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Chuck Hoberman
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<h2 id="early-life-and-education">Early life and education</h2> <p>Hoberman's father was an architect, and his mother, <a href="/facts/Mary_Ann_Hoberman/NR7xnj65">Mary Ann Hoberman</a>, was a children's book author.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> He wanted to be an artist from an early age, doing drawing and painting, and eventually taking courses at <a href="/facts/Cooper_Union/jqbmQ9eV">Cooper Union</a> in <a href="/facts/New_York_City/YlyvFmVC">New York City</a>. He studied <a href="/facts/Liberal_arts/YtUI0rgu">liberal arts</a> at <a href="/facts/Brown_University/o9MRu4jx">Brown University</a>, and went on to earn a <a href="/facts/Bachelor_of_Arts/2pa1nwfR">bachelor's degree</a> in <a href="/facts/Sculpture/F01q8gtb">sculpture</a> from <a href="/facts/Cooper_Union/jqbmQ9eV">Cooper Union</a> in 1979, and a <a href="/facts/Master%27s_degree/lQ5hT1cH">master's degree</a> in <a href="/facts/Mechanical_engineering/cbId4fye">mechanical engineering</a> from <a href="/facts/Columbia_University/Hlf1gw53">Columbia University</a>. At some point during his education, he was asked to produce a sculpture that could move. He made a work that unrolled colored plastic sheets on the floor, and he became fascinated with <a href="/facts/Kinetic_art/5u9q09xH">kinetic art</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Finishing his formal education, he then went to work for a <a href="/facts/Robotics/wkmvodJz">robotics</a> engineering firm, where he added <a href="/facts/Computer_modeling/Re6o8vzN">computer modeling</a> (CAD-CAM) to his skills.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> After six years, he left to pursue his artistic and technical interests full-time. </p> <h2 id="temporary-and-permanent-installations">Temporary and permanent installations</h2> <p>The two largest <a href="/facts/Hoberman_sphere/KDu6ra9G">Hoberman spheres</a> are motorized, 5.5–6 m in diameter, and suspended above open rooms in science centers. One is displayed in the <a href="/facts/AHHAA/NMGfkmcs">AHHAA</a> Science Center in <a href="/facts/Tartu,_Estonia/zL0hGPDe">Tartu, Estonia</a>, and the second is displayed in <a href="/facts/Liberty_Science_Center/Ty9vgnLp">Liberty Science Center</a> in <a href="/facts/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey/AvSVfx19">Jersey City, New Jersey</a>. </p><p>Hoberman has designed other folding architectural structures, such as the <i>Expanding Hypar</i> (1997) at the <a href="/facts/California_Museum_of_Science_and_Industry/Q1byyRu3">California Museum of Science and Industry</a>; the <a href="/facts/Hoberman_Arch/FVH8aGfD">Hoberman Arch</a>, the centerpiece of the medals plaza for the <a href="/facts/2002_Winter_Olympics/4AUEu1oB">2002 Salt Lake City Olympics</a>; and a retractable dome featured at the <a href="/facts/World%27s_Fair/FkkJJJ3W">World's Fair</a> <a href="/facts/Expo_2000/l0Nztz0F">2000</a> in <a href="/facts/Hanover/yghHUDI4">Hanover, Germany</a>. His artwork has been exhibited at international <a href="/facts/Museum/tp40SXuq">museums</a> including the <a href="/facts/Museum_of_Modern_Art/75lxKjfj">New York's Museum of Modern Art</a>, the <a href="/facts/Centre_Georges_Pompidou/xN0THXEG">Centre Georges Pompidou</a> in <a href="/facts/Paris/DrNHpwnA">Paris</a>, and the Mycal Otaru Bay in <a href="/facts/Hokkaid%C5%8D/kwacDkYD">Hokkaidō</a>, <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a>. </p><p>Hoberman has installed permanent building facades that transform in transparency at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering of <a href="/facts/Harvard_University/Lhy9L1cx">Harvard University</a> and the Simons Center for Geometry and Physics at <a href="/facts/Stony_Brook_University/4LwsKo7h">Stony Brook University</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> He designed the <a href="/facts/Hoberman_Arch/FVH8aGfD">Hoberman Arch</a> as a centerpiece of <a href="/facts/Salt_Lake_City/vDHXskTN">Salt Lake City</a> during the 2002 Olympics. It was later moved to Olympic Cauldron Park and then to the <a href="/facts/Salt_Lake_City_International_Airport/6H7fntCh">Salt Lake City airport</a>. </p><p>In July 2011, the rock band <a href="/facts/U2/4nxeFIy8">U2</a> concluded a nearly three-year world-wide <a href="/facts/Concert_tour/QISSIPAD">concert tour</a> (called "360°") that featured Hoberman's expanding video screen, a 3,800 square feet (350 m2) elliptical display that would grow into a seven-story cone. The display weighed 120,000 pounds (54,000 kg), and incorporated 888 LED screens displaying a total of 500,000 <a href="/facts/Pixel/UzwBvXBV">pixels</a>. The complex apparatus was successfully transported and reassembled for 110 concerts during that time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="toys">Toys</h2> <p>In addition to toys such as the Hoberman sphere, Hoberman created the "Brain Twist", a hard plastic <a href="/facts/Tetrahedron/7mkSrl6j">tetrahedron</a> that folds, stellates, and becomes self-dual while having a component that rotates similarly to a <a href="/facts/Rubik%27s_Cube/Nlq35AbS">Rubik's Cube</a>. Likewise, Hoberman's "Pocket Flight Ring" is a folding, throwable toy resembling a <a href="/facts/Chakram/deDHh6eF">chakram</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Hoberman has also created the Expandagon Construction System, a kind of <a href="/facts/Construction_toy/PeYYfYM2">construction toy</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> and the Switch Pitch, a toy which turns itself inside out when tossed into the air, thus appearing to change colors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="awards-and-honors">Awards and honors</h2> <p>In 1994, the <a href="/facts/Museum_of_Modern_Art/75lxKjfj">Museum of Modern Art</a> added the Hoberman sphere into its permanent collection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Hoberman won the <a href="/facts/Chrysler_Design_Award/14HHRrYM">Chrysler Design Award</a> for Innovation and Design in 1997 and was a finalist for the 2000 <a href="/facts/Smithsonian/pqC74ta9">Smithsonian</a> <a href="/facts/National_Design_Award/9J2PUuds">National Design Award</a>. He shared the LDI2009 Award for Excellence in Video Design and Technology for the U2360 expanding video screen.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>In 2016, he was appointed the Pierce Anderson Lecturer in Design Engineering at <a href="/facts/Harvard_University/Lhy9L1cx">Harvard University</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> In 2018, he received an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree from the <a href="/facts/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology/2SYRmkby">Fashion Institute of Technology</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="business">Business</h2> <p>In 1990, he formed Hoberman Associates. In 1995, he co-founded Hoberman Designs with his wife and business partner, Carolyn Hoberman. </p> <h3>Patents</h3> <p>Hoberman has been granted numerous US and foreign patents. These include: </p> <ul><li>Reversibly expandable doubly-curved truss structure, (1990).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>Radial expansion/retraction truss structures, (1991).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li>Curved pleated sheet structures, (1993).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li>Reversibly expandable structures having polygon links, (2000).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li>Continuously rotating mechanisms, (2001).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li>Retractable structures composed of interlinked panels, (2004).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li>Folding covering panels for expanding structures, (2004).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li>Loop assemblies having a central link, (2006).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li>Transforming puzzle, (2006).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li>Geared expanding structures, (2008).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li>Synchronized ring linkages, (2009).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li>Panel assemblies for variable shading and ventilation, (2009).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li>Covering structure having links and stepped overlapping panels, (2009).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li>Synchronized four-bar linkages, (2010).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li>Panel assemblies having controllable surface properties, (2013).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="exhibitions">Exhibitions</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/3080">Projects 45: Chuck Hoberman</a>, <a href="/facts/Museum_of_Modern_Art/75lxKjfj">MoMA</a>, New York (1994)</li> <li><a href="https://www.buildingcentre.co.uk/whats_on/exhibitions/living-form2011-03-04">Living Form</a>, <a href="/facts/The_Building_Centre/2HBuLkBl">The Building Centre</a>, London (2011)</li> <li><a href="https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/events/3333/archaeology-of-the-digital">Archaeology of the Digital</a>, <a href="/facts/Canadian_Centre_for_Architecture/RjUbJzKn">Canadian Centre for Architecture</a>, Montreal (2013)</li> <li><a href="https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/events/38072/kids-build">Kids Build</a>, <a href="/facts/Canadian_Centre_for_Architecture/RjUbJzKn">Canadian Centre for Architecture</a>, Montreal (2016)</li> <li><a href="https://wyss.harvard.edu/event/10-chuck-hoberman/">10° – Chuck Hoberman</a>, <a href="/facts/Wyss_Institute_for_Biologically_Inspired_Engineering/1plVfCGW">Wyss Institute</a>, <a href="/facts/Cambridge,_Massachusetts/k9UMIJ7U">Cambridge</a>, Massachusetts (2017)</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Hoberman_mechanism/9EE09E7U">Hoberman mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hoberman_sphere/KDu6ra9G">Hoberman sphere</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926154544/http://www.hoberman.com/">Hoberman Associates: Transformable Design (official website)</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/archives/435180/chuck-hoberman-fonds">Finding aid for the Chuck Hoberman fonds</a>, <a href="/facts/Canadian_Centre_for_Architecture/RjUbJzKn">Canadian Centre for Architecture</a> (<a href="https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/search?digigroup=435180">digitized items</a>).</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Chuck Hoberman". BUILDING DYNAMICS. 2013-02-14. Retrieved 2020-09-23. <a href="https://buildingdynamics.org/chuck-hoberman/" target="_blank">https://buildingdynamics.org/chuck-hoberman/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Chuck Hoberman". Harvard Graduate School of Design. Retrieved 2020-09-23. <a href="https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/person/chuck-hoberman/" target="_blank">https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/person/chuck-hoberman/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Chuck Hoberman: Unfolding Structures". Lemelson-MIT Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved September 7, 2019. <a href="http://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/chuck-hoberman" target="_blank">http://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/chuck-hoberman</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Chuck Hoberman: Unfolding Structures". Lemelson-MIT Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved September 7, 2019. <a href="http://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/chuck-hoberman" target="_blank">http://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/chuck-hoberman</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Chuck Hoberman: Unfolding Structures". Lemelson-MIT Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved September 7, 2019. <a href="http://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/chuck-hoberman" target="_blank">http://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/chuck-hoberman</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"News". Hoberman: Transformable Design. Hoberman Associates, Inc. Retrieved 2014-04-03. <a href="http://hoberman.com/news.html" target="_blank">http://hoberman.com/news.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"News". Hoberman: Transformable Design. Hoberman Associates, Inc. Retrieved 2014-04-03. <a href="http://hoberman.com/news.html" target="_blank">http://hoberman.com/news.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Hoberman Design—Pocket Flight Ring—Yellow, Red—Closed". Flying Disc Museum. Retrieved 28 July 2021. <a href="https://www.flyingdiscmuseum.com/novelty/rings/haeba5a96#haeba5a96" target="_blank">https://www.flyingdiscmuseum.com/novelty/rings/haeba5a96#haeba5a96</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Expandagon construction system prototype". Canadian Centre for Architecture. Retrieved 28 July 2021. <a href="https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/search/details/collection/object/433731" target="_blank">https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/search/details/collection/object/433731</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Hoberman, Chuck. "Portfolio: Switch Pitch Toy". Retrieved 28 July 2021. <a href="https://www.hoberman.com/portfolio/switch-pitch-toy/" target="_blank">https://www.hoberman.com/portfolio/switch-pitch-toy/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Hoberman Sphere". The Collection. The Museum of Modern Art. 1994. Retrieved 2014-04-03. <a href="http://www.moma.org/collection/object.php?object_id=132506" target="_blank">http://www.moma.org/collection/object.php?object_id=132506</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"LDI2009 Awards". LiveDesign. 22 November 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2021. <a href="https://www.livedesignonline.com/gear/ldi2009-awards-presented-november-21-orlando" target="_blank">https://www.livedesignonline.com/gear/ldi2009-awards-presented-november-21-orlando</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Designer & Inventor Chuck Hoberman Appointed Pierce Anderson Lecturer in Design Engineering at Harvard GSD". Wyss Institute, Harvard University. June 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2021. <a href="https://wyss.harvard.edu/news/designer-inventor-chuck-hoberman-appointed-pierce-anderson-lecturer-in-design-engineering-at-harvard-gsd/" target="_blank">https://wyss.harvard.edu/news/designer-inventor-chuck-hoberman-appointed-pierce-anderson-lecturer-in-design-engineering-at-harvard-gsd/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Luciano Benetton Receives Doctor of Fine Arts From FIT: Chuck Hoberman, designer, inventor and engineer, also received a Doctor of Fine Arts". WWD. 24 May 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2021. <a href="https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/luciano-benetton-receives-doctor-of-fine-arts-from-fit-1202681927/" target="_blank">https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/luciano-benetton-receives-doctor-of-fine-arts-from-fit-1202681927/</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>US 4942700, Hoberman, Charles, "Reversibly expandable doubly-curved truss structure", published 1990-07-24 <a href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US4942700" target="_blank">https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US4942700</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>US 5024031, Hoberman, Charles, "Radial expansion/retraction truss structures", published 1991-06-18 <a href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5024031" target="_blank">https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5024031</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>US 5234727, Hoberman, Charles, "Curved pleated sheet structures", published 1993-08-10 <a href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5234727" target="_blank">https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5234727</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>US 6082056, Hoberman, Charles, "Reversibly expandable structures having polygon links", published 2000-07-04 <a href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6082056" target="_blank">https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6082056</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>US 6190231, Hoberman, Charles, "Continuously rotating mechanisms", published 2001-02-20 <a href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6190231" target="_blank">https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6190231</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>US 6739098, Hoberman, Charles, "Retractable structures comprised of interlinked panels", published 2004-05-25 <a href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6739098" target="_blank">https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6739098</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>US 6834465, Hoberman, Charles, "Folding covering panels for expanding structures", published 2004-12-28 <a href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6834465" target="_blank">https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6834465</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>US 7100333, Hoberman, Charles, "Loop assemblies having a central link", published 2006-09-05 <a href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US7100333" target="_blank">https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US7100333</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>US 7125015, Hoberman, Charles & Davis, Matthew, "Transforming puzzle", published 2006-10-24, assigned to Charles Hoberman <a href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US7125015" target="_blank">https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US7125015</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>US 7464503, Hoberman, Charles, "Geared expanding structures", published 2008-12-16 <a href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US7464503" target="_blank">https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US7464503</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>US 7540215, Hoberman, Charles & Davis, Matthew, "Synchronized ring linkages", published 2009-06-02, assigned to Charles Hoberman <a href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US7540215" target="_blank">https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US7540215</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>US 7584777, Hoberman, Charles & Davis, Matthew, "Panel assemblies for variable shading and ventilation", published 2009-09-08, assigned to Charles Hoberman <a href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US7584777" target="_blank">https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US7584777</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>US 7559174, Hoberman, Charles, "Covering structure having links and stepped overlapping panels both of which are pivotable between extended position and a retracted position in which the panels are stacked", published 2009-07-14 <a href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US7559174" target="_blank">https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US7559174</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>US 7644721, Hoberman, Charles & Davis, Matthew, "Synchronized four-bar linkages", published 2010-01-12, assigned to Charles Hoberman <a href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US7644721" target="_blank">https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US7644721</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>US 8615970, Hoberman, Charles; Davis, Matthew & Drozdowski, Zygmunt Joseph et al., "Panel assemblies having controllable surface properties", published 2013-12-31 <a href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US8615970" target="_blank">https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US8615970</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>