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Single-core
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<h2 id="development">Development</h2> <p>The first single core processor was the <a href="/facts/Intel_4004/kAoetjSU">Intel 4004</a>, which was commercially released on November 15, 1971 by <a href="/facts/Intel/SMF0gJJX">Intel</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Since then many improvements have been made to single core processors, going from the 740 kHz of the Intel 4004 to the 2 GHz Celeron G470.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h3>Advantages</h3> <ul><li>Single core processors draw less power than larger, multi-core processors.</li> <li>Single core processors can be made a lot more cheaply than multi core systems, meaning they can be used in embedded systems.</li></ul> <h3>Disadvantages</h3> <ul><li>Single-core processors are generally outperformed by multi-core processors.</li> <li>Single-core processors are more likely to bottleneck with faster peripheral components, as these components have to wait for the CPU to finish its cycle.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li>Single-core processors lack parallelisation, meaning only one application can run at once. This reduces performance as other processes have to wait for processor time, leading to <a href="/facts/Starvation_(computer_science)/E9UjtIWS">process starvation</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="increasing-parallel-trend">Increasing parallel trend</h2> <ul><li>Single-core – one processor on a die. Since about 2012, even most <a href="/facts/Smartphone/cSIrBMWG">smartphones</a> <a href="/facts/CPUs/Jxp1bqMV">CPUs</a> marketed are no longer single-core; <a href="/facts/Microcontroller/MKrnAhnm">Microcontrollers</a> are still single-core, while there are exceptions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Multi-core_processor/ABNb65hQ">Multi-core processors</a> – a 'few' processors on a die, e.g. 2, 4, 8.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Manycore_processor/ozoxeNzT">Manycore processors</a> – a 'large number' of processors on a die, e.g. 10s, 100s, 1000s. Some specialist <a href="/facts/ASIC/YGUXpX50">ASICs</a>/<a href="/facts/Hardware_acceleration/ej5sM7hB">Accelerators</a> and <a href="/facts/GPU/PTK1RQVp">GPUs</a> fall into this category.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Single-core definition". Your Dictionary. LoveToKnow. Archived from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181115213054/http://www.yourdictionary.com/single-core" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20181115213054/http://www.yourdictionary.com/single-core</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Windows 11 Minimum Requirements". Find Windows 11 specs, features and computer requirements. Microsoft. Retrieved 17 March 2022. <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-gb/windows/windows-11-specifications" target="_blank">https://www.microsoft.com/en-gb/windows/windows-11-specifications</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"The last single core CPU..." Andy's Computers. 6 January 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2022. <a href="http://www.andyscomputer.net/2021/01/the-last-single-core-cpu.html" target="_blank">http://www.andyscomputer.net/2021/01/the-last-single-core-cpu.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Intel's First Microprocessor". The Story of the Intel 4004. Intel. Retrieved 17 March 2022. <a href="https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/history/museum-story-of-intel-4004.html" target="_blank">https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/history/museum-story-of-intel-4004.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Intel Celerton Processor G470 Datasheet". Intel Celeron Processor G470. Intel. Retrieved 17 March 2022. <a href="https://duckduckgo.com/?t=ffab&q=Celeron+G470&atb=v1-1&ia=web" target="_blank">https://duckduckgo.com/?t=ffab&q=Celeron+G470&atb=v1-1&ia=web</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"How To Properly Balance Your Components". What is Bottlenecking?. Intel. Retrieved 17 March 2022. <a href="https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/gaming/resources/what-is-bottlenecking-my-pc.html" target="_blank">https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/gaming/resources/what-is-bottlenecking-my-pc.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Johnson, Ogundairo; Dinyo, Omosehinmi. "Comparative Analysis of Single-Core and Multi-Core Systems" (PDF). aircconline. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology. Retrieved 17 March 2022. <a href="https://aircconline.com/ijcsit/V7N6/7615ijcsit10.pdf" target="_blank">https://aircconline.com/ijcsit/V7N6/7615ijcsit10.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Yiu, Joseph; Johnson, Ian. "Multi-core microcontroller design with Cortex-M processors and CoreSight SoC" (PDF). ARM Community. arm.com. Retrieved 17 March 2022. <a href="https://community.arm.com/cfs-file/__key/telligent-evolution-components-attachments/01-1989-00-00-00-00-52-92/Multi_2D00_core-microcontroller-design-with-Cortex_2D00_M-processors-and-Cor.pdf" target="_blank">https://community.arm.com/cfs-file/__key/telligent-evolution-components-attachments/01-1989-00-00-00-00-52-92/Multi_2D00_core-microcontroller-design-with-Cortex_2D00_M-processors-and-Cor.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>