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Colour fastness
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<h2 id="washing-fastness">Washing fastness</h2> <p>The term <i>washing fastness of textiles</i> pertains to the capacity of textile materials, such as fabrics or garments, to maintain their original colour and appearance after undergoing multiple washing and laundering processes. It signifies the textile's ability to endure repeated washing without experiencing fading, bleeding, or other undesirable alterations. The washing fastness of the dyed material is determined by factors such as the <a href="/facts/Solubility/kLE9h3Jb">solubility</a> and rate of dye <a href="/facts/Desorption/rWdeJjxn">desorption</a> from the textile material into <a href="/facts/Soap/S3nJa1oY">soap</a>, <a href="/facts/Detergent/4FLKXR6p">detergent</a>, or different alkaline conditions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="light-fastness">Light fastness</h2><p> Lightfastness is a characteristic of a colourant, such as dye or pigment, which denotes its ability to resist fading when subjected to light exposure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></p> <h2 id="dye-and-the-binding-forces">Dye and the binding forces</h2> <p>A <a href="/facts/Dye/a1NSlcsG">dye</a> is a coloured substance that chemically bonds to the substrate to which it is being applied. Dyes are classified according to their solubility and chemical properties. Dyes are selected according to affinity; any given dye does not apply to every type of <a href="/facts/Fiber/ttkxAFBu">fiber</a>. Different binding forces act between the dye and substrate, such as <a href="/facts/Van_der_Waals_force/jyGU8Vh9">Van der Waals forces</a> including attraction and repulsions between atoms, molecules, and surfaces, as well as other intermolecular forces. <a href="/facts/Direct_dye/vNQoboEG">Direct dye</a> application to <a href="/facts/Cotton/efXRcjbn">cotton</a> results in poor fastness properties when washing. The bond differs from <a href="/facts/Covalent_bond/EzMLf3Pz">covalent</a> bonding in <a href="/facts/Reactive_dye/nvAT86Dm">reactive dyes</a> when applied to cotton, which may result far better fastness than direct dyes. Covalent bond is a stronger bond, caused by correlations in the fluctuating polarizations of nearby particles (a consequence of <a href="/facts/Quantum_dynamics/dmCGsg6B">quantum dynamics</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The use of <a href="/facts/Mordant/KGkRrkba">mordants</a> with dyes is the standard procedure to obtain color fastness. </p><p><a href="/facts/Pigment/I3clCYkF">Pigments</a> as an exception do not bind chemically with textile materials.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="importance-of-colour-fastness">Importance of colour fastness</h2> <p>Colour is an influential element of fashion and clothing aesthetics; it has great value for both the user and the brand. Colour is one of the most significant features in attracting customers to buy a product or garment, and retaining of the original colour is one of the important quality parameters of coloured textiles. Colour fastness is rated poor if the item does not comply with tests exposing it to <a href="/facts/Laundry/3v9PoI1u">washing</a>, <a href="/facts/Lightfastness/5rJs3z6F">light</a>, rubbing and other agents such as <a href="/facts/Perspiration/c5zARtaT">perspiration</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="test-methods-for-colour-fastness">Test methods for colour fastness</h2> <p>Fading, change in colour, and staining of adjacent textile materials were[<i>when?</i>] common complaints of poor quality materials. Standardized testing for colour fastness and other parameters was established in the 20th century by industrialized economies such as the US, the UK, Japan, and Europe. The <a href="/facts/American_Association_of_Textile_Chemists_and_Colorists/UD0rC1qr">American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists</a> (AATCC), <a href="/facts/International_Organization_for_Standardization/IacYR7Yg">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) and <a href="/facts/Society_of_Dyers_and_Colourists/50IJt5Ro">Society of Dyers and Colourists</a> played vital roles in establishing the test methods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>There are various tests and testing methods according to the physical and functional requirements of the product. For example, fastness to saliva may be important for <a href="/facts/Childrenswear/7AgeDDKl">childrenswear</a> and perspiration and light are important for a <a href="/facts/Golf_shirt/S6rjlGuW">golf shirt</a>. European and US retailers use ISO and AATCC standards respectively. </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.aatcc.org/testing/methods/">AATCC Test Methods - Textile Testing Research and Development</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:105:-C12:ed-1:v1:en">"ISO 105-C12:2004(en) Textiles - Tests for colour fastness — Part C12: Colour fastness to industrial laundering"</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Rattee, I. D. (1964). "Bonds between dyes and fibres". Science Progress (1933- ). 52 (208): 581–592. ISSN 0036-8504. JSTOR 43426623. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43426623" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/43426623</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Shore, J.; Colourists, Society of Dyers and (2002). Colorants and Auxiliaries: Auxiliaries. Society of Dyers and Colourists. ISBN 978-0-901956-78-1. <a href="978-0-901956-78-1" target="_blank">978-0-901956-78-1</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Colorfastness". Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220074038/http://housekeeping.about.com/od/laundry/g/def_colorfast.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20161220074038/http://housekeeping.about.com/od/laundry/g/def_colorfast.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Oger, B. (1996). "Fastness to Light and Washing of Direct Dyes for Cellulosic Textiles". Studies in Conservation. 41 (3): 129–135. doi:10.2307/1506527. JSTOR 1506527. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Choudhury, A. K. Roy (2006-01-09). Textile Preparation and Dyeing. Science Publishers. p. 363. ISBN 978-1-57808-404-3. <a href="978-1-57808-404-3" target="_blank">978-1-57808-404-3</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>various (1978). Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology. Internet Archive. Hoechst Celanese. p. 16. <a href="http://archive.org/details/dictionaryoffibe0000vari" target="_blank">http://archive.org/details/dictionaryoffibe0000vari</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Learn How to Understand the Label on a Tube of Paint". LiveAbout. Retrieved 2023-08-06. <a href="https://www.liveabout.com/read-a-paint-tube-label-2578764" target="_blank">https://www.liveabout.com/read-a-paint-tube-label-2578764</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Rattee, I. D. (1964). "Bonds between dyes and fibres". Science Progress (1933- ). 52 (208): 581–592. ISSN 0036-8504. JSTOR 43426623. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43426623" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/43426623</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Proposed Rules". Federal Register. 59 (245): 66080. 19 December 1994. Dyes are intensely colored or fluorescent organic substances that impart color to a substrate by selective absorption of ... mechanical retention, or by the formation of ionic or covalent chemical bonds.Dyes are used to color fabrics <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=et8mC5F3kkEC&dq=A+dye+is+a+colored+substance+that+chemically+bonds+to+the+substrate+to+which+it+is+being+applied&pg=PA66080" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=et8mC5F3kkEC&dq=A+dye+is+a+colored+substance+that+chemically+bonds+to+the+substrate+to+which+it+is+being+applied&pg=PA66080</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Gleba, Margarita (2008). Textile Production in Pre-Roman Italy. Oxybow books. p. 76. ISBN 9781842173305. <a href="9781842173305" target="_blank">9781842173305</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Rutnagur, Sorabji M. (2004). "The Indian Textile Journal - Volume 114". The Indian Textile Journal. 114: 7–12. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QcVOAAAAYAAJ&q=importance+of+colour+fastness" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=QcVOAAAAYAAJ&q=importance+of+colour+fastness</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Color Fastness: Colour Fastness to Washing" (PDF). i-merino. 2011-10-11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-11. Retrieved 2020-10-07 – via Wayback Machine. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011105902/http://fyichina.com.cn/Color_Fastness_PDF_v1.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20111011105902/http://fyichina.com.cn/Color_Fastness_PDF_v1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>John H Xin, Menghe Miao (2017). Engineering of High-Performance Textiles. Elsevier Science. p. 174. ISBN 9780081018859.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="9780081018859" target="_blank">9780081018859</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>