006.tb00985.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.2006.tb00985.x</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Armstrong, Richard; S. Vishnevsky; C. Koeberl (2003). U-Pb Analysis of zircons from the Popigai impact structure, Russia: First Results. Springer. pp. 99–116. ISBN 978-3-540-43517-4. <a href="978-3-540-43517-4" target="_blank">978-3-540-43517-4</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Russia's Popigai Meteor Crash Linked to Mass Extinction". Live Science. June 13, 2014. <a href="http://www.livescience.com/46312-popigai-crater-linked-eocene-mass-extinction.html" target="_blank">http://www.livescience.com/46312-popigai-crater-linked-eocene-mass-extinction.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Deutsch, Alexander; V.L. Masaitis; F. Langenhorst; R.A.F. Grieve (2000). "Popigai, Siberia—well preserved giant impact structure, national treasury, and world's geological heritage". Episodes. 23 (1): 3–12. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i1/002. <a href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2000%2Fv23i1%2F002" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2000%2Fv23i1%2F002</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Deutsch, Alexander; Christian Koeberl (2006). "Establishing the link between the Chesapeake Bay impact structure and the North American tektite strewn field: The Sr-Nd isotopic evidence". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 41 (5): 689–703. Bibcode:2006M&PS...41..689D. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2006.tb00985.x. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.2006.tb00985.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.2006.tb00985.x</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Deutsch, Alexander; V.L. Masaitis; F. Langenhorst; R.A.F. Grieve (2000). "Popigai, Siberia—well preserved giant impact structure, national treasury, and world's geological heritage". Episodes. 23 (1): 3–12. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i1/002. <a href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2000%2Fv23i1%2F002" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2000%2Fv23i1%2F002</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Schmitz, Birger; Boschi, Samuele; Cronholm, Anders; Heck, Philipp R.; Monechi, Simonetta; Montanari, Alessandro; Terfelt, Fredrik (September 2015). "Fragments of Late Eocene Earth-impacting asteroids linked to disturbance of asteroid belt". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 425: 77–83. Bibcode:2015E&PSL.425...77S. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.05.041. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2015.05.041" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2015.05.041</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Deutsch, Alexander; V.L. Masaitis; F. Langenhorst; R.A.F. Grieve (2000). "Popigai, Siberia—well preserved giant impact structure, national treasury, and world's geological heritage". Episodes. 23 (1): 3–12. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i1/002. <a href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2000%2Fv23i1%2F002" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2000%2Fv23i1%2F002</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Diamonds Beneath the Popigai Crater -- Northern Russia". geology.com. 23 September 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2012. <a href="http://geology.com/articles/popigai-crater-diamonds/" target="_blank">http://geology.com/articles/popigai-crater-diamonds/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Russia declassifies deposit of impact diamonds". ITAR-TASS. 17 September 2012. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120920221513/http://pda.itar-tass.com/en/c154/521362.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120920221513/http://pda.itar-tass.com/en/c154/521362.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Pan, Zicheng; Sun, Hong; Zhang, Yi & Chen, Changfeng (2009). "Harder than Diamond: Superior Indentation Strength of Wurtzite BN and Lonsdaleite". Physical Review Letters. 102 (5): 055503. Bibcode:2009PhRvL.102e5503P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.055503. PMID 19257519. Lisa Zyga (12 February 2009). "Scientists Discover Material Harder Than Diamond". Phys.org. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Diamonds Beneath the Popigai Crater -- Northern Russia". geology.com. 23 September 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2012. <a href="http://geology.com/articles/popigai-crater-diamonds/" target="_blank">http://geology.com/articles/popigai-crater-diamonds/</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Russia declassifies deposit of impact diamonds". ITAR-TASS. 17 September 2012. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120920221513/http://pda.itar-tass.com/en/c154/521362.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120920221513/http://pda.itar-tass.com/en/c154/521362.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Pros and cons of extraterrestrial diamonds Archived 2014-12-22 at the Wayback Machine, from "Rough&Polished–information and analytics on diamond and jewellery markets." <a href="http://www.rough-polished.com/en/digest/68330.html" target="_blank">http://www.rough-polished.com/en/digest/68330.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>El Goresy, Ahmed; Dubrovinsky, Leonid S; Gillet, Philippe; Mostefaoui, Smail; Graup, Günther; Drakopoulos, Michael; Simionovici, Alexandre S; Swamy, Varghese; Masaitis, Victor L (2003). "A new natural, super-hard, transparent polymorph of carbon from the Popigai impact crater, Russia". Comptes Rendus Geoscience. 335 (12): 889. Bibcode:2003CRGeo.335..889E. doi:10.1016/j.crte.2003.07.001. <a href="https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/articles/10.1016/j.crte.2003.07.001/" target="_blank">https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/articles/10.1016/j.crte.2003.07.001/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Baek, Woohyeon; Gromilov, Sergey A.; Kuklin, Artem V.; Kovaleva, Evgenia A.; Fedorov, Alexandr S.; Sukhikh, Alexander S.; Hanfland, Michael; Pomogaev, Vladimir A.; Melchakova, Iuliia A.; Avramov, Paul V.; Yusenko, Kirill V. (2019-03-13). "Unique Nanomechanical Properties of Diamond–Lonsdaleite Biphases: Combined Experimental and Theoretical Consideration of Popigai Impact Diamonds". Nano Letters. 19 (3): 1570–1576. Bibcode:2019NanoL..19.1570B. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04421. ISSN 1530-6984. PMID 30735045. S2CID 73443676. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>