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<h2 id="usage">Usage</h2> <h3>Czech</h3> <p>Ř is the 28th letter of the <a href="/facts/Czech_alphabet/9qCd4huk">Czech alphabet</a>. In the <a href="/facts/Czech_language/ySvEftdh">Czech language</a> ř is used to denote /r̝/, a <a href="/facts/Raised_alveolar_non-sonorant_trill/rDplJobc">raised alveolar non-sonorant trill</a>. Its manner of articulation is similar to other alveolar trills but the tongue is raised; it is partially <a href="/facts/Fricative/1FQuuhfX">fricative</a>. It is usually <a href="/facts/Voice_(phonetics)/VdqrEGQ3">voiced</a>, [r̝], but it also has a voiceless allophone [r̝̊] occurring in the vicinity of voiceless consonants or at the end of a word.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p><p>In the oldest medieval texts, the sound of ř was simply spelled as r, then it was written using a variety of letter combinations, such as rs, rſ, rſſ, rz, and rzſ (compare <i>oltars</i> to modern <i>oltář</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> According to <a href="/facts/Jan_Gebauer/aC9LAMag">Jan Gebauer</a> (1894), the earliest known distinct appearance is in the place names Lukohorſany [cs] and <a href="/facts/O%25C5%2599echov_(disambiguation)/vuYQIe42">Orſechow</a> in a charter or deed from 1237.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> In the early 15th century work <i><a href="/facts/De_orthographia_bohemica/yt01AfGo">De orthographia bohemica</a></i>, attributed to <a href="/facts/Jan_Hus/8TVbwcJn">Jan Hus</a>, the letter ṙ is introduced. The dot <a href="/facts/Diacritic/Rw6lMzQW">diacritic</a> above the letter gradually had various forms, which eventually became the modern ř.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h3>Upper Sorbian</h3> <p>Ř is a letter in the <a href="/facts/Sorbian_alphabet/LJLLGC6G">Upper Sorbian alphabet</a>. In the <a href="/facts/Upper_Sorbian_language/DuARBHID">Upper Sorbian language</a> it denotes the <a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">voiceless postalveolar fricative</a> [ʃ].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The letter only occurs after p, t, and k;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> it originates from older r that had been <a href="/facts/Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing/6PYb0Mom">devoiced</a> by those sounds by the early 9th century, and became a <a href="/facts/Sibilant/5ejwC21e">sibilant</a> in the following centuries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> The letter does not appear in the orthography of <a href="/facts/Lower_Sorbian/cfo2ezgm">Lower Sorbian</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h3>Silesian</h3> <p>The letter is present in a proposed alphabet for <a href="/facts/Silesian_language/HVssa0qx">Silesian</a>, the Silesian Phonetic Alphabet [szl], created in 2006. The alphabet was created with the goal of limiting the use of <a href="/facts/Digraph_(orthography)/wp3UgEyU">digraphs</a> as much as possible, by replacing them with single characters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Ř had also been proposed in an orthography presented in 2001 by Piotr Kalinowski and Józef Kulisz, being used instead of the Polish digraph ⟨rz⟩ <a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_fricative/tfM7yN3u">/ʐ/</a>; this was done with the intention of emphasizing the separateness of Silesian from Polish. The writing system was only used in a few short internet entries of both codifiers. The letter was also used in a project by the linguist Jolanta Tambor [pl], presented in 2008, which was meant to reflect the phonetic diversity of the entire Silesian-speaking region by assigning letters to sounds heard only in some areas; ř represented the fricative trill of <a href="/facts/Cieszyn_Silesian_dialect/NV7V6YLA">Cieszyn Silesian</a>, like in Czech. The system did not attract much interest and is known only from the text of her paper.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h3>Romani</h3> <p>It is used by academics and activists to represent the <a href="/facts/Romani_language/NouAKyrh">Romani language</a>'s second <a href="/facts/Rhotic_consonant/tcAGzjfP">rhotic</a> retained in some dialects (which is also commonly spelled as ⟨rr⟩), variously pronounced as a long trill [rr], a <a href="/facts/Uvular_trill/NKbclM6g">uvular trill</a> [ʀ], or a <a href="/facts/Retroflex_tap/ClIesXP0">retroflex tap</a> [ɽ] or <a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_approximant/TvVxIsqL">approximant</a> [ɻ].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h3>Katë</h3> <p>It is used in <a href="/facts/Kat%25C3%25AB_language/kg1Kyuz9">Katë</a> by academics to represent the <a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_approximant/TvVxIsqL">voiced retroflex approximant</a> [ɻ] found in all dialects, which has several allophonic realizations, including the <a href="/facts/R-colored_vowel/PFFBxN9Q">R-colored vowel</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h3>Kurdish</h3> <p>In some <a href="/facts/Kurdish_alphabets/wCl6RAqJ">Latin-based scripts</a> of <a href="/facts/Kurdish_languages/6LSckYAz">Kurdish</a>, it represents the <a href="/facts/Voiced_dental%2c_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills/rDplJobc">voiced alveolar trill</a> [r], as opposed to the <a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps/EvQ781EU">alveolar tap</a> [ɾ] represented by ⟨r⟩.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h3>Americanist notation</h3> <p>In <a href="/facts/Americanist_phonetic_notation/ozMFd3Rl">Americanist phonetic notation</a>, ř has been used to represent a <a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps/EvQ781EU">flap</a>. This usage might come from <a href="/facts/William_A._Smalley/mtbaFsmA">William A. Smalley</a> in <i>Manual of Articulatory Phonetics</i> (1963).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h3>Berber</h3> <p>The letter is used in scholarly transcriptions of <a href="/facts/Tarifit/8jvlU3oL">Riffian Berber</a>. It represents a sound that comes from historical *l; in most Riffian dialects it is distinguished from r by its lack of influence on nearby vowels, however in some dialects this contrast is strengthened either by ř being trilled and r being a <a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps/EvQ781EU">tap</a>, or by ř being <a href="/facts/Palatalization_(phonetics)/LXAIp4TB">palatalized</a> and r not being palatalized.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Ř is a <a href="/facts/Rhotic_consonant/tcAGzjfP">rhotic</a> <a href="/facts/Approximant/SXrlw7zY">approximant</a> or <a href="/facts/Fricative/1FQuuhfX">fricative</a> in some dialects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h3>Hausa</h3> <p>In <a href="/facts/Paul_Newman_(linguist)/YDhFxQCY">Paul Newman</a>'s transcription of <a href="/facts/Hausa_language/hQF3HW8r">Hausa</a> (seen in <i>A History of the Hausa Language</i>), it is used to represent the trill, as opposed to the <a href="/facts/Tap_and_flap_consonants/5SFjKYlX">flap</a> represented by r. The contrast between the two is marginal in the modern language, but the distinction is important for tracing the phonological history of Hausa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h3>IPA</h3> <p>Lowercase ř is an <a href="/facts/Obsolete_and_nonstandard_symbols_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet/8pbmYUcE">obsolete symbol</a> of the <a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>, used as of 1912 and 1926. It represented the <a href="/facts/Alveolar_fricative_trill/rDplJobc">apicoalveolar fricative trill</a> (as in Czech). The symbol was replaced by ɼ, a long-legged r, which was rarely used for a few decades before being retired in 1989. The sound is now represented by [r̝].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h3>Umbrian</h3> <p>In transliterations of the native alphabet of the extinct <a href="/facts/Umbrian_language/KdAMAJvc">Umbrian language</a>, ř is used to designate a sound of unknown quality, generally deriving from earlier intervocalic *d (and also from intervocalic *l that preceded a <a href="/facts/Front_vowel/htKQs3AT">front vowel</a>). The same sound was represented in the Latin alphabet by the sequence ⟨rs⟩.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="encodings">Encodings</h2> Character information<table><tbody><tr><th scope="row">Preview</th><th colspan="2">Ř</th><th colspan="2">ř</th></tr><tr><th>Unicode name</th><td colspan="2">LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH CARON</td><td colspan="2">LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CARON</td></tr><tr><th>Encodings</th><th>decimal</th><th>hex</th><th>dec</th><th>hex</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Unicode/DDu3MfPV">Unicode</a></td><td>344</td><td>U+0158</td><td>345</td><td>U+0159</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/UTF-8/xlaVHSyf">UTF-8</a></td><td>197 152</td><td>C5 98</td><td>197 153</td><td>C5 99</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Numeric_character_reference/wCEzNIlC">Numeric character reference</a></td><td>Ř</td><td>Ř</td><td>ř</td><td>ř</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references/Pw0NWQLP">Named character reference</a></td><td colspan="2">Ř</td><td colspan="2">ř</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ISO_8859/KFAUkAQ9">ISO 8859</a>-<a href="/facts/ISO_8859-2/rIjCMEr3">2</a></td><td>216</td><td>D8</td><td>248</td><td>F8</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/%25C5%2594/lWeWhyMC">Ŕ</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rz_(digraph)/9nbpVK98">Rz (digraph)</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Sound Patterns of Czech". Institute of Phonetics - Charles University. Retrieved 21 August 2023. <a href="https://fonetika.ff.cuni.cz/en/czech-phonetics/" target="_blank">https://fonetika.ff.cuni.cz/en/czech-phonetics/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Z historie českého pravopisu" [The history of Czech spelling]. Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech). Prague: Institute of the Czech Language. 2008–2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023. <a href="https://prirucka.ujc.cas.cz/?id=148" target="_blank">https://prirucka.ujc.cas.cz/?id=148</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Z historie českého pravopisu" [The history of Czech spelling]. Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech). Prague: Institute of the Czech Language. 2008–2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023. <a href="https://prirucka.ujc.cas.cz/?id=148" target="_blank">https://prirucka.ujc.cas.cz/?id=148</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Gebauer, Jan (1894). Historická mluvnice jazyka českého [Historical grammar of the Czech language] (in Czech). Vol. 1 - Hláskosloví. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Gebauer" target="_blank">/wiki/Jan_Gebauer</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Z historie českého pravopisu" [The history of Czech spelling]. Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech). Prague: Institute of the Czech Language. 2008–2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023. <a href="https://prirucka.ujc.cas.cz/?id=148" target="_blank">https://prirucka.ujc.cas.cz/?id=148</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (1993). The Slavonic languages. London New-York (N.Y.): Routledge. pp. 603, 605–606. ISBN 0-415-04755-2. <a href="0-415-04755-2" target="_blank">0-415-04755-2</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (1993). The Slavonic languages. London New-York (N.Y.): Routledge. pp. 603, 605–606. ISBN 0-415-04755-2. <a href="0-415-04755-2" target="_blank">0-415-04755-2</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Schaarschmidt, Gunter (1998). A Historical Phonology of the Upper and Lower Sorbian Languages. Universitätsverlag Winter. pp. 41–43. ISBN 978-3-8253-0417-1. <a href="978-3-8253-0417-1" target="_blank">978-3-8253-0417-1</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (1993). The Slavonic languages. London New-York (N.Y.): Routledge. pp. 603, 605–606. ISBN 0-415-04755-2. <a href="0-415-04755-2" target="_blank">0-415-04755-2</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Etnolekt śląski - 3. Ortografia półfonetyczna" [Silesian ethnolect - 3. Semi-phonetic orthography] (PDF). Miejska Biblioteka Publiczna w Rudzie Śląskiej (in Polish). Retrieved 22 August 2023. <a href="http://biblioteka.r-sl.pl/pasje/pliki/konkurs_bonczyka/3_cia_edycja/3.pdf" target="_blank">http://biblioteka.r-sl.pl/pasje/pliki/konkurs_bonczyka/3_cia_edycja/3.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Jaroszewicz, Henryk [in Polish] (2022). "Ortografie współczesnego piśmiennictwa śląskojęzycznego" [Orthographies of contemporary Silesian-language literature]. Slavia Occidentalis (in Polish) (78/1–79/1): 67–83. doi:10.14746/so.2021/2022.78-79.6. Retrieved 22 August 2023. <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Jaroszewicz" target="_blank">https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Jaroszewicz</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Leggio, D. Viktor; Matras, Yaron (2017). "Orthography Development on the Internet: Romani on YouTube". Creating Orthographies for Endangered Languages: 271. doi:10.1017/9781316562949.013. ISBN 9781316562949. Retrieved 22 August 2023. <a href="9781316562949" target="_blank">9781316562949</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Matras, Yaron (2009). "Romani". In Brown, Edward Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.). Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world (PDF). Amsterdam Oxford: Elsevier. p. 899. ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7. Retrieved 23 August 2023. <a href="978-0-08-087774-7" target="_blank">978-0-08-087774-7</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Halfmann, Jakob (2024). A Grammatical Description of the Katë Language (Nuristani) (PhD thesis). Köln: Universität zu Köln. <a href="https://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/73732/" target="_blank">https://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/73732/</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Azin, Zahra; Ahmadi, Sina (2021). Creating an Electronic Lexicon for the Under-resourced Southern Varieties of Kurdish Language (PDF). Proceedings of the eLex 2021 conference. Brno: Lexical Computing CZ, s.r.o. p. 483. <a href="https://elex.link/elex2021/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/eLex_2021_30_pp479-488.pdf" target="_blank">https://elex.link/elex2021/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/eLex_2021_30_pp479-488.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Anselme, Rémi; Pellegrino, François; Dediu, Dan (21 March 2023). "What's in the r? A review of the usage of the r symbol in the Illustrations of the IPA". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 53 (3): 1003–1032. doi:10.1017/S0025100322000238. ISSN 0025-1003. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100322000238" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100322000238</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Mourigh, Khalid; Kossmann, Maarten (2019). An introduction to Tarifiyt Berber (Nador, Morocco). Münster: Ugarit-Verlag. pp. 21–23, 28. ISBN 978-3868353075. <a href="978-3868353075" target="_blank">978-3868353075</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Kossmann, Maarten (2013). The Arabic influence on Northern Berber. Leiden Boston: Brill. p. 181. ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4. <a href="978-90-04-25309-4" target="_blank">978-90-04-25309-4</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Pawlak, Nina (18 May 2023). "Paul Newman, A History of the Hausa Language. Reconstruction and Pathways to the Present". Journal of African Languages and Literatures (4): 126–135. doi:10.6093/jalalit.v4i4.10037. Retrieved 22 August 2023. <a href="http://www.serena.unina.it/index.php/jalalit/article/download/10037/10459" target="_blank">http://www.serena.unina.it/index.php/jalalit/article/download/10037/10459</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Whitley, M. Stanley (2003). "Rhotic representation: problems and proposals". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 33 (1): 83. doi:10.1017/S0025100303001166. ISSN 0025-1003. JSTOR 44526903. Retrieved 14 September 2023. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44526903" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/44526903</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Onishi, Teigo (26 November 2021). "Umbrian ⟨rs⟩ and ⟨rf⟩: A synchronic and diachronic puzzle". Indo-European Linguistics. 9 (1): 203–233. doi:10.1163/22125892-bja10013. ISSN 2212-5884. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22125892-bja10013" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22125892-bja10013</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>