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Moltrasio Formation
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<h2 id="fossils">Fossils</h2> <h3>Exceptional fossilization</h3> <p>Apart from the <a href="/facts/Eocene/EYgI8Uco">Eocene</a> of <a href="/facts/Monte_Bolca/0JCDrmux">Monte Bolca</a>, the Sinemurian of Osteno is the only fossil deposit in Italy in which soft bodies are preserved. The Osteno site was discovered in 1964. It was recovered from a series of 6 metres (20 ft) package of fine laminated, gray, spongiolitic, micritic <a href="/facts/Limestone/8ntvtFnR">limestone</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> <i><a href="/facts/Coroniceras/DPfs0EhR">Coroniceras bisulcatum</a></i> allowed to date the outcrop as the Bucklandi zone, lower <a href="/facts/Sinemurian/D1W2Uwd9">Sinemurian</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> The outcrop is a good documentation of a particularly complete fauna and flora of the Lower Jurassic which is not exactly common in the Southern Alps.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The Osteno outcrop, part of the formation, is worldwide known due to the exceptional preservation of mostly marine biota, including rare fossilized components, helping to understand the ecosystems of the local Sinemurian margin of the Monte Generoso Basin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> The high local variety of fossils found is most likely due to unique conditions of preservation, where phosphatized soft tissues have not been observed in any fish or polychaetes, but they are common in crustaceans (33%) and also occur in a smaller percentage of teuthids (14%).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Soft part preservation through phosphatization in this deposit includes the muscles and branchia of <a href="/facts/Crustacea/PBobIVJP">Crustaceans</a>, fish tissues, and the digestive tracts of coleoids, <a href="/facts/Polychaeta/Uo2YIINM">polychaetes</a>, and <a href="/facts/Nematoda/yLMJ43Eu">nematodes</a>. These fossils are interpreted as having been preserved in a stagnant, restricted basin with anoxic conditions likely within the sediment pore waters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> Structural scheme illustrating the syn-rift setting of the western Lombardian Basin during late Triassic and early Jurassic (most of the early jurassic terms belong to the calcare di Moltrasio and secondarily to Calcare di Domaro and Rosso Ammonitico Lombardo). The approximated location in the context of Osteno lagerstätte is indicated. References in the image.Artistic reconstruction of a hypothetical scene related to the Osteno deposit (Sinemurian-Lower Jurassic). <a href="/facts/Thylacocephala/sek1ondk">Thylacocephalan</a> <i><a href="/facts/Ostenocaris/4n9Jb45E">Ostenocaris</a> cypriformis</i> are hunting cephalopods (<i>Ostenoteuthis</i>) and other arthropods (<i><a href="/facts/Coleia/7Cvt7DRI">Coleia</a></i>, <i>Phlyctisoma</i>). Two feed on the carcass of a conspecific. The sediment, which is very rich in siliceous sponge spicules, indicates that these forms were common and formed true “grasslands” on the seabed. The shark-like <i><a href="/facts/Palaeospinax/IH6UTzuF">Palaeospinax</a> pinnai</i> passes in the background. <h3>Nematoida</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Genus</th><th>Species</th><th>Material</th><th>Location</th><th>Notes</th><th>Images</th></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Eophasma/lQCmS4pm">Eophasma</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>E. jurasicum</i></li></ul></td><td><ul><li>Six specimens with soft parts</li></ul></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Nematode/yLMJ43Eu">nematode</a>, type member of the family <a href="/facts/Eophasmidae/lQCmS4pm">Eophasmidae</a> inside <a href="/facts/Desmoscolecida/uM2vvKmw">Desmoscolecida</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> A rare find, since nematode fossils are absent in most Mesozoic marine rocks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></p></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Annelida</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Genus</th><th>Species</th><th>Material</th><th>Location</th><th>Notes</th><th>Images</th></tr><tr><td><p><i>Melanoraphia</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>M. maculata</i></li></ul></td><td><ul><li>Eleven specimens, complete with soft parts</li></ul></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Polychaeta/Uo2YIINM">polychaete</a>, member of the group Phyllodocemorpha with <i>incertae sedis</i> assignation, suggested to be a member of <a href="/facts/Lumbrineridae/d3v82SJ5">Lumbrineridae</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></p></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Crustacea</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Genus</th><th>Species</th><th>Material</th><th>Location</th><th>Notes</th><th>Images</th></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Aeger/zbJ54tok">Aeger</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>A. foesteri</i></li><li><i>A. muensteri</i></li><li><i>A. robustus</i></li><li><i>A. rostrospinatus</i></li><li><i>A. elongatus</i></li><li><i>A. macropus</i></li></ul></td><td><p>Multiple specimens fairly preserved</p></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Decapoda/MycLb6mz">decapod</a>, type member of the family <a href="/facts/Aegeridae/0SLTenXx">Aegeridae</a>. This genus is the most abundant local crustacean, and was a shrimp-like creature that was probably necrophagous.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Coleia/7Cvt7DRI">Coleia</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>C. vialiii</i></li><li><i>C. medilerranea</i></li><li><i>C. cf. antiqua</i></li><li><i>C. pinnnai</i></li></ul></td><td><p>Multiple specimens fairly preserved</p></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Decapoda/MycLb6mz">decapod</a>, type member of the family <a href="/facts/Coleiidae/kztweH65">Coleiidae</a>. Probably a bottom dweller predatory crustacean.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Eryma/mgVuyaIc">Eryma</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>E. sinemuriana</i></li></ul></td><td><p>41 specimens, fairly preserved</p></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Decapoda/MycLb6mz">decapod</a>, type member of the family <a href="/facts/Erymidae/Uexs0Suh">Erymidae</a>. The species was originally identified as <i>Pustulina sinemuriana</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Glyphea/I6ubU8tB">Glyphea</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>G. tricarinata</i></li></ul></td><td><p>137 complete and fragmentary specimens</p></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Decapoda/MycLb6mz">decapod</a>, type member of the family <a href="/facts/Erymidae/Uexs0Suh">Erymidae</a>. The species was originally identified as <i>Pustulina sinemuriana</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Mecochirus/p7WQPA3v">Mecochirus</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>M. germari</i></li></ul></td><td><p>81 complete and fragmentary specimens,</p></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Decapoda/MycLb6mz">decapod</a>, member of the family <a href="/facts/Mecochiridae/f62GAqto">Mecochiridae</a>. Rather rare compared to other local crustacean genera.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>Ostenosculda</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td><ul><li><i>O. teruzzii</i></li></ul></td><td><p>Single Specimen fairly preserved</p></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Mantis_shrimp/bf4ANszS">mantis shrimp</a></p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Palaeastacus</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>P. meyeri</i></li></ul></td><td><p>Multiple specimens fairly preserved</p></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Decapoda/MycLb6mz">decapod</a>, member of the family <a href="/facts/Erymidae/Uexs0Suh">Erymidae</a>. The species was originally included in the genus <i>Eryma</i> as <i>E. meyeri</i>, although the specimens reveal morphological characters diagnostic of <i>Palaeastacus</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Phlyctisoma</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>P. sinemuriana</i></li></ul></td><td><p>10 specimens, in a fairly good state of preservation</p></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Decapoda/MycLb6mz">decapod</a>, type member of the family <a href="/facts/Erymidae/Uexs0Suh">Erymidae</a>. The species was originally identified as <i>Pustulina sinemuriana</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Pseudoglyphea</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>P. ancylochelis</i></li></ul></td><td><p>7 complete specimens, in a fairly good state </p></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Decapoda/MycLb6mz">decapod</a>, member of the family Litogastroidae. Probably a bottom dweller predatory crustacean.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>Teruzzicheles</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></td><td><ul><li><i>T. popeyei</i></li></ul></td><td><p>Various specimens fairly preserved</p></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>A decapod belonging to the family <a href="/facts/Polychelidae/v6Nk24HA">Polychelidae</a> </p></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Xiphosurida</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Genus</th><th>Species</th><th>Material</th><th>Location</th><th>Notes</th><th>Images</th></tr><tr><td><p><i>Ostenolimulus</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>O. latus</i></li></ul></td><td><ul><li>A nearly complete specimen</li></ul></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Horseshoe_crab/IuaBGa9T">horseshoe crab</a>, member of the family <a href="/facts/Limulidae/IuaBGa9T">Limulidae</a>. This genus represents the oldest Jurassic limulid and only the second xiphosuran known from Italy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> Also indicates that this family were a diverse and widespread clade during the Jurassic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></p></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Thylacocephala</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Genus</th><th>Species</th><th>Material</th><th>Location</th><th>Notes</th><th>Images</th></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Ostenocaris/4n9Jb45E">Ostenocaris</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>O. cypriformis</i></li></ul></td><td><ul><li>Multiple specimens, complete and incomplete</li></ul></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Thylacocephala/sek1ondk">thylacocephalan</a>, type member of the family <a href="/facts/Ostenocarididae/4n9Jb45E">Ostenocarididae</a> inside <a href="/facts/Conchyliocarida/sek1ondk">Conchyliocarida</a>. It is the most common fossil of the formation, and the main identified thylacocephalan from the formation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></p></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Cephalopoda</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Genus</th><th>Species</th><th>Material</th><th>Location</th><th>Notes</th><th>Images</th></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Arietites/qTLl56GY">Arietites</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>A. bucklandi</i></li></ul></td><td><p>Shells</p></td><td><p>Osteno outcrop</p></td><td><p>An <a href="/facts/Ammonitida/mlTK1YEk">ammonitidan</a>, type member of the family <a href="/facts/Arietitidae/dNPDCSGl">Arietitidae</a> inside <a href="/facts/Psiloceratoidea/clocPBJe">Psiloceratoidea</a>. The main ammonite identified locally.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Angulaticeras/9Volmd2x">Angulaticeras</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>A. sp.</i></li></ul></td><td><p>Shells</p></td><td><p>Osteno outcrop</p></td><td><p>An <a href="/facts/Ammonitida/mlTK1YEk">ammonitidan</a>, member of the family <a href="/facts/Schlotheimiidae/YvRs2VrQ">Schlotheimiidae</a> inside <a href="/facts/Psiloceratoidea/clocPBJe">Psiloceratoidea</a>. It was not the most abundant ammonite, but was rather common.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Coroniceras/DPfs0EhR">Coroniceras</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>C. bisulcatum</i></li></ul></td><td><p>Shells</p></td><td><p>Osteno outcrop</p></td><td><p>An <a href="/facts/Ammonitida/mlTK1YEk">ammonitidan</a>, member of the family <a href="/facts/Arietitidae/dNPDCSGl">Arietitidae</a> inside <a href="/facts/Psiloceratoidea/clocPBJe">Psiloceratoidea</a>. It was less common than other ammonites, although index for some locations.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Ectocentrites</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>E. sp.</i></li></ul></td><td><p>Shells</p></td><td><p>Osteno outcrop</p></td><td><p>An <a href="/facts/Ammonitida/mlTK1YEk">ammonitidan</a>, member of the family <a href="/facts/Lytoceratidae/YQUeW6Bh">Lytoceratidae</a> inside <a href="/facts/Lytoceratina/xAqwT43M">Lytoceratina</a>. It was not the most abundant ammonite, but was rather common.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Ostenoteuthis</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>O. siroi</i></li></ul></td><td><p>Several specimens with decent preservation</p></td><td><p>Osteno outcrop</p></td><td><p>A coleoid, type member of the family <a href="/facts/Ostenoteuthidae/obt68FsC">Ostenoteuthidae</a>. A unique group of coeloids, only found at this location. Coleoids with ten arms each bearing pairs of hooks, <i>Ostenoteuthis</i> measure between 18 and 30 cm length.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Oxynoticeras/lj61CMom">Oxynoticeras</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>O. oxynotum</i></li></ul></td><td><p>Shells</p></td><td><p>Osteno outcrop</p></td><td><p>An <a href="/facts/Ammonitida/mlTK1YEk">ammonitidan</a>, type member of the family <a href="/facts/Oxynoticeratidae/Q0mcEFW9">Oxynoticeratidae</a> inside <a href="/facts/Ammonitida/mlTK1YEk">Ammonitida</a>. It was not the most abundant ammonite, but was rather common.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Uncinoteuthis</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>U. cuvieri</i></li></ul></td><td><p>An incomplete specimen consisting of the arm crown only</p></td><td><p>Osteno outcrop</p></td><td><p>A coleoid, member of the family <a href="/facts/Ostenoteuthidae/obt68FsC">Ostenoteuthidae</a>. A unique group of coeloids, only found at this location.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a></p></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Echinoderms</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Genus</th><th>Species</th><th>Material</th><th>Location</th><th>Notes</th><th>Images</th></tr><tr><td><p><i>Hispidocrinus</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>H. scalaris</i></li></ul></td><td><p>Multiple ossicles</p></td><td><p>Pradalunga</p></td><td><p>An <a href="/facts/Crinoidea/RlhFVcdX">Crinoidean</a>, member of the family Isocrininae inside <a href="/facts/Isocrinida/62cqFsf1">Isocrinida</a>. </p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Isocrinus</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>I. spp.</i></li></ul></td><td><p>Multiple ossicles</p></td><td><p>Ubiale - Clanezzo</p></td><td><p>An <a href="/facts/Crinoidea/RlhFVcdX">Crinoidean</a>, member of the family Isocrininae inside <a href="/facts/Isocrinida/62cqFsf1">Isocrinida</a>. </p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Millericrinus</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>M. cf. adneticus</i></li></ul></td><td><p>Multiple ossicles</p></td><td><p>M. di Grone</p></td><td><p>An <a href="/facts/Crinoidea/RlhFVcdX">Crinoidean</a>, member of the family Millericrinidae inside <a href="/facts/Millericrinida/N5EDK502">Millericrinida</a>. </p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Palaeocoma/zAt7XYCc">Palaeocoma</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>P. milleri</i></li></ul></td><td><p>Multiple specimens</p></td><td><p>Ubiale - Clanezzo</p></td><td><p>An <a href="/facts/Ophiurida/bMuDpJJC">ophiuridan</a>, member of the family <a href="/facts/Ophiodermatidae/7o6uRzmz">Ophiodermatidae</a> inside Ophiodermatina. Extant tropical species like <i><a href="/facts/Ophioderma_(echinoderm)/MgLH8zNE">Ophioderma</a></i> are benthic predators and scavengers that show the same short spines seen in <i>Palaeocoma</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a></p></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Hemichordata</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Genus</th><th>Species</th><th>Material</th><th>Location</th><th>Notes</th><th>Images</th></tr><tr><td><p><i>Megaderaion</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>M. sinemuriense</i></li></ul></td><td><ul><li>A nearly complete specimen with soft tissue</li></ul></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>An <a href="/facts/Acorn_worm/PQHFa8Ha">acorn worm</a>, member of the family <a href="/facts/Harrimaniidae/FIszJlJa">Harrimaniidae</a> inside <a href="/facts/Enteropneusta/PQHFa8Ha">Enteropneusta</a>. This genus was probably benthic, linked with burrowing systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a></p></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Chondrichthyes</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Genus</th><th>Species</th><th>Material</th><th>Location</th><th>Notes</th><th>Images</th></tr><tr><td><p><a href="/facts/Hybodontiformes/T6D01okh">Hybodontiformes</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Indeterminate</p></td><td><p>Teeth</p></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>A shark, member of the family <a href="/facts/Hybodontiformes/T6D01okh">Hybodontiformes</a>. </p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><a href="/facts/Myriacanthidae/SHazTmyG">Myriacanthidae</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a></p></td><td><p>Gen et sp. nov</p></td><td><p>Virtually complete skull with associated parts of the branchial skeleton</p></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Chimaeriformes/gUmgE3Jl">chimaerid</a>, member of the family <a href="/facts/Myriacanthidae/SHazTmyG">Myriacanthidae</a> inside <a href="/facts/Chimaeriformes/gUmgE3Jl">Chimaeriformes</a>. </p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Ostenoselache</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>O. stenosoma</i></li></ul></td><td><p>One complete articulated specimen</p></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>An euselachiian, type member of the family Ostenoselachidae inside <a href="/facts/Elasmobranchii/6rBrf5w6">Elasmobranchii</a>. A unique genus of shark, only found in the Osteno Formation. With an elongated eel-shaped morphology, the specimens found measure at least 240 mm in length, with a neurocranium with a long, complex rostrum.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a> It has been suggested it was an animal able to produce electric shocks, probably to kill prey.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a></p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Palaeospinax/IH6UTzuF">Palaeospinax</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>P. pinnai</i></li></ul></td><td><p>A single specimen in four contiguous pieces and including parts of the dentition and squamation</p></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>A shark, type member of the family <a href="/facts/Palaeospinacidae/bE3xazUn">Palaeospinacidae</a> inside <a href="/facts/Synechodontiformes/bE3xazUn">Synechodontiformes</a>. Open water swimmer.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Squaloraja/8UAWH0JD">Squaloraja</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>S. sp.</i></li></ul></td><td><p>One complete articulated specimen</p></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Chimaeriformes/gUmgE3Jl">chimaerid</a>, type member of the family <a href="/facts/Squalorajidae/8UAWH0JD">Squalorajidae</a> inside <a href="/facts/Squalorajoidei/8UAWH0JD">Squalorajoidei</a>. This genus belongs to a lineage of ray-like chimaeras.</p></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Actinopterygii</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Genus</th><th>Species</th><th>Material</th><th>Location</th><th>Notes</th><th>Images</th></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Cosmolepis/I1A0ayJp">Cosmolepis</a>?</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>C. ornatus?</i></li></ul></td><td><ul><li>MSNM V617, complete specimen</li></ul></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>A primitive <a href="/facts/Actinopterygii/3PNaXXmJ">actinopterygiian</a>, member of the order <a href="/facts/Palaeonisciformes/F03lM8mU">Palaeonisciformes</a>. A late surviving representative of the family. The specimens may not represent members of the genus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a></p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Dapedium/BP0czC2t">Dapedium</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>D. sp.</i></li></ul></td><td><ul><li>MSNM V630, caudal fin with associated scales</li></ul></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>A primitive <a href="/facts/Actinopterygii/3PNaXXmJ">actinopterygiian</a>, type member of the family <a href="/facts/Dapediidae/K5KEcg16">Dapediidae</a> inside <a href="/facts/Holostei/aot3VGm4">Holostei</a>. Probably a Coral Environment wanderer.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Furo/e41AfRE9">Furo</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>F. ("Eugnathus") sp.</i></li></ul></td><td><ul><li>MSNM V659, skull & anterior truncal body</li></ul></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>A primitive <a href="/facts/Actinopterygii/3PNaXXmJ">actinopterygiian</a>, type member of the family Furidae inside Ionoscopiformes. An enlongated Gar-alike taxon.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Pholidophorus/2X3jcx1Y">Pholidophorus</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>P. cf.bechei</i></li></ul></td><td><ul><li>MSNM V621, complete specimen</li><li>MSNM V556, isolated complete skull</li><li>Multiple referred specimens</li></ul></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>A primitive <a href="/facts/Actinopterygii/3PNaXXmJ">actinopterygiian</a>, type member of the family <a href="/facts/Pholidophoridae/rGmyuSMK">Pholidophoridae</a> inside <a href="/facts/Teleostei/1YULPGW5">Teleostei</a>. Open water swimmer, probably forming schools. It is the main fish recovered on the formation.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Pholidolepis/ewMaFQGb">Pholidolepis</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>P. sp.</i></li></ul></td><td><ul><li>MSNM V409, complete specimen</li><li>MSNM V594, isolated complete skull</li><li>Multiple referred specimens</li></ul></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>A primitive <a href="/facts/Actinopterygii/3PNaXXmJ">actinopterygiian</a>, member of the family <a href="/facts/Pholidophoridae/rGmyuSMK">Pholidophoridae</a> inside <a href="/facts/Teleostei/1YULPGW5">Teleostei</a>. Open water swimmer, probably forming schools.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><a href="/facts/Palaeonisciformes/F03lM8mU">Palaeonisciformes</a>?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li>Indeterminate</li></ul></td><td><ul><li>MSNM V618-19, skull & toracic section specimen</li><li>Other 3 Specimens</li></ul></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>Primitive <a href="/facts/Actinopterygii/3PNaXXmJ">actinopterygiians</a>, suggested to be members of the order <a href="/facts/Palaeonisciformes/F03lM8mU">Palaeonisciformes</a>. The features inferred to refer this specimens aren't enough to confirm the family association.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a></p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Peripeltopleurus/jh0WKcxC">Peripeltopleurus</a>?</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>P. sp.</i></li></ul></td><td><ul><li>MSNM V659, almost complete specimen lacking the tail</li></ul></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>A primitive <a href="/facts/Actinopterygii/3PNaXXmJ">actinopterygiian</a>, member of the family <a href="/facts/Peltopleuridae/CMUBvgjp">Peltopleuridae</a> inside <a href="/facts/Neopterygii/L8A9xsRq">Neopterygii</a>. Probably represents the only known Jurassic survivor of the order Peltopleuriformes</p></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Sarcopterygii</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Genus</th><th>Species</th><th>Material</th><th>Location</th><th>Notes</th><th>Images</th></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Undina/y1JspdBL">Undina</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>U. (Holophagus) cf. gulo</i></li></ul></td><td><ul><li>MSNM V587, isolated scales</li></ul></td><td><p>Osteno Outcrop</p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Coelacanth/TaEXps8Q">Coelacanth</a>, member of the family <a href="/facts/Latimeriidae/TaEXps8Q">Latimeriidae</a> inside <a href="/facts/Coelacanthiformes/TaEXps8Q">Coelacanthiformes</a>. Isolated 20 mm scales of coelacanths analogous to the genus <i>Holophagus</i> are quite frequent on the Osteno deposits, suggesting a taxon up to 75 cm long. </p></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Plants</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Genus</th><th>Species</th><th>Material</th><th>Location</th><th>Notes</th><th>Images</th></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Brachyphyllum/cPySW8eL">Brachyphyllum</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>B. saportum</i></li><li><i>B. spp.</i></li></ul></td><td>Branched Shoots</td><td><ul><li>Osteno Outcrop</li><li>Dintorni di Moltrasio</li></ul></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Coniferophyta/vDUgqxCx">coniferophytan</a>, member of the family <a href="/facts/Cheirolepidiaceae/ey1lqNly">Cheirolepidiaceae</a> inside <a href="/facts/Pinopsida/vDUgqxCx">Pinopsida</a>. </p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>Clathropteris</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a></td><td><ul><li><i>C. platyphylla</i></li></ul></td><td>Fronds</td><td><ul><li>Carate-Lario</li></ul></td><td>A Fern, member of the family <a href="/facts/Dipteridaceae/FWkLu2Ja">Dipteridaceae</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Ctenopteris/IXCw8923">Ctenopteris</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a></td><td><ul><li><i>C. grandis</i></li></ul></td><td>Fronds</td><td><ul><li>Moltrasio</li></ul></td><td>A Fern, member of the family <a href="/facts/Polypodiaceae/9TQ4TjMN">Polypodiaceae</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Equisetites/WokBur8p">Equisitites</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>E. bunburyanus</i></li></ul></td><td>Stems</td><td><ul><li>Osteno Outcrop</li></ul></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Horsetail/mkQoSHEz">Horsetail</a>, member of the family <a href="/facts/Equisetaceae/WokBur8p">Equisetaceae</a> inside <a href="/facts/Equisetales/qNrqKn3Q">Equisetales</a>. A freshwater-related plant, that grew as fast as modern bamboo on tropical settings.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>Lomatopteris</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a></td><td><ul><li><i>L. jurensis</i></li></ul></td><td>Fronds</td><td><ul><li>Carate-Lario</li></ul></td><td>A "Seed Fern", affinities with <a href="/facts/Cyclopteridaceae/HGetvQK6">Cyclopteridaceae</a> inside <a href="/facts/Pteridospermatophyta/Rq1MDjea">Pteridospermatophyta</a>.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Otozamites/V6D6rYnA">Otozamites</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>O. bunburyanus</i></li><li><i>O. bechei</i></li><li><i>O. latior</i></li><li><i>O. brevifolius</i></li><li><i>O. pterophylloides</i></li><li><i>O. sp.</i></li></ul></td><td>Leaflets</td><td><ul><li>Osteno Outcrop</li><li>Moltrasio</li><li>Carate-Lario</li></ul></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Spermatopsida/MQBG4KEw">spermatopsidan</a>, member of the family <a href="/facts/Bennettitales/U2QvsBrD">Bennettitales</a> inside Bennettitopsida. Cycad-like flora, common on dry settings.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Pachypteris/FMwgULa6">Pachypteris</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>P. cf. rhomboidalis</i></li></ul></td><td>Fronds</td><td><ul><li>Osteno Outcrop</li></ul></td><td><p>A "Seed Fern", member of the family <a href="/facts/Corystospermaceae/6jeSswxr">Corystospermaceae</a> inside <a href="/facts/Corystospermales/6jeSswxr">Corystospermales</a>. </p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Pagiophyllum/xuh1Sl9Y">Pagiophyllum</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>P. peregrinum</i></li><li><i>P. sp.</i></li></ul></td><td>Branched Shoots</td><td><ul><li>Osteno Outcrop</li><li>Carate-Lario</li></ul></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Coniferophyta/vDUgqxCx">coniferophytan</a>, member of the family <a href="/facts/Araucariaceae/Rn6BKUbo">Araucariaceae</a> inside <a href="/facts/Pinopsida/vDUgqxCx">Pinopsida</a>. </p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>Thinnfeldia</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a></td><td><ul><li><i>T. rhomboidalis</i></li><li><i>T. obtusa</i></li></ul></td><td>Fronds</td><td><ul><li>Carate-Lario</li></ul></td><td>A "Seed Fern", member of the family <a href="/facts/Corystospermaceae/6jeSswxr">Corystospermaceae</a> inside <a href="/facts/Corystospermales/6jeSswxr">Corystospermales</a>.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Williamsonia_(plant)/rQ8p0WLa">Williamsonia</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>W. sp.</i></li></ul></td><td>Reproductive Organ</td><td><ul><li>Osteno Outcrop</li></ul></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Spermatopsida/MQBG4KEw">spermatopsidan</a>, member of the family <a href="/facts/Bennettitales/U2QvsBrD">Bennettitales</a> inside Bennettitopsida. Cycad-like flora, common on dry settings.</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>Widdringtonites</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a></td><td><ul><li><i>W. baehmanni</i></li></ul></td><td>Branched Shoots</td><td><ul><li>Mombello</li></ul></td><td>A <a href="/facts/Coniferophyta/vDUgqxCx">coniferophytan</a>, member of the family <a href="/facts/Araucariaceae/Rn6BKUbo">Araucariaceae</a> or <a href="/facts/Cupressaceae/TuD8FKJx">Cupressaceae</a> inside <a href="/facts/Pinopsida/vDUgqxCx">Pinopsida</a>.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i><a href="/facts/Zamites/nJpkIYfc">Zamites</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a></p></td><td><ul><li><i>Z. sp.</i></li></ul></td><td>Leaflets</td><td><ul><li>Osteno Outcrop</li></ul></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Spermatopsida/MQBG4KEw">spermatopsidan</a>, member of the family <a href="/facts/Bennettitales/U2QvsBrD">Bennettitales</a> inside Bennettitopsida. Cycad-like flora, common on dry settings.</p></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_Italy/UGXUgjIa">List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Calcare_di_Sogno/jCxrs74n">Calcare di Sogno</a>, Toarcian fossiliferous formation of Lombardy</li> <li><a href="/facts/Saltrio_Formation/pLdnGrqG">Saltrio Formation</a>, Sinemurian fossiliferous formation of Lombardy</li> <li><a href="/facts/Rotzo_Formation/Q0PfJMR0">Rotzo Formation</a>, Pliensbachian fossiliferous formation of Veneto</li> <li><a href="/facts/Coimbra_Formation/AkD9YWAI">Coimbra Formation</a>, Sinemurian fossiliferous formation of Portugal</li> <li><a href="/facts/Aganane_Formation/lD1eAupa">Aganane Formation</a>, Pliensbachian Formation of Morocco</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Muttoni, G.; Erba, E.; Kent, D. V.; Bachtadse, V. (2005). 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