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Hubert Dreyfus
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<h2 id="life-and-career">Life and career</h2> <p>Dreyfus was born on 15 October 1929, in <a href="/facts/Terre_Haute%2c_Indiana/gG4MdnU4">Terre Haute, Indiana</a>, to Stanley S. and Irene (Lederer) Dreyfus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>He attended <a href="/facts/Harvard_University/Lhy9L1cx">Harvard University</a> from 1947.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> With a senior honors thesis on <i>Causality and Quantum Theory</i> (for which <a href="/facts/W._V._O._Quine/2RrhATxa">W. V. O. Quine</a> was the main examiner)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> he was awarded a <a href="/facts/BA_Degree/2pa1nwfR">B.A.</a> <i><a href="/facts/Latin_honors/BqMYAlgN">summa cum laude</a></i> in 1951<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> and joined <a href="/facts/Phi_Beta_Kappa/5TkV3tLw">Phi Beta Kappa</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> He was awarded a <a href="/facts/Master_of_Arts/ABQoKTLg">M.A.</a> in 1952.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> He was a Teaching Fellow at Harvard from 1952 to 1953 (as he was again in 1954 and 1956).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Then, on a Harvard Sheldon traveling fellowship, Dreyfus studied at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Freiburg/38naUTYA">University of Freiburg</a> from 1953 to 1954.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> During this time he had an interview with <a href="/facts/Martin_Heidegger/VSvHqhcj">Martin Heidegger</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Sean_D._Kelly/6CuaFMN4">Sean D. Kelly</a> records that Dreyfus found the meeting 'disappointing.'<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> A brief mention of it was made by Dreyfus during his 1987 <a href="/facts/BBC/qFateIz8">BBC</a> interview with <a href="/facts/Bryan_Magee/Fwm4ASqf">Bryan Magee</a> in remarks that are revealing of both his and Heidegger's opinion of the work of <a href="/facts/Jean-Paul_Sartre/aRWvzA8U">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>Between 1956 and 1957, Dreyfus undertook research at the <a href="/facts/Institute_of_Philosophy%2c_KU_Leuven/lxQYL36t">Husserl Archives</a> at the <a href="/facts/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1835%25E2%2580%25931968)/PaXxwkKk">University of Louvain</a> on a <a href="/facts/Fulbright_Program/94E6ee46">Fulbright Fellowship</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Towards the end of his stay, his first (jointly authored) paper "Curds and Lions in <a href="/facts/Don_Quixote/xyrw2snH">Don Quijote</a>" would appear in print.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> After acting as an instructor in philosophy at <a href="/facts/Brandeis_University/zPuA6KfV">Brandeis University</a> (1957–1959),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> he attended the <a href="/facts/%25C3%2589cole_normale_sup%25C3%25A9rieure_(Paris)/KQtorjQB">Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris</a>, on a French government grant (1959–1960).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>From 1960, first as an instructor, then as an <a href="/facts/Assistant_professor/wRhSY4cJ">assistant</a> and then <a href="/facts/Associate_professor/0R2noug6">associate professor</a>, Dreyfus taught philosophy at the <a href="/facts/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology/Xk49vNA8">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> In 1964, with his dissertation <i>Husserl's Phenomenology of Perception</i>, he obtained his <a href="/facts/Doctor_of_Philosophy/paJumdN8">Ph.D.</a> from Harvard.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> (Due to his knowledge of Husserl, <a href="/facts/Dagfinn_F%25C3%25B8llesdal/C5QWChC6">Dagfinn Føllesdal</a> sat on the thesis committee but he has asserted that Dreyfus "was not really my student.")<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> That same year, his co-translation (with his first wife) of <i>Sense and Non-Sense</i> by <a href="/facts/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty/275vqdqg">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a> was published.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p><p>Also in 1964, and whilst still at <a href="/facts/MIT/Xk49vNA8">MIT</a>, he was employed as a consultant by the <a href="/facts/RAND_Corporation/zArfRxf9">RAND Corporation</a> to review the work of <a href="/facts/Allen_Newell/61yUQ647">Allen Newell</a> and <a href="/facts/Herbert_A._Simon/NNHhQ2bS">Herbert A. Simon</a> in the field of <a href="/facts/Artificial_intelligence/lJGauQwX">artificial intelligence</a> (AI).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> This resulted in the publication, in 1965, of the "famously combative" <i><a href="/facts/Alchemy_and_Artificial_Intelligence/QhqGjuGV">Alchemy and Artificial Intelligence</a></i>, which proved to be the first of a series of papers and books attacking the AI field's claims and assumptions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> The first edition of <i>What Computers Can't Do</i> would follow in 1972, and this critique of AI (which has been translated into at least ten languages) would establish Dreyfus's public reputation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> However, as the editors of his <i><a href="/facts/Festschrift/y1CvXrwC">Festschrift</a></i> noted: "the study and interpretation of <a href="/facts/Continental_philosophy/uVbXljJo">'continental'</a> philosophers... came first in the order of his philosophical interests and influences."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p> <h3>Berkeley</h3> <p>In 1968, although he had been granted <a href="/facts/Academic_tenure/UqVEe8Xq">tenure</a>, Dreyfus left <a href="/facts/MIT/Xk49vNA8">MIT</a> and became an associate professor of philosophy at the <a href="/facts/University_of_California_at_Berkeley/MXVEjklr">University of California, Berkeley</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> (winning, that same year, the <a href="/facts/E._Harris_Harbison/SBUezVhy">Harbison</a> Prize for Outstanding Teaching).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> In 1972 he was promoted to full professor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> Though Dreyfus retired from his chair in 1994, he continued as professor of philosophy in the Graduate School (and held, from 1999, a joint appointment in the rhetoric department).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> He continued to teach philosophy at <a href="/facts/UC_Berkeley/MXVEjklr">UC Berkeley</a> until his last class in December 2016.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p><p>Dreyfus was elected a fellow of the <a href="/facts/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences/KptWYgz4">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 2001.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> He was also awarded an honorary doctorate for "his brilliant and highly influential work in the field of artificial intelligence" and his interpretation of twentieth century continental philosophy by Erasmus University.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p><p>Dreyfus died on April 22, 2017.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p><p>His younger brother and sometimes collaborator, <a href="/facts/Stuart_Dreyfus/hlQkd3qz">Stuart Dreyfus</a>, is a professor emeritus of industrial engineering and operations research at the <a href="/facts/University_of_California%2c_Berkeley/MXVEjklr">University of California, Berkeley</a>. </p> <h2 id="dreyfus-criticism-of-ai">Dreyfus' criticism of AI</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Hubert_Dreyfus%2527s_views_on_artificial_intelligence/QhqGjuGV">Hubert Dreyfus's views on artificial intelligence</a></p> <p>Dreyfus' critique of <a href="/facts/Artificial_intelligence/lJGauQwX">artificial intelligence</a> (AI) concerns what he considers to be the four primary assumptions of AI research. The first two assumptions are what he calls the "biological" and "psychological" assumptions. The biological assumption is that the brain is analogous to <a href="/facts/Computer_hardware/8jSjsCNv">computer hardware</a> and the mind is analogous to computer <a href="/facts/Software/RP79lVSW">software</a>. The psychological assumption is that the mind works by performing discrete computations (in the form of <a href="/facts/Algorithm/fnl5NmRt">algorithmic</a> rules) on discrete <a href="/facts/Representations/VULMc6Rn">representations</a> or <a href="/facts/Symbols/GS8mTn0h">symbols</a>. </p><p>Dreyfus claims that the plausibility of the psychological assumption rests on two others: the <a href="/facts/Epistemology/NsDwpcYH">epistemological</a> and <a href="/facts/Ontology/QJKTsEIJ">ontological</a> assumptions. The epistemological assumption is that all activity (either by animate or inanimate objects) can be formalized (mathematically) in the form of predictive rules or laws. The ontological assumption is that reality consists entirely of a set of mutually independent, atomic (indivisible) facts. It's because of the epistemological assumption that workers in the field argue that <a href="/facts/Intelligence_(trait)/pRmAeRsw">intelligence</a> is the same as formal rule-following, and it's because of the ontological one that they argue that human knowledge consists entirely of internal representations of reality. </p><p>On the basis of these two assumptions, workers in the field claim that <a href="/facts/Cognition/ga0tSBul">cognition</a> is the manipulation of internal symbols by internal rules, and that, therefore, human behaviour is, to a large extent, context free (see <a href="/facts/Contextualism/AY17YuQI">contextualism</a>). Therefore, a truly <a href="/facts/Scientific/IJoaD7rs">scientific</a> <a href="/facts/Psychology/duoqW7Sz">psychology</a> is possible, which will detail the 'internal' rules of the human mind, in the same way the laws of physics detail the 'external' laws of the physical world. However, it is this key assumption that Dreyfus denies. In other words, he argues that we cannot now (and never will be able to) understand our own behavior <i>in the same way</i> as we understand objects in, for example, physics or chemistry: that is, by considering ourselves as things whose behaviour can be predicted via 'objective', context free scientific laws. According to Dreyfus, a context-free <a href="/facts/Psychology/duoqW7Sz">psychology</a> is a contradiction in terms. </p><p>Dreyfus's arguments against this position are taken from the <a href="/facts/Phenomenology_(philosophy)/AILzLkKx">phenomenological</a> and <a href="/facts/Hermeneutical/96YNfBpK">hermeneutical</a> tradition (especially the work of <a href="/facts/Martin_Heidegger/VSvHqhcj">Martin Heidegger</a>). Heidegger argued that, contrary to the <a href="/facts/Cognitivism_(psychology)/5KQRDrsS">cognitivist</a> views (on which AI has been based), our being is in fact highly context-bound, which is why the two context-free assumptions are false. Dreyfus doesn't deny that we can <i>choose to see</i> human (or any) activity as being 'law-governed', in the same way that we can <i>choose to see</i> reality as consisting of indivisible atomic facts... if we wish. But it is a huge leap from that to state that because we want to or can see things in this way that <i>it is therefore an objective fact that they are the case</i>. In fact, Dreyfus argues that they are <i>not</i> (necessarily) the case, and that, therefore, any research program that assumes they <i>are</i> will quickly run into profound theoretical and practical problems. Therefore, the current efforts of workers in the field are doomed to failure. </p><p>Dreyfus argues that to get a device or devices with human-like intelligence would require them to have a human-like being-in-the-world and to have bodies more or less like ours, and social acculturation (i.e. a society) more or less like ours. (This view is shared by psychologists in the <a href="/facts/Embodied_psychology/zgewISTW">embodied psychology</a> (Lakoff and Johnson 1999) and <a href="/facts/Distributed_cognition/m6eUfCBA">distributed cognition</a> traditions. His opinions are similar to those of <a href="/facts/Robotics/wkmvodJz">robotics</a> researchers such as <a href="/facts/Rodney_Brooks/JcAvm7Wp">Rodney Brooks</a> as well as researchers in the field of <a href="/facts/Artificial_life/YcA6tvfe">artificial life</a>.) </p><p>Contrary to a popular misconception, Dreyfus never predicted that computers would never beat humans at chess. In <a href="/facts/Alchemy_and_Artificial_Intelligence/QhqGjuGV">Alchemy and Artificial Intelligence</a>, he only reported (correctly) the state of the art of the time: "Still no chess program can play even amateur chess."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Daniel_Crevier/YswWUQ86">Daniel Crevier</a> writes: "time has proven the accuracy and perceptiveness of some of Dreyfus's comments. Had he formulated them less aggressively, constructive actions they suggested might have been taken much earlier."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="webcasting-philosophy">Webcasting philosophy</h2> <p>When UC Berkeley and Apple began making a selected number of lecture classes freely available to the public as podcasts beginning around 2006, a recording of Dreyfus teaching a course called "Man, God, and Society in Western Literature – From Gods to God and Back" rose to the 58th most popular webcast on iTunes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> These webcasts have attracted the attention of many, including non-academics, to Dreyfus and his subject area.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="works">Works</h2> <h3>Books</h3> <ul><li>1972. What Computers Can't Do: The Limits of Artificial Intelligence. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-06-011082-1 (At <a href="/facts/Internet_Archive/PHStU8Lo">Internet Archive</a>) <ul><li>2nd edition 1979 <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-06-090613-8, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-06-090624-3; 3rd edition 1992 re-titled as <i>What Computers Still Can't Do</i> <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-262-54067-3</li></ul></li> <li>1983. (with <a href="/facts/Paul_Rabinow/29htSGUz">Paul Rabinow</a>) <i><a href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL4299939W/Michel_Foucault_beyond_structuralism_and_hermeneutics">Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics</a>.</i> Chicago, Ill: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-226-16312-3 (At <a href="/facts/Open_Library/A13NLNNh">Open Library</a>)</li> <li>1986 (with <a href="/facts/Stuart_Dreyfus/hlQkd3qz">Stuart Dreyfus</a>). <i><a href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL4299942W/Mind_Over_Machine">Mind Over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer</a></i>. New York: Free Press.(At <a href="/facts/Open_Library/A13NLNNh">Open Library</a>)</li> <li>1991. <i>Being-in-the-World: A Commentary on Heidegger's </i>Being and Time, Division I.Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-262-54056-8, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-262-54056-8</li> <li>1992. <i><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7vS2y-mQmpAC">What Computers Still Can't Do: A Critique of Artificial Reason</a></i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-262-54067-3 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></li> <li>1997, <i><a href="/facts/Disclosing_New_Worlds%3a_Entrepreneurship%2c_Democratic_Action%2c_and_the_Cultivation_of_Solidarity/koHL7vDC">Disclosing New Worlds: Entrepreneurship, Democratic Action, and the Cultivation of Solidarity</a></i> (co-author, with <a href="/facts/Fernando_Flores/p6epl18K">Fernando Flores</a> and Charles Spinosa)</li> <li>2001. <i>On the Internet</i> First Edition. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-415-77516-8; 2nd edition 1979 (At <a href="/facts/Internet_Archive/PHStU8Lo">Internet Archive</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></li> <li>2011. (with <a href="/facts/Sean_Dorrance_Kelly/6CuaFMN4">Sean Dorrance Kelly</a>) <i> <a href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL15488632W/All_things_shining">All Things Shining: Reading the Western Classics to Find Meaning in a Secular Age</a>.</i> (At <a href="/facts/Open_Library/A13NLNNh">Open Library</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></li> <li>2014 <i>Skillful Coping: Essays on the Phenomenology of Everyday Perception and Action,</i> Mark A. Wrathall (ed.), <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780199654703 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></li> <li>2015 (with <a href="/facts/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)/IjlUdgfM">Charles Taylor</a>) <i>Retrieving Realism</i>. Harvard University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780198796220 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></li> <li>2017 <i>Background Practices: Essays on the Understanding of Being,</i> Mark A. Wrathall (ed.), Oxford University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780198796220 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></li></ul> <h3><i>Festschrift</i></h3> <ul><li>2000. <i>Heidegger, Authenticity, and Modernity: Essays in Honor of Hubert Dreyfus, Volume 1.</i> Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-262-73127-4.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></li> <li>2000. <i>Heidegger, Coping, and Cognitive Science: Essays in Honor of Hubert L. Dreyfus, Volume 2</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-262-73128-2 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Select articles</h3> <ul><li>1965. <a href="https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/papers/2006/P3244.pdf"><i>Alchemy and Artificial Intelligence</i></a>. Rand Paper.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Critique_of_technology/ar0Al217">Critique of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mike_Cooley_(engineer)/6ppNS4NE">Mike Cooley</a></li></ul> <h3>Criticism of AI sources</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Daniel_Crevier/YswWUQ86">Crevier, Daniel</a> (1993). <i>AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence</i>. New York, NY: BasicBooks. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-465-02997-3.</li> <li><a href="/facts/George_Lakoff/gT0I0UNd">George Lakoff</a> and <a href="/facts/Mark_Johnson_(professor)/DJF6seKn">Mark Johnson</a>, 1999. <i>Philosophy in the Flesh: the Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought</i>. Basic Books.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://philosophy.berkeley.edu/people/detail/12">Professor Bert Dreyfus at the Berkeley Philosophy Department Web page</a></li> <li><a href="http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~hdreyfus/">Professor Bert Dreyfus's UC Berkeley Home Page</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061205225745/http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~hdreyfus/html/papers.html">Professor Bert Dreyfus' online papers at UC Berkeley, with links to old Berkeley web page</a> at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> (archived December 5, 2006)</li> <li><a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1795276/">Hubert Dreyfus</a> at <a href="/facts/IMDb_(identifier)/uWrqVYVy">IMDb</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052136/http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~hdreyfus/pdf/Los%20Angeles%20Times_%20The%20iPod%20lecture%20circuit.pdf">Copy of Article "The iPod Lecture Circuit"</a> by Michelle Quinn in <i><a href="/facts/LA_Times/jFHbcmb9">LA Times</a></i>, November 2007 (Archived by <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a>).</li> <li><a href="http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people5/Dreyfus/dreyfus-con0.html">Conversations with History, an interview, November 2005</a></li> <li><a href="http://full-tilt.blogspot.com/2005/10/hubert-dreyfus-interview.html">Hubert Dreyfus Interview</a> October 20, 2005</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090513044500/http://andrewkeen.typepad.com/aftertv/2006/02/hubert_dreyfus.html">Conversations about media, culture and technology. Interview between Andrew Keen and Hubert Dreyfus February 16, 2006</a> on AfterTV</li> <li>Hubert Dreyfus interviewed by <a href="/facts/Bryan_Magee/Fwm4ASqf">Bryan Magee</a> on <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4_Tsjmqxak">Husserl, Heidegger and Modern Existentialism</a> for <i><a href="/facts/The_Great_Philosophers/KuTooITe">The Great Philosophers</a></i> (1987) on <a href="/facts/YouTube/db276jst">YouTube</a></li> <li>Lectures from the course "Philosophy 185 Heidegger" (2007) by Hubert Dreyfus.(audio) (on <a href="/facts/Internet_Archive/PHStU8Lo">Internet Archive</a>). [Further of his <a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22Hubert+Dreyfus%22&and%5B%5D=mediatype%3A%22audio%22">Webcast Lectures</a> hosted there]</li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4YcbhLgftJA">Professor Hubert Dreyfus - "Dostoevsky on how to Save the Sacred from Science"</a> (video, 2015)</li> <li></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Woessner, Martin (2011). Heidegger in America. Cambridge University Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-521-51837-6. <a href="978-0-521-51837-6" target="_blank">978-0-521-51837-6</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"BEING IN THE WORLD by Tao Ruspoli @ Brooklyn Film Festival". Retrieved 2019-10-04. <a href="https://www.brooklynfilmfestival.org/film-detail?fid=1048" target="_blank">https://www.brooklynfilmfestival.org/film-detail?fid=1048</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Magee, Bryan, Dreyfus, Hubert L. Bryan Magee talks to Hubert Dreyfus about Husserl, Heidegger and modern existentialism. [via YouTube] The Great Philosophers BBC (1987) <a href="/wiki/Magee,_Bryan" target="_blank">/wiki/Magee,_Bryan</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Anwar, Yasmin (2017-04-25). "Hubert Dreyfus, preeminent philosopher and AI critic, dies at 87". Berkeley News. Retrieved 2019-04-15. <a href="https://news.berkeley.edu/2017/04/24/hubert-dreyfus/" target="_blank">https://news.berkeley.edu/2017/04/24/hubert-dreyfus/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Grimes, William (2017-05-02). "Hubert L. Dreyfus, Philosopher of the Limits of Computers, Dies at 87". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-04-15. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/02/us/hubert-dreyfus-dead-philosopher-of-artificial-intelligence.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/02/us/hubert-dreyfus-dead-philosopher-of-artificial-intelligence.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Dreyfus, Hubert L(ederer) 1929-." Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series. Encyclopedia.com. 22 Aug. 2019 <a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/dreyfus-hubert-lederer-1929" target="_blank">https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/dreyfus-hubert-lederer-1929</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Introduction". Heidegger, authenticity, and modernity. Dreyfus, Hubert L., Wrathall, Mark A., Malpas, J. E. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 2000. ISBN 9780262286459. OCLC 62157918.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) <a href="9780262286459" target="_blank">9780262286459</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Introduction". Heidegger, authenticity, and modernity. Dreyfus, Hubert L., Wrathall, Mark A., Malpas, J. E. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 2000. ISBN 9780262286459. OCLC 62157918.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) <a href="9780262286459" target="_blank">9780262286459</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Dreyfus, Hubert L(ederer) 1929-." Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series. Encyclopedia.com. 22 Aug. 2019 <a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/dreyfus-hubert-lederer-1929" target="_blank">https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/dreyfus-hubert-lederer-1929</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Shook, John R. (2005). "Dreyfus, Hubert Lederer (1929–)". The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers. Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum. ISBN 9781849723589. OCLC 276357640. <a href="9781849723589" target="_blank">9781849723589</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Dreyfus, Hubert L(ederer) 1929-." Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series. Encyclopedia.com. 22 Aug. 2019 <a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/dreyfus-hubert-lederer-1929" target="_blank">https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/dreyfus-hubert-lederer-1929</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Shook, John R. (2005). "Dreyfus, Hubert Lederer (1929–)". The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers. Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum. ISBN 9781849723589. OCLC 276357640. <a href="9781849723589" target="_blank">9781849723589</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Professor Hubert Dreyfus Long form CV". sophos.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-08-22. Retrieved 2019-08-23. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190822193446/http://sophos.berkeley.edu/dreyfus/html/fullcv.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190822193446/http://sophos.berkeley.edu/dreyfus/html/fullcv.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Shook, John R. (2005). "Dreyfus, Hubert Lederer (1929–)". The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers. Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum. ISBN 9781849723589. OCLC 276357640. <a href="9781849723589" target="_blank">9781849723589</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Introduction". Heidegger, authenticity, and modernity. Dreyfus, Hubert L., Wrathall, Mark A., Malpas, J. E. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 2000. ISBN 9780262286459. OCLC 62157918.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) <a href="9780262286459" target="_blank">9780262286459</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Kelly, Sean D. (2017-04-24). Weinberg, Justin (ed.). "Hubert Dreyfus (1929-2017)". Daily Nous. Retrieved 2019-04-15. <a href="/wiki/Sean_D._Kelly" target="_blank">/wiki/Sean_D._Kelly</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Magee, Bryan (1988). The Great Philosophers: An Introduction to Western Philosophy. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 275. ISBN 9780192822017. OL 2043183M. Sartre started out as a Husserlian, and as a phenomenologist he wrote a good novel called Nausea, which is a first-person description of a person's world breaking down. Then he read Heidegger and was converted to what he thought was Heideggerian existentialism. But as a Husserlian and a Frenchman he felt he had to fix up Heidegger and make him more Cartesian. So he starts with the individual conscious subject, but writes about Death, Anxiety, lnauthenticity, Being and Nothing - all the things that Heidegger talks about. The result, Being and Nothingness, is a brilliant misunderstanding of Being and Time. If the story that we've been telling is right, Heidegger was precisely trying to free us from our Cartesian assumptions. When I went to visit Heidegger he had Being and Nothingness on his desk, in German translation, and I said, 'So you're reading Sartre?, and he responded, 'How can I even begin to read this muck?' (His word was 'Dreck'.) That's pretty strong, but I think accurate, since if you treat Heidegger as if he were talking about subjects you turn him back into Husserl. <a href="9780192822017" target="_blank">9780192822017</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Magee, Bryan, Dreyfus, Hubert L. Bryan Magee talks to Hubert Dreyfus about Husserl, Heidegger and modern existentialism. [via YouTube] The Great Philosophers BBC (1987) <a href="/wiki/Magee,_Bryan" target="_blank">/wiki/Magee,_Bryan</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Shook, John R. (2005). "Dreyfus, Hubert Lederer (1929–)". The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers. Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum. ISBN 9781849723589. OCLC 276357640. <a href="9781849723589" target="_blank">9781849723589</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Kelly, Sean D. (2017-04-24). Weinberg, Justin (ed.). "Hubert Dreyfus (1929-2017)". Daily Nous. Retrieved 2019-04-15. <a href="/wiki/Sean_D._Kelly" target="_blank">/wiki/Sean_D._Kelly</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Dreyfus, Hubert L.; Broderick, James H. (1957-06-01). "Curds and Lions in Don Quijote a Study of Chapter 17, Book II". Modern Language Quarterly. 18 (2): 100–106. doi:10.1215/00267929-18-2-100. ISSN 0026-7929. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"Dreyfus, Hubert L(ederer) 1929-." Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series. Encyclopedia.com. 22 Aug. 2019 <a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/dreyfus-hubert-lederer-1929" target="_blank">https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/dreyfus-hubert-lederer-1929</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>"Professor Hubert Dreyfus Long form CV". sophos.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-08-22. Retrieved 2019-08-23. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190822193446/http://sophos.berkeley.edu/dreyfus/html/fullcv.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190822193446/http://sophos.berkeley.edu/dreyfus/html/fullcv.html</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Shook, John R. (2005). "Dreyfus, Hubert Lederer (1929–)". The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers. Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum. ISBN 9781849723589. OCLC 276357640. <a href="9781849723589" target="_blank">9781849723589</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"Dreyfus, Hubert L(ederer) 1929-." Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series. Encyclopedia.com. 22 Aug. 2019 <a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/dreyfus-hubert-lederer-1929" target="_blank">https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/dreyfus-hubert-lederer-1929</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Shook, John R. (2005). "Dreyfus, Hubert Lederer (1929–)". The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers. Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum. ISBN 9781849723589. OCLC 276357640. <a href="9781849723589" target="_blank">9781849723589</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Dreyfus, Hubert L (1963). Husserl's phenomenology of perception: from transcendental to existential phenomenology (Thesis). OCLC 18179097. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Korsnes, C. 2016, A Matter of Perspective: Interview with Dagfinn Føllesdal, Filosofisk supplement, 2/2015 <a href="http://www.carlkorsnes.com/publications.html" target="_blank">http://www.carlkorsnes.com/publications.html</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Grimes, William (2017-05-02). "Hubert L. Dreyfus, Philosopher of the Limits of Computers, Dies at 87". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-04-15. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/02/us/hubert-dreyfus-dead-philosopher-of-artificial-intelligence.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/02/us/hubert-dreyfus-dead-philosopher-of-artificial-intelligence.html</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>"Introduction". Heidegger, authenticity, and modernity. Dreyfus, Hubert L., Wrathall, Mark A., Malpas, J. E. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 2000. ISBN 9780262286459. OCLC 62157918.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) <a href="9780262286459" target="_blank">9780262286459</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Müller, Vincent C., ed. (2015). "Errors, Insights, and Lessons of Famous Artificial Intelligence Predictions: And What They Mean for the Future" (PDF). Risks of Artificial Intelligence. Chapter by Stuart Armstrong, Kaj Sotala, Seán Ó hÉigeartaigh. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press - Chapman & Hall. doi:10.1201/b19187. ISBN 978-1498734837. OCLC 921182846. <a href="978-1498734837" target="_blank">978-1498734837</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Dreyfus, Hubert L. (1965). Alchemy and Artificial Intelligence (Report). Rand Corporation. p. 10. Retrieved 2019-08-23. <a href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P3244.html" target="_blank">https://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P3244.html</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>"Introduction". Heidegger, authenticity, and modernity. Dreyfus, Hubert L., Wrathall, Mark A., Malpas, J. E. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 2000. ISBN 9780262286459. OCLC 62157918.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) <a href="9780262286459" target="_blank">9780262286459</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>"Introduction". Heidegger, authenticity, and modernity. Dreyfus, Hubert L., Wrathall, Mark A., Malpas, J. E. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 2000. ISBN 9780262286459. OCLC 62157918.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) <a href="9780262286459" target="_blank">9780262286459</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>"Dreyfus, Hubert L(ederer) 1929-." Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series. Encyclopedia.com. 22 Aug. 2019 <a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/dreyfus-hubert-lederer-1929" target="_blank">https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/dreyfus-hubert-lederer-1929</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Shook, John R. (2005). "Dreyfus, Hubert Lederer (1929–)". The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers. Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum. ISBN 9781849723589. OCLC 276357640. <a href="9781849723589" target="_blank">9781849723589</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Anwar, Yasmin (2017-04-25). "Hubert Dreyfus, preeminent philosopher and AI critic, dies at 87". Berkeley News. Retrieved 2019-04-15. <a href="https://news.berkeley.edu/2017/04/24/hubert-dreyfus/" target="_blank">https://news.berkeley.edu/2017/04/24/hubert-dreyfus/</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>"Dreyfus, Hubert L(ederer) 1929-." Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series. Encyclopedia.com. 22 Aug. 2019 <a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/dreyfus-hubert-lederer-1929" target="_blank">https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/dreyfus-hubert-lederer-1929</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Shook, John R. (2005). "Dreyfus, Hubert Lederer (1929–)". The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers. Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum. ISBN 9781849723589. OCLC 276357640. <a href="9781849723589" target="_blank">9781849723589</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Anwar, Yasmin (2017-04-25). "Hubert Dreyfus, preeminent philosopher and AI critic, dies at 87". Berkeley News. Retrieved 2019-04-15. <a href="https://news.berkeley.edu/2017/04/24/hubert-dreyfus/" target="_blank">https://news.berkeley.edu/2017/04/24/hubert-dreyfus/</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Anwar, Yasmin (2017-04-25). "Hubert Dreyfus, preeminent philosopher and AI critic, dies at 87". Berkeley News. Retrieved 2019-04-15. <a href="https://news.berkeley.edu/2017/04/24/hubert-dreyfus/" target="_blank">https://news.berkeley.edu/2017/04/24/hubert-dreyfus/</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>"Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter D" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-09. Retrieved 2011-04-19. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180809114018/http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterD.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180809114018/http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterD.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Anwar, Yasmin (2017-04-25). "Hubert Dreyfus, preeminent philosopher and AI critic, dies at 87". Berkeley News. Retrieved 2019-04-15. <a href="https://news.berkeley.edu/2017/04/24/hubert-dreyfus/" target="_blank">https://news.berkeley.edu/2017/04/24/hubert-dreyfus/</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Grimes, William (2017-05-02). "Hubert L. Dreyfus, Philosopher of the Limits of Computers, Dies at 87". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-04-15. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/02/us/hubert-dreyfus-dead-philosopher-of-artificial-intelligence.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/02/us/hubert-dreyfus-dead-philosopher-of-artificial-intelligence.html</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Kelly, Sean D. (2017-04-24). Weinberg, Justin (ed.). "Hubert Dreyfus (1929-2017)". Daily Nous. Retrieved 2019-04-15. <a href="/wiki/Sean_D._Kelly" target="_blank">/wiki/Sean_D._Kelly</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Dreyfus, Hubert L. (1965). Alchemy and Artificial Intelligence (Report). Rand Corporation. p. 10. Retrieved 2019-08-23. <a href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P3244.html" target="_blank">https://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P3244.html</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Dreyfus, Hubert L.; Dreyfus, Stuart E. (1988). Mind over machine: the power of human intuition and expertise in the era of the computer (2nd paperback ed.). New York: The Free Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-02-908061-0. <a href="978-0-02-908061-0" target="_blank">978-0-02-908061-0</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Dreyfus, Hubert L. (1992). What computers still can't do: a critique of artificial reason. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. pp. 317, n.45. ISBN 978-0-262-04134-8. <a href="978-0-262-04134-8" target="_blank">978-0-262-04134-8</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI : the tumultuous history of the search for artificial intelligence. New York: Basic Books. pp. 125. ISBN 0465029973. OCLC 26858345. <a href="0465029973" target="_blank">0465029973</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>The iPod lecture circuit, Michelle Quinn Los Angeles Times, 24 November 2007, Archived by Wayback Machine <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052136/http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~hdreyfus/pdf/Los%20Angeles%20Times_%20The%20iPod%20lecture%20circuit.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052136/http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~hdreyfus/pdf/Los%20Angeles%20Times_%20The%20iPod%20lecture%20circuit.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>"Episode III: The Life and Death of Hubert Dreyfus · At World's End". atworldsend.co. Retrieved 2019-10-25. <a href="https://atworldsend.co/post/awe3/" target="_blank">https://atworldsend.co/post/awe3/</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Haugeland, John (1996-01-01). "Body and world: a review of What Computers Still Can't Do: A critique of artificial reason (Hubert L. Dreyfus): (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1992); liii + 354 pages, $13.95" (PDF). Artificial Intelligence. 80 (1): 119–128. doi:10.1016/0004-3702(95)00084-4. ISSN 0004-3702. 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ISSN 1538-1617. <a href="https://ndpr.nd.edu/news/background-practices-essays-on-the-understanding-of-being/" target="_blank">https://ndpr.nd.edu/news/background-practices-essays-on-the-understanding-of-being/</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Brinkmann, Svend (2010) On the Road with Heidegger: Review of the Festschrift in honor of Hubert Dreyfus PrePrint of published review in: SATS, Volume 3, Issue 1, Pages 175–180, ISSN (Online) 1869-7577, ISSN (Print) 1600-1974 <a href="/wiki/Svend_Brinkmann" target="_blank">/wiki/Svend_Brinkmann</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Brinkmann, Svend (2010) On the Road with Heidegger: Review of the Festschrift in honor of Hubert Dreyfus PrePrint of published review in: SATS, Volume 3, Issue 1, Pages 175–180, ISSN (Online) 1869-7577, ISSN (Print) 1600-1974 <a href="/wiki/Svend_Brinkmann" target="_blank">/wiki/Svend_Brinkmann</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Sean Dorrance Kelly. 2000. 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