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Zoarcoidei
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<h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <p>Zoarcoidei was first proposed as a taxonomic grouping by the American zoologist Theodore Gill in 1893 as the <a href="/facts/Superfamily_(biology)/bPFQpe9A">superfamily</a> Zoarceoidea.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> The 5th edition of <i><a href="/facts/Fishes_of_the_World/DRNmGe54">Fishes of the World</a></i> classifies the Zoarcoidei as a suborder within the order Scorpaeniformes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> Other authorities classify this taxon as the <a href="/facts/Infraorder/GKLJvIpt">infraorder</a> Zoarcales within the suborder Cottoidei of the <a href="/facts/Perciformes/DJeXbX7W">Perciformes</a> because removing the Scorpaeniformes from the Perciformes renders that taxon non <a href="/facts/Monophyletic/pD8Yrrn6">monophyletic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> The monophyly of this grouping has still not been fully ascertained but it is generally accepted that the most <a href="/facts/Basal_(phylogenetics)/JQPQXpYg">basal</a> <a href="/facts/Family_(biology)/qTrn6E8E">family</a> is Bathymasteridae.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="timeline">Timeline</h2> <h2 id="superfamilies-and-families">Superfamilies and Families</h2> <p>Zoarcoidei has the following superfamilies and families classified under it:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Superfamily:Anarhichadoidea <ul><li>Family:<a href="/facts/Anarhichadidae/TzSkx5FB">Anarhichadidae</a> <a href="/facts/Charles_Lucien_Bonaparte/PunLn0Xz">Bonaparte</a>, 1835 (<a href="/facts/Wolffish/TzSkx5FB">wolffishes</a>)</li> <li>Family:<a href="/facts/Cryptacanthodidae/TvQjBtrn">Cryptacanthodidae</a> <a href="/facts/Theodore_Gill/RIFNItGm">Gill</a>, 1861</li> <li>Family:<a href="/facts/Pholidae/HIaaxemF">Pholidae</a> Gill, 1893 (gunnels)</li> <li>Family:<a href="/facts/Stichaeidae/fjyxbARR">Stichaeidae</a> Gill, 1864 (<a href="/facts/Prickleback/fjyxbARR">pricklebacks</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Superfamily:Bathymasteroidea <ul><li>Family:<a href="/facts/Ptilichthyidae/L5U0AxM9">Ptilichthyidae</a> Jordan & Gilbert, 1883 (<a href="/facts/Quillfish/L5U0AxM9">Quillfish</a>)</li> <li>Family:<a href="/facts/Bathymasteridae/7JLm9eH3">Bathymasteridae</a> <a href="/facts/David_Starr_Jordan/qLNo5UIR">Jordan</a> & <a href="/facts/Charles_Henry_Gilbert/EmygNM5D">Gilbert</a>, 1883 (<a href="/facts/Ronquil/7JLm9eH3">ronquils</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Superfamily:Zaproroidea <ul><li>Family:<a href="/facts/Scytalinidae/MPgrkb6S">Scytalinidae</a> Jordan & <a href="/facts/Edwin_Chapin_Starks/qFC1eAWw">Starks</a>, 1895</li> <li>Family:<a href="/facts/Zaproridae/feQPGL9v">Zaproridae</a> Jordan, 1896 (<a href="/facts/Prowfish/feQPGL9v">prowfish</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Superfamily:Zoarcoidea <ul><li>Family:<a href="/facts/Eulophiidae/cN6cQ9qC">Eulophiidae</a> <a href="/facts/Hugh_McCormick_Smith/DbkPGXRL">H. M. Smith</a>, 1902 (Spinous eelpouts)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li>Family:<a href="/facts/Zoarcidae/Wo7YPKyS">Zoarcidae</a> <a href="/facts/William_Swainson/CSGwvU1I">Swainson</a>, 1839 (<a href="/facts/Eelpout/Wo7YPKyS">eelpouts</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2> <p>Zoarcoidei is based on the genus name <i><a href="/facts/Zoarces/RqnAzI7R">Zoarces</a></i> which was coined by <a href="/facts/Georges_Cuvier/4mmE7NzN">Georges Cuvier</a> in 1829 and which means "live bearing", as in the <a href="/facts/Type_species/kL03T6V4">type species</a> <i><a href="/facts/Zoarces_viviparus/tmEqdzcW">Zoarces viviparus</a></i>, the viviparous blenny.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="characteristics">Characteristics</h2> <p>The Zoarcoidei families all share a single feature, the possession of a single nostril, and there is no other features or group of features which mark out the Zoarcoids as a taxonomic grouping.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="distribution">Distribution</h2> <p>The Zoarcoidei is thought to have originated in the northern hemisphere, particularly the northwestern Pacific Ocean and one of the families, the Zoarcidae, has colonised the southern hemisphere on a number of occasions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Sepkoski, Jack (2002). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723131237/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class">"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera"</a>. <i>Bulletins of American Paleontology</i>. 364: 560. Archived from <a href="http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class">the original</a> on July 23, 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-18.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>M. Eric Anderson (1994). "Systematics and Osteology of the Zoarcidae (Teleostei: Perciformes)". Ichthyological Bulletin of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology (60). hdl:10962/d1019910. ISSN 0073-4381. <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019910" target="_blank">http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019910</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 478–482. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. <a href="978-1-118-34233-6" target="_blank">978-1-118-34233-6</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Ricardo Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; et al. (2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (162): 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5501477" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5501477</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 478–482. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. <a href="978-1-118-34233-6" target="_blank">978-1-118-34233-6</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 478–482. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. <a href="978-1-118-34233-6" target="_blank">978-1-118-34233-6</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268078514" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268078514</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Hyuck Joon Kwun; Jin-Koo Kim (2003). "Molecular phylogeny and new classification of the genera Eulophias and Zoarchias (PISCES, Zoarcoidei)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 69 (3): 787–795. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.025. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (6 May 2022). "Order Perciformes (Part 11): Suborder Cottoidea: Infraorder Zoarcales: Family Zoarcidae (eelpouts)". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 23 July 2022. <a href="https://etyfish.org/perciformes14/" target="_blank">https://etyfish.org/perciformes14/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 478–482. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. <a href="978-1-118-34233-6" target="_blank">978-1-118-34233-6</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Radchenko, Olga (2016). "Timeline of the evolution of eelpouts from the suborder Zoarcoidei (Perciformes) based on DNA variability". Journal of Ichthyology. 56 (4): 556–568. doi:10.1134/S0032945216040123. S2CID 255269520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>