Mecha anime and manga

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
The 1940 short <a href="/facts/Manga/DPkkyHos">manga</a> Electric Octopus (デンキダコ, Denki Dako) featured a powered, piloted, mechanical octopus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a>
The 1943 Yokoyama Ryūichi's propaganda manga The Science Warrior Appears in New York (科学戦士ニューヨークに出現す, Kagaku Senshi New York ni Shutsugensu) featured a sword-wielding, steam-powered, giant humanoid mecha.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a>
The first series in the mecha genre was <a href="/facts/Mitsuteru_Yokoyama/oWSEqtNb">Mitsuteru Yokoyama</a>'s 1956 manga <a href="/facts/Tetsujin_28/FU2GHMHx">Tetsujin 28</a>, which was also released as an <a href="/facts/Anime/d5j1by0m">anime</a> in 1963.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> Yokoyama was inspired to become a <a href="/facts/Manga_creator/ymH4dbUL">manga creator</a> by <a href="/facts/Osamu_Tezuka/gAwFoIrP">Osamu Tezuka</a>, and began serializing the manga in Shonen, an iconic boy's magazine, in 1956.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> In this series, the robot, which was made as a last-ditch effort to win <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a> by the <a href="/facts/Imperial_Japanese_Army/11l04P9p">Japanese military</a>, was <a href="/facts/Remote_control/A9zmkgIV">remote-controlled</a> by the protagonist Shotaro Kaneda, a twelve-year-old detective and "whiz kid".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> The story turned out to have immense mass appeal, and inspired generations of imitators.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a>
In 1972, <a href="/facts/Go_Nagai/aYRq75SL">Go Nagai</a> defined the super robot genre with <a href="/facts/Mazinger_Z/0B2LYT4h">Mazinger Z</a>, which was directly inspired by the former series.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> He had the idea to create a mecha that people could control like a car, while waiting to cross a busy street.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> The concept became "explosively popular", making the manga and anime into a success.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> The series also was the genesis for different tropes of the genre, such as the idea of a robot as a "dynamic entity" that could join with other machines or humans to become unstoppable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> Anime critic <a href="/facts/Fred_Patten/3pnkeGm8">Fred Patten</a> wrote that almost all mecha anime plots, such as <a href="/facts/Villain_of_the_week/WkUxFNM8">monster of the week</a> shows, were actually metaphors for re-fighting World War II, and defending Japan and its culture from Western encroachment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>
By 1977, a large number of super robot anime had been created, including <a href="/facts/Brave_Raideen/6t4AJvB7">Brave Raideen</a> and <a href="/facts/Wakusei_Robo_Danguard_Ace/1Ju7AY62">Danguard Ace</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> The market for super robot toys also grew, spawning metal <a href="/facts/Die-cast_toy/teBpPt9j">die-cast toys</a> such as the <a href="/facts/Chogokin/XqWchBD8">Chogokin</a> series in Japan and the <a href="/facts/Shogun_Warriors_(toys)/yHEm6Qq8">Shogun Warriors</a> in the U.S., that were (and still are) very popular with children and collectors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> The super robot genre became heavily commercialized and stagnant, creating an opening for innovation, which was seized upon by <a href="/facts/Yoshiyuki_Tomino/pY0YYCA4">Yoshiyuki Tomino</a> in 1979 with the creation of <a href="/facts/Mobile_Suit_Gundam/TzRKwPex">Mobile Suit Gundam</a>, a complex "space saga" that was called the "<a href="/facts/Star_Wars/9Y5j3IPP">Star Wars</a> of Japan" and birthed the real robot genre, which featured more realistic, gritty technology.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> Tomino did not like the formulaic storylines and overt advertising of the super robot shows he had worked on, and wanted to create a movie where robots were used as tools.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> While the response to Gundam was lukewarm at first, efforts by dedicated fans led to it becoming a success.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> It created a massive market for mecha model robots, and became an industry that earned <a href="/facts/Bandai/Muy3E7QK">Bandai</a> ¥42.8 billion in 2004.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> Many real robot series and other media were later created, such as <a href="/facts/Full_Metal_Panic!/sV0Ty6Hr">Full Metal Panic!</a> and the video game series <a href="/facts/Armored_Core/bE3EJ868">Armored Core</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>
1990 saw the release of <a href="/facts/Patlabor/LYsXAap9">Patlabor</a>, an animated movie directed by <a href="/facts/Mamoru_Oshii/9T9Tl0my">Mamoru Oshii</a> that popularized the mecha genre and aesthetic in the <a href="/facts/Western_world/UQl4e7du">West</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> <a href="/facts/Neon_Genesis_Evangelion/7t0JvbIt">Neon Genesis Evangelion</a>, created by <a href="/facts/Hideaki_Anno/0knvzYw5">Hideaki Anno</a> in 1995, was a major influence on the super robot genre, arriving when the real robot genre was dominant on television.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> Due to its unusual psychological themes, the show became a massive success,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> and further caused Japanese anime culture to spread widely and rapidly around the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>
The mecha anime genre (as well as Japanese <a href="/facts/Kaiju/gfE8tVB0">kaiju</a> films) received a Western homage with the 2013 film <a href="/facts/Pacific_Rim_(film)/kkbJGcqA">Pacific Rim</a> directed by <a href="/facts/Guillermo_del_Toro/6uzjkCwU">Guillermo del Toro</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> Similarly the genre was inspirational for the 1998 first-person shooter <a href="/facts/Shogo:_Mobile_Armor_Division/upyl004p">Shogo: Mobile Armor Division</a> developed by <a href="/facts/Monolith_Productions/pvYS350c">Monolith Productions</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>

<h2 id="super-robot">Super robot</h2>

Some of the first mecha featured in manga and anime were "super robots" (スーパーロボット sūpā robotto).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> The super robot genre features <a href="/facts/Superhero/2UzUtlz9">superhero</a>-like giant robots that are often one-of-a-kind and the product of an ancient civilization, aliens or a <a href="/facts/Mad_scientist/qfEISTVp">mad genius</a>. These robots are usually piloted by Japanese <a href="/facts/Teenager/XUkTHFyd">teenagers</a> via <a href="/facts/Voice_command/z7S7Pgk6">voice command</a> or <a href="/facts/Brain-computer_interface/wdXWqFVr">neural uplink</a>, and are often powered by mystical or exotic energy sources.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> Their abilities are described as "quasi-magical".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>

<h2 id="real-robot">Real robot</h2>
"Real robot" redirects here. For robots in reality, see <a href="/facts/Robot/S5mDzWYk">Robot</a>. For the UK published magazine named Real Robot in Japan, see <a href="/facts/Real_Robots/lpJy4TLg">Real Robots</a>.

The later real robot (リアルロボット riaru robotto) genre features robots that do not have mythical superpowers, but rather use largely conventional, albeit futuristic weapons and power sources, and are often mass-produced on a large scale for use in wars.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> The real robot genre also tends to feature more complex characters with moral conflicts and personal problems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> The genre is therefore aimed primarily at young adults instead of children.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> The genre has been compared to <a href="/facts/Hard_science_fiction/7n1v9KTA">hard science fiction</a> by its fanbase, and is strongly associated with sales of popular toy models such as <a href="/facts/Gunpla/UApf5EAy">Gunpla</a>.
One of the "founding fathers" of real robot design was <a href="/facts/Kunio_Okawara/NLLDMc3D">Kunio Okawara</a>, who started out working on <a href="/facts/Gundam/GDUlGGa8">Gundam</a> and continued on to other real robot series such as <a href="/facts/Armored_Trooper_Votoms/SPv9xoKq">Armored Trooper Votoms</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a>
<a href="/facts/Mobile_Suit_Gundam/TzRKwPex">Mobile Suit Gundam</a> (1979) is largely considered the first series to introduce the real robot concept and, along with <a href="/facts/The_Super_Dimension_Fortress_Macross/avzssArY">The Super Dimension Fortress Macross</a> (1982), would form the basis of what people would later call real robot anime.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> In an interview with <a href="/facts/Yoshiyuki_Tomino/pY0YYCA4">Yoshiyuki Tomino</a> and other production crew members in the April 1989 issue of <a href="/facts/Newtype/RFh5TVJo">Newtype</a>, about his views on the first <a href="/facts/Gundam/GDUlGGa8">Gundam</a> anime that was not directed by him, he commented on the realism of the show, in which he sees the sponsors, <a href="/facts/Bandai_Namco_Filmworks/SbRtr06S">Sunrise</a>, as imaginary enemies of Gundam, since they did not accept a certain level of realism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> <a href="/facts/Armored_Trooper_Votoms/SPv9xoKq">Armored Trooper Votoms</a> is viewed by <a href="/facts/Famitsu/t92U0WbH">Famitsu</a> magazine as the peak of real-robot anime.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a>
The concepts behind "real robots" that set it apart from previous robot anime are such as:

<ul><li>The robot is used as an industrial machine with arm-like <a href="/facts/Manipulator_(device)/gv3hVXGa">manipulators</a> and is manufactured by military and commercial enterprises of various nations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a></li>
<li>The concept of industrial production and commercial manufacturing processes appeared for the first time in the history of robot shows, introducing manufacturing language like "<a href="/facts/Mass-production/31Cmgjuc">mass-production</a>" (MP), "<a href="/facts/Prototype/q0yPLYdb">prototype</a>" and "test-type".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a></li>
<li>While classic super robots typically use special attacks activated by voice commands, real robots more commonly use manually operated scaled-up/advanced versions of infantry weapons, such as <a href="/facts/Laser/jk6PTvvT">lasers</a>/<a href="/facts/Particle_beam/mg5EIlWb">particle beams</a>, <a href="/facts/Firearm/GuHx4aGE">firearms</a>, melee weapons (<a href="/facts/Sword/vwht025C">swords</a>, <a href="/facts/Axe/caIr6REq">axes</a>, etc) and <a href="/facts/Shield/udD3Pm6g">shields</a>.</li>
<li>Real robots use mostly ranged weapons that require an <a href="/facts/Ammunition/ajd1wm1I">ammunition</a> supply.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a>[user-generated source]</li>
<li>Real robots require periodic maintenance and are often prone to malfunction and break down, like real machines.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="types">Types</h2>

<h3>Piloted</h3>
This ubiquitous subgenre features mecha piloted internally as vehicles. The first series to feature such mecha was Go Nagai's <a href="/facts/Mazinger_Z/0B2LYT4h">Mazinger Z</a> (1972). In a 2009 interview, Go Nagai claimed the idea came to mind when he was stuck in a traffic jam and wished his car could sprout arms and legs to walk over the cars in front.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> Other examples include <a href="/facts/Science_Ninja_Team_Gatchaman/qpQmyr4r">Science Ninja Team Gatchaman</a> (1972), <a href="/facts/Mobile_Suit_Gundam/TzRKwPex">Mobile Suit Gundam</a> (1979), <a href="/facts/The_Super_Dimension_Fortress_Macross/avzssArY">The Super Dimension Fortress Macross</a> (1982), and <a href="/facts/Tengen_Toppa_Gurren_Lagann/VYsdWEbU">Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann</a> (2007). There are series that have piloted mecha that are also in the sentient category, usually because of an AI system to assist and care for the pilot, as featured in <a href="/facts/Blue_Comet_SPT_Layzner/BYC9268b">Blue Comet SPT Layzner</a> (1985) and <a href="/facts/Gargantia_on_the_Verdurous_Planet/awo7zsI3">Gargantia on the Verdurous Planet</a> (2013),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> or going berserk because the mecha has biological aspects, as featured in <a href="/facts/Neon_Genesis_Evangelion/7t0JvbIt">Neon Genesis Evangelion</a> (1995).

<h3>Sentient</h3>
These are mecha that have the ability to be self-aware, think, and sometimes feel emotion. The source of sentience varies from aliens, such as the titular characters of American-produced and Japanese-animated series, <a href="/facts/The_Transformers_(TV_series)/tM6alqmt">The Transformers</a> (1984), to <a href="/facts/Artificial_intelligence/lJGauQwX">artificial intelligence</a> or <a href="/facts/Synthetic_intelligence/kkkmL58I">synthetic intelligence</a>, such as the robots of Dragon's Heaven (1988) and <a href="/facts/Brave_Police_J-Decker/96B2NhCe">Brave Police J-Decker</a> (1994) to magic, such as Da-Garn of <a href="/facts/The_Brave_Fighter_of_Legend_Da-Garn/CLtKR0NV">The Brave Fighter of Legend Da-Garn</a> (1992). The first series that featured a sentient giant robot, also the first mecha anime in color, was <a href="/facts/Astroganger/JJMLlmqk">Astroganger</a> (1972).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a>

<h3>Remote controlled</h3>
These are mecha that are controlled externally. The first mecha anime, <a href="/facts/Tetsujin_28-go/FU2GHMHx">Tetsujin 28-go</a> (1966), and <a href="/facts/Giant_Robo/nqoW79Ih">Giant Robo</a> (1967) are famous examples.

<h3>Transforming</h3>
A transforming mech can transform between a standard vehicle (such as a fighter plane or transport truck) and a fighting mecha robot. The concept of transforming mecha was pioneered by Japanese mecha designer <a href="/facts/Sh%C5%8Dji_Kawamori/SeITeNWn">Shōji Kawamori</a> in the early 1980s, when he created the <a href="/facts/Diaclone/pUp3KReh">Diaclone</a> toy line in 1980 and then the <a href="/facts/Macross/HLrYBP9a">Macross</a> anime franchise in 1982. Some of Kawamori's most iconic transforming mecha designs include the <a href="/facts/VF-1_Valkyrie/9qbA61WP">VF-1 Valkyrie</a> from the Macross and Robotech franchises, and <a href="/facts/Optimus_Prime/48wKGNKu">Optimus Prime</a> (called Convoy in Japan) from the Transformers and Diaclone franchises. The concept later became more popular in the mid-1980s, with <a href="/facts/Macross:_Do_You_Remember_Love%3F/qhMXWNAE">Macross: Do You Remember Love?</a> (1984) and <a href="/facts/Zeta_Gundam/248kMb3G">Zeta Gundam</a> (1985) in Japan, and with <a href="/facts/Transformers/rbdTVMjI">Transformers</a> (1984 adaptation of Diaclone)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> and <a href="/facts/Robotech/czlxgJI0">Robotech</a> (1985 adaptation of Macross) in the West.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a>

<h3>Wearable</h3>
This refers to mecha that are <a href="/facts/Powered_exoskeleton/qMDlIbnE">powered exoskeletons</a> rather than piloted as vehicles, such as in <a href="/facts/Genesis_Climber_MOSPEADA/hFd8Cbwl">Genesis Climber MOSPEADA</a> (1983), <a href="/facts/Bubblegum_Crisis/MDUnk5yT">Bubblegum Crisis</a> (1987) and <a href="/facts/Active_Raid/fSuLEuPk">Active Raid</a> (2016); merge with the mecha, such as in <a href="/facts/Detonator_Orgun/fo1ExNNB">Detonator Orgun</a> (1991) & <a href="/facts/The_King_of_Braves_GaoGaiGar/ogpIJfUx">The King of Braves GaoGaiGar</a> (1997); combine with the robots, such as in <a href="/facts/Transformers:_Super-God_Masterforce/U6rSefwz">Transformers: Super-God Masterforce</a> (1988); or become mechanical themselves, such as in <a href="/facts/Brave_Command_Dagwon/peGrCq4j">Brave Command Dagwon</a> (1996) and Fire Robo (2016).

<h2 id="model-robot">Model robot</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Model_robot/S9Vz1GK0">Model robot</a>
Assembling and painting mecha <a href="/facts/Scale_model/YgCtlwqb">scale model</a> kits is a popular pastime among mecha enthusiasts. Like other models such as cars or airplanes, more advanced kits require much more intricate assembly. <a href="/facts/Lego/NW95SLjY">Lego</a> mecha construction can present unique engineering challenges; the balancing act between a high range of motion, good structural stability, and aesthetic appeal can be difficult to manage. In 2006, the Lego Group released their own somewhat manga-inspired mecha line with the <a href="/facts/Lego_Exo-Force/IjjsI2zq">Lego Exo-Force</a> series.

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_mecha_anime/2Bj61qqE">List of mecha anime</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="http://www.gearsonline.net">Gears Online</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.mahq.net/">Mecha Anime HQ</a>: Extensive coverage on Gundams and other mecha.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Hornyak, Timothy N. (2006). "Chapter 4". Loving the Machine: the Art and Science of Japanese Robots (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. pp. 57–70. ISBN 4770030126. OCLC 63472559. <a href="4770030126" target="_blank">4770030126</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Hikawa, Ryusuke; Inoue, Koichi; Sawaki, Daisuke (2013). Japanese Animation Guide: The History of Robot Anime (PDF) (Report). Translated by AltJapan. Mori Building Co., Ltd. Retrieved May 31, 2024. <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABsuke_Hikawa" target="_blank">/wiki/Ry%C5%ABsuke_Hikawa</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">井上晴樹 (August 2007). 日本ロボット戦争記 1939~1945. NTT出版. ISBN 9784757160149. Retrieved April 1, 2018. <a href="9784757160149" target="_blank">9784757160149</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">井上晴樹 (August 2007). The Anime Encyclopedia, 3rd Revised Edition: A Century of Japanese Animation. NTT出版. ISBN 9784757160149. Retrieved September 8, 2019. <a href="9784757160149" target="_blank">9784757160149</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Hornyak, Timothy N. (2006). "Chapter 4". Loving the Machine: the Art and Science of Japanese Robots (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. pp. 57–70. ISBN 4770030126. OCLC 63472559. <a href="4770030126" target="_blank">4770030126</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Hornyak, Timothy N. (2006). "Chapter 4". Loving the Machine: the Art and Science of Japanese Robots (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. pp. 57–70. ISBN 4770030126. OCLC 63472559. <a href="4770030126" target="_blank">4770030126</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Hornyak, Timothy N. (2006). "Chapter 4". Loving the Machine: the Art and Science of Japanese Robots (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. pp. 57–70. ISBN 4770030126. OCLC 63472559. <a href="4770030126" target="_blank">4770030126</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Hornyak, Timothy N. (2006). "Chapter 4". Loving the Machine: the Art and Science of Japanese Robots (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. pp. 57–70. ISBN 4770030126. OCLC 63472559. <a href="4770030126" target="_blank">4770030126</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Hornyak, Timothy N. (2006). "Chapter 4". Loving the Machine: the Art and Science of Japanese Robots (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. pp. 57–70. ISBN 4770030126. OCLC 63472559. <a href="4770030126" target="_blank">4770030126</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Hornyak, Timothy N. (2006). "Chapter 4". Loving the Machine: the Art and Science of Japanese Robots (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. pp. 57–70. ISBN 4770030126. OCLC 63472559. <a href="4770030126" target="_blank">4770030126</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Hornyak, Timothy N. (2006). "Chapter 4". Loving the Machine: the Art and Science of Japanese Robots (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. pp. 57–70. ISBN 4770030126. OCLC 63472559. <a href="4770030126" target="_blank">4770030126</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Hornyak, Timothy N. (2006). "Chapter 4". Loving the Machine: the Art and Science of Japanese Robots (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. pp. 57–70. ISBN 4770030126. OCLC 63472559. <a href="4770030126" target="_blank">4770030126</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Hornyak, Timothy N. (2006). "Chapter 4". Loving the Machine: the Art and Science of Japanese Robots (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. pp. 57–70. ISBN 4770030126. OCLC 63472559. <a href="4770030126" target="_blank">4770030126</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Hornyak, Timothy N. (2006). "Chapter 4". Loving the Machine: the Art and Science of Japanese Robots (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. pp. 57–70. ISBN 4770030126. OCLC 63472559. <a href="4770030126" target="_blank">4770030126</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Hornyak, Timothy N. (2006). "Chapter 4". Loving the Machine: the Art and Science of Japanese Robots (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. pp. 57–70. ISBN 4770030126. OCLC 63472559. <a href="4770030126" target="_blank">4770030126</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Hornyak, Timothy N. (2006). "Chapter 4". Loving the Machine: the Art and Science of Japanese Robots (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. pp. 57–70. ISBN 4770030126. OCLC 63472559. <a href="4770030126" target="_blank">4770030126</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Hornyak, Timothy N. (2006). "Chapter 4". Loving the Machine: the Art and Science of Japanese Robots (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. pp. 57–70. ISBN 4770030126. OCLC 63472559. <a href="4770030126" target="_blank">4770030126</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Hornyak, Timothy N. (2006). "Chapter 4". Loving the Machine: the Art and Science of Japanese Robots (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. pp. 57–70. ISBN 4770030126. OCLC 63472559. <a href="4770030126" target="_blank">4770030126</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Hornyak, Timothy N. (2006). "Chapter 4". Loving the Machine: the Art and Science of Japanese Robots (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. pp. 57–70. ISBN 4770030126. OCLC 63472559. <a href="4770030126" target="_blank">4770030126</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Hornyak, Timothy N. (2006). "Chapter 4". Loving the Machine: the Art and Science of Japanese Robots (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. pp. 57–70. ISBN 4770030126. OCLC 63472559. <a href="4770030126" target="_blank">4770030126</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Hanson, Matt (2005). Building sci-fi moviescapes : the science behind the fiction. East Sussex, England: Rotovision. p. 38. ISBN 0240807723. OCLC 60800154. <a href="0240807723" target="_blank">0240807723</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Hornyak, Timothy N. (2006). "Chapter 4". Loving the Machine: the Art and Science of Japanese Robots (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. pp. 57–70. ISBN 4770030126. OCLC 63472559. <a href="4770030126" target="_blank">4770030126</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Hornyak, Timothy N. (2006). "Chapter 4". Loving the Machine: the Art and Science of Japanese Robots (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. pp. 57–70. ISBN 4770030126. OCLC 63472559. <a href="4770030126" target="_blank">4770030126</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"TV Tokyo's Iwata Discusses Anime's 'Road to Survival' (Updated)". Anime News Network. Retrieved September 21, 2017. <a href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-01-29/tv-tokyo-iwata-discusses-anime-road-to-survival" target="_blank">http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-01-29/tv-tokyo-iwata-discusses-anime-road-to-survival</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Axinto, Jemarc (April 24, 2014). "Pacific Rim: In-depth study of the influence of Anime". The Artifice. Retrieved November 14, 2014. <a href="http://www.the-artifice.com/pacific-rim-anime-influence/" target="_blank">http://www.the-artifice.com/pacific-rim-anime-influence/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Sabbagh, Michel (December 17, 2015). "Effort Upon Effort: Japanese Influences in Western First-Person Shooters" (PDF). Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 1, 2016. Retrieved December 29, 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101080544/http://users.wpi.edu/~mksabbagh/docs/Sabbagh_IQP_MBJ_1603.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160101080544/http://users.wpi.edu/~mksabbagh/docs/Sabbagh_IQP_MBJ_1603.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Hornyak, Timothy N. (2006). "Chapter 4". Loving the Machine: the Art and Science of Japanese Robots (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. pp. 57–70. ISBN 4770030126. OCLC 63472559. <a href="4770030126" target="_blank">4770030126</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Hornyak, Timothy N. (2006). "Chapter 4". Loving the Machine: the Art and Science of Japanese Robots (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. pp. 57–70. ISBN 4770030126. OCLC 63472559. <a href="4770030126" target="_blank">4770030126</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Clements, Jonathan; McCarthy, Helen (February 9, 2015). The anime encyclopedia : a century of Japanese animation (3rd revised ed.). Berkeley, California. ISBN 978-1611729092. OCLC 904144859.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="978-1611729092" target="_blank">978-1611729092</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Hornyak, Timothy N. (2006). "Chapter 4". Loving the Machine: the Art and Science of Japanese Robots (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. pp. 57–70. ISBN 4770030126. OCLC 63472559. <a href="4770030126" target="_blank">4770030126</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Tomino, Yoshiyuki; Schodt, Frederik L. (2012). Mobile Suit Gundam: Awakening, Escalation, Confrontation (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: Stone Bridge Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-1611720051. OCLC 772711844. <a href="978-1611720051" target="_blank">978-1611720051</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Denison, Rayna (2015). "Chapter 5". Anime: a Critical Introduction. London. ISBN 978-1472576767. OCLC 879600213.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="978-1472576767" target="_blank">978-1472576767</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Clements, Jonathan; McCarthy, Helen (February 9, 2015). The anime encyclopedia : a century of Japanese animation (3rd revised ed.). Berkeley, California. ISBN 978-1611729092. OCLC 904144859.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="978-1611729092" target="_blank">978-1611729092</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">10 commandments of Real robot, Gundam Sentinel introduction, Gundam workshop, Format ACG <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Newtype magazine, April 1989 <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">famitsu news リアルロボットアニメの最高峰がスクリーンで蘇える！ 『装甲騎兵ボトムズ ペールゼン・ファイルズ 劇場版』 Peak of Real Robot anime on screen, Votoms movie. <a href="http://www.famitsu.com/anime/news/1220002_1558.html" target="_blank">http://www.famitsu.com/anime/news/1220002_1558.html</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Robot Watch SF seminar, April 29, 2007, Interview of Ryōsuke Takahashi The side of Real Robot (SFセミナー「高橋良輔インタビュー リアルロボットの向こう側」レポート) <a href="http://robot.watch.impress.co.jp/cda/news/2007/05/07/468.html" target="_blank">http://robot.watch.impress.co.jp/cda/news/2007/05/07/468.html</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Robot Watch SF seminar, April 29, 2007, Interview of Ryōsuke Takahashi The side of Real Robot (SFセミナー「高橋良輔インタビュー リアルロボットの向こう側」レポート) <a href="http://robot.watch.impress.co.jp/cda/news/2007/05/07/468.html" target="_blank">http://robot.watch.impress.co.jp/cda/news/2007/05/07/468.html</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Hatena keyword[user-generated source] Hatena <a href="http://d.hatena.ne.jp/keyword/リアルロボット" target="_blank">http://d.hatena.ne.jp/keyword/リアルロボット</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Robot Watch SF seminar, April 29, 2007, Interview of Ryōsuke Takahashi The side of Real Robot (SFセミナー「高橋良輔インタビュー リアルロボットの向こう側」レポート) <a href="http://robot.watch.impress.co.jp/cda/news/2007/05/07/468.html" target="_blank">http://robot.watch.impress.co.jp/cda/news/2007/05/07/468.html</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">"永井 豪 | R25". 30オトコの本音に向き合う、ビジネスマン向けサイト | R25. Retrieved October 25, 2016. <a href="http://r25.jp/entertainment/90007671/" target="_blank">http://r25.jp/entertainment/90007671/</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Barder, Ollie. "How A Blue Comet Influenced The Last 30 Years Of Japanese Pop-Culture And Beyond". Forbes. Retrieved October 25, 2016. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/olliebarder/2015/10/03/how-a-blue-comet-influenced-the-last-thirty-years-of-japanese-pop-culture-and-beyond/#33548714c90e" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/olliebarder/2015/10/03/how-a-blue-comet-influenced-the-last-thirty-years-of-japanese-pop-culture-and-beyond/#33548714c90e</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Daigo Otaki - Encirobot.com. "Astroganga – Pagina Principale". Encirobot.com. Retrieved June 30, 2014. <a href="http://www.encirobot.com/agng/agng-ind.asp" target="_blank">http://www.encirobot.com/agng/agng-ind.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">"Hasbro Publishes Transformers Timeline to Movie". <a href="https://tformers.com/Hasbro-Publishes-Transformers-Timeline-to-Movie/7132/news.html" target="_blank">https://tformers.com/Hasbro-Publishes-Transformers-Timeline-to-Movie/7132/news.html</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Barder, Ollie (December 10, 2015). "Shoji Kawamori, The Creator Hollywood Copies But Never Credits". Forbes. Retrieved April 16, 2020. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/olliebarder/2015/12/10/shoji-kawamori-the-creator-hollywood-copies-but-never-credits/" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/olliebarder/2015/12/10/shoji-kawamori-the-creator-hollywood-copies-but-never-credits/</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Knott, Kylie (February 27, 2019). "He created Macross and designed Transformers toys: Japanese anime legend Shoji Kawamori". South China Morning Post. Retrieved April 16, 2020. <a href="https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/arts-culture/article/2187735/he-created-macross-and-designed-transformers-toys-japanese" target="_blank">https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/arts-culture/article/2187735/he-created-macross-and-designed-transformers-toys-japanese</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">culture, Japanese (August 27, 2023). "interesting thing you have learned from a foreign culture: Japanese anime legend Shoji Kawamori". Ieltsfree.ca. Retrieved August 10, 2023. <a href="https://ieltsfree.ca/speaking/describe-an-interesting-thing-you-have-learned-from-a-foreign-culture/" target="_blank">https://ieltsfree.ca/speaking/describe-an-interesting-thing-you-have-learned-from-a-foreign-culture/</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Mecha anime and manga open-in-new

Mecha anime and manga