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Cayuse language
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<h2 id="classification">Classification</h2> <p>The first written vocabulary of the Cayuse language was published by <a href="/facts/Horatio_Hale/AJvIYtcK">Horatio Hale</a> in 1846. As a member of the <a href="/facts/United_States_Exploring_Expedition/yLq8Cstn">United States Exploring Expedition</a>, he had visited the <a href="/facts/Pacific_Northwest/EjJhETXc">Pacific Northwest</a> in 1841. Missionary <a href="/facts/Marcus_Whitman/yKrWl7AW">Marcus Whitman</a> was credited for providing "much valuable information" about the <a href="/facts/Cayuse_people/Fx2ajIB4">Cayuse people</a> and other natives nearby <a href="/facts/Whitman_Mission_National_Historic_Site/3KLNAcBG">Waiilatpu</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Whitman was credited as the origin of the Waiilatpuan linguistic family. In his <a href="/facts/Waiilatpuan_languages/lYqtQhJJ">Waiilatpuan language family</a>, Hale put Cayuse and the <a href="/facts/Molala_language/0pM0DeT6">Molala language</a> as the sole members.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p>In 1910 or 1911, Stephens Savage, a <a href="/facts/Molala_language/0pM0DeT6">Molala</a> speaker, had told <a href="/facts/Leo_Frachtenberg/ru2XASU4">Leo Frachtenberg</a> that the following five words were identical in both Cayuse and Molala:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><td>sorrel horse</td><td><i>qasqasi tasiwitkwi</i></td></tr><tr><td>spotted horse</td><td><i>yuꞏk tasiwitkwi</i></td></tr><tr><td>black horse</td><td><i>múkimuki tasiwitkwi</i></td></tr><tr><td>comb</td><td><i>taꞏsps</i></td></tr><tr><td>spoon</td><td><i>ƚúꞏpinc</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1929 <a href="/facts/Edward_Sapir/5mfu75XY">Edward Sapir</a> grouped Cayuse with Molala as part of the <i>Waiilatpuan</i> branch of the <a href="/facts/Plateau_Penutian_languages/lYqtQhJJ">Plateau Penutian languages</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Bruce_Rigsby/tunok99j">Bruce Rigsby</a> reexamined the Cayuse-Molala lexical pairs provided by Hale in 1969 and found only a tenth to be potentially related terms. The words presented by Savage were concluded by Rigsby to likely be loanwords. Upon his review of extant Molala and Cayuse linguistic data, Rigsby concluded "I do not see how the two languages could have possibly been mutually intelligible."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="pronouns">Pronouns</h2> <p>Cayuse pronouns listed by Hale:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><td>I</td><td>iniŋ</td></tr><tr><td>you (sg.)</td><td>nikí</td></tr><tr><td>you (du.)</td><td>nkímiš</td></tr><tr><td>he</td><td>nip</td></tr><tr><td>we</td><td>námək</td></tr><tr><td>you (pl.)</td><td>mkímiš</td></tr><tr><td>they</td><td>nípik</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Cayuse pronouns listed by McBean:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><td>I</td><td>in ning</td></tr><tr><td>you (sg., pl.)</td><td>in kai</td></tr><tr><td>he</td><td>neepe</td></tr><tr><td>we</td><td>nung naw naw</td></tr><tr><td>they</td><td>cap pick</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="verbs">Verbs</h2> <p>Cayuse verb paradigms documented by <a href="/facts/Henry_W._Henshaw/U7j18Wza">Henry W. Henshaw</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> 'hungry' <table><tbody><tr><td>I am hungry.</td><td>wi-tu-tŭnt</td></tr><tr><td>I was hungry.</td><td>kler-ka-wĭ-tu-tŭnt</td></tr><tr><td>I will be hungry.</td><td>wí-tu-näk-sŭnt</td></tr><tr><td>You and I are hungry.</td><td>swi-tu-ter-yìk</td></tr><tr><td>You and I were hungry.</td><td>swi-tu-te-lì-kai-ĭk</td></tr><tr><td>You and I will be hungry.</td><td>nĭng-i-li-pʔl-swi-tu-nak-stunk-a-wak</td></tr><tr><td>You are hungry.</td><td>tu-swi-tu-tuñg-a</td></tr><tr><td>You were hungry.</td><td>swi-tu-til-kutla</td></tr><tr><td>You will be hungry.</td><td>swi-tu-nak-stung-at-la</td></tr></tbody></table> 'thirsty' <table><tbody><tr><td>I am thirsty.</td><td>nĭs-ka-mu-tiñg</td></tr><tr><td>I was thirsty.</td><td>nĭs-ka-mu-til</td></tr><tr><td>I will be thirsty.</td><td>nĭs-ka-mu-näk-skĭn</td></tr><tr><td>You are thirsty.</td><td>tu-mĭs-ka-mu-tĭñg</td></tr><tr><td>You were thirsty.</td><td>mĭs-ka-mu-til-hă</td></tr><tr><td>You will be thirsty.</td><td>mĭs-ka-mu-na-stĭnk-la</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2> <p>Limited lexical items in Cayuse have been collected by Rigsby, <a href="/facts/Melville_Jacobs/CVaYscIf">Melville Jacobs</a>, <a href="/facts/Verne_F._Ray/pXUUA27c">Verne Ray</a>, and <a href="/facts/Theodore_Stern/rlw7kUvQ">Theodore Stern</a>. Their Cayuse informants had highly limited knowledge of the language and were more fluent in either <a href="/facts/Sahaptin_language/llYqBvH8">Sahaptin</a> or <a href="/facts/Nez_Perce_language/7CtobdGB">Nez Perce</a>. </p> <h3>Hale</h3> <p>A word list of Cayuse with nearby 200 lexical items was documented by Hale.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> The word list has been reproduced below. </p> <h4>Nouns</h4> <table><tbody><tr><th>gloss</th><th>Cayuse</th></tr><tr><td>man</td><td>yúant</td></tr><tr><td>woman</td><td>pintχlkaíu; watχlóa</td></tr><tr><td>boy</td><td>láutlaŋ</td></tr><tr><td>girl</td><td>staítχləŋ; staítlaŋ</td></tr><tr><td>infant; child</td><td>skútχla</td></tr><tr><td>father</td><td>pintét; títʃa</td></tr><tr><td>mother</td><td>penín; nínʃa</td></tr><tr><td>husband</td><td>ináiu</td></tr><tr><td>wife</td><td>inχlkaío</td></tr><tr><td>son</td><td>wái</td></tr><tr><td>daughter</td><td>wái</td></tr><tr><td>brother</td><td>pnákən; pənátaŋ</td></tr><tr><td>sister</td><td>pənátiaŋ; pənwaíəq</td></tr><tr><td>Indian; people</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>head</td><td>talʃ; táəlʃ</td></tr><tr><td>hair</td><td>tχlókomot</td></tr><tr><td>face</td><td>léequkʃ</td></tr><tr><td>forehead</td><td>penátχliʃ</td></tr><tr><td>ear</td><td>takʃ</td></tr><tr><td>eye</td><td>hăkaməʃ</td></tr><tr><td>nose</td><td>pitχlóken</td></tr><tr><td>mouth</td><td>səmqakʃ</td></tr><tr><td>tongue</td><td>puʃ</td></tr><tr><td>teeth</td><td>tenif</td></tr><tr><td>beard</td><td>ʃimkéməʃ</td></tr><tr><td>neck</td><td>yet</td></tr><tr><td>arm</td><td>tiélaq</td></tr><tr><td>hand</td><td>épip</td></tr><tr><td>fingers</td><td>épip</td></tr><tr><td>nails</td><td>ʃíŋiʃ</td></tr><tr><td>body</td><td>ʃilăməʃ</td></tr><tr><td>leg</td><td>maúwət</td></tr><tr><td>foot</td><td>tiʃ</td></tr><tr><td>toes</td><td>tiyəyáu</td></tr><tr><td>bone</td><td>pápət</td></tr><tr><td>heart</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>blood</td><td>tiwéə̈ʃ</td></tr><tr><td>town; village</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>chief</td><td>iatóiaŋ</td></tr><tr><td>warrior</td><td>lotéwa</td></tr><tr><td>friend</td><td>enlápoit</td></tr><tr><td>house</td><td>niʃt</td></tr><tr><td>kettle</td><td>tχlípaniʃ</td></tr><tr><td>bow</td><td>hífoit</td></tr><tr><td>arrow</td><td>lalχ</td></tr><tr><td>axe; hatchet</td><td>yeŋgókinʃ</td></tr><tr><td>knife</td><td>ʃekt</td></tr><tr><td>canoe; boat</td><td>tχláap</td></tr><tr><td>shoes</td><td>täítχlo</td></tr><tr><td>pipe</td><td>iptnχlónʃ</td></tr><tr><td>tobacco</td><td>hanʃ</td></tr><tr><td>sky; heaven</td><td>ndjălawaía, tíŋpap</td></tr><tr><td>sun</td><td>huéwiʃ</td></tr><tr><td>moon</td><td>hátχltóp</td></tr><tr><td>star</td><td>tχlítχliʃ</td></tr><tr><td>day</td><td>ewéiə̈</td></tr><tr><td>night</td><td>ftalp</td></tr><tr><td>light</td><td>notawásim</td></tr><tr><td>darkness</td><td>ʃilímtiŋk</td></tr><tr><td>morning</td><td>tétχlpəna</td></tr><tr><td>evening</td><td>wəχaía</td></tr><tr><td>spring</td><td>ʃuatoluŋátntiŋ; kiátim</td></tr><tr><td>summer</td><td>ʃqáätim</td></tr><tr><td>autumn</td><td>təŋ</td></tr><tr><td>winter</td><td>wit</td></tr><tr><td>wind</td><td>húntilχp</td></tr><tr><td>thunder</td><td>tiŋtululutéʃin</td></tr><tr><td>lightning</td><td>ʃniktawíŋtiŋ</td></tr><tr><td>rain</td><td>tiʃtkitχlmítiŋ</td></tr><tr><td>snow</td><td>pói</td></tr><tr><td>hail</td><td>puŋiós</td></tr><tr><td>fire</td><td>tetʃ</td></tr><tr><td>water</td><td>iʃkáiniʃ</td></tr><tr><td>ice</td><td>tók</td></tr><tr><td>earth; land</td><td>liŋʃ</td></tr><tr><td>sea</td><td>yamué-iʃkaíniʃ</td></tr><tr><td>river</td><td>luʃmi</td></tr><tr><td>lake</td><td>fuŋʃ</td></tr><tr><td>valley</td><td>paniákp</td></tr><tr><td>hill; mountain</td><td>téit</td></tr><tr><td>island</td><td>liŋtkaíli</td></tr><tr><td>stone</td><td>ápit</td></tr><tr><td>salt</td><td>kamtiʃímpen</td></tr><tr><td>iron</td><td>qauqauítχliínik</td></tr><tr><td>tree</td><td>laúik</td></tr><tr><td>wood</td><td>hútiʃ</td></tr><tr><td>leaf</td><td>qaisós</td></tr><tr><td>bark</td><td>pétimi</td></tr><tr><td>grass</td><td>tχleft; qə́ïʃt</td></tr><tr><td>pine</td><td>laúikʃ</td></tr><tr><td>flesh; meat</td><td>pítχli</td></tr><tr><td>dog</td><td>náapaŋ</td></tr><tr><td>buffalo</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>bear</td><td>liméakʃ; nokoláo</td></tr><tr><td>wolf</td><td>tχlaíu; tsóilaχs</td></tr><tr><td>deer</td><td>aitχléwa</td></tr><tr><td>elk</td><td>yútiŋʃ</td></tr><tr><td>beaver</td><td>pīeká</td></tr><tr><td>tortoise</td><td>atsík</td></tr><tr><td>fly</td><td>tqaínʃiʃ; katχlísaŋ</td></tr><tr><td>mosquito</td><td>píŋkii</td></tr><tr><td>snake</td><td>waíimaʃ</td></tr><tr><td>bird</td><td>tianíyiwa</td></tr><tr><td>egg</td><td>lópitχl</td></tr><tr><td>feathers</td><td>tiaqaímutχl</td></tr><tr><td>wings</td><td>haŋ</td></tr><tr><td>duck</td><td>əʃimtχl</td></tr><tr><td>pigeon</td><td>súuku</td></tr><tr><td>fish</td><td>wiaíiʃ</td></tr><tr><td>salmon</td><td>milóqli</td></tr><tr><td>sturgeon</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>name</td><td>peʃp</td></tr><tr><td>affection</td><td>atíŋp; tiʃktaʃewetáuŋko</td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>Adjectives</h4> <table><tbody><tr><th>gloss</th><th>Cayuse</th></tr><tr><td>white</td><td>tχlaktχláko</td></tr><tr><td>black</td><td>ʃkupʃkúpu</td></tr><tr><td>red</td><td>lakaítlakaítu</td></tr><tr><td>blue</td><td>yotsyóts</td></tr><tr><td>yellow</td><td>qəʃqə́ʃu</td></tr><tr><td>green</td><td>yotsyóts</td></tr><tr><td>great</td><td>yaúmua; yiyímu (pl.)</td></tr><tr><td>small</td><td>etsáŋua</td></tr><tr><td>strong</td><td>ntáloa; naantáloa</td></tr><tr><td>old</td><td>kuiátsu</td></tr><tr><td>young</td><td>itsáŋu</td></tr><tr><td>good</td><td>suaíu; sasuáiu (pl.)</td></tr><tr><td>bad</td><td>luastu; laluástu (pl.)</td></tr><tr><td>handsome</td><td>hapútsu; suaíu</td></tr><tr><td>ugly</td><td>huástu</td></tr><tr><td>alive</td><td>wióko</td></tr><tr><td>dead</td><td>úwaa</td></tr><tr><td>cold</td><td>ʃúŋa</td></tr><tr><td>warm</td><td>lokóia</td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>Pronouns</h4> <table><tbody><tr><th>gloss</th><th>Cayuse</th></tr><tr><td>I</td><td>íniŋ</td></tr><tr><td>thou</td><td>nikí</td></tr><tr><td>he</td><td>nip</td></tr><tr><td>we</td><td>námək</td></tr><tr><td>ye</td><td>mkímiʃ; nkímiʃ (dual)</td></tr><tr><td>they</td><td>nípik</td></tr><tr><td>this</td><td>qe, qă, ke</td></tr><tr><td>that</td><td>qá, ká</td></tr><tr><td>all</td><td>naŋináo</td></tr><tr><td>many (much)</td><td>yíphea</td></tr><tr><td>who</td><td>iʃ</td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>Adverbs and others</h4> <table><tbody><tr><th>gloss</th><th>Cayuse</th></tr><tr><td>near</td><td>piáfi</td></tr><tr><td>today</td><td>páməŋ</td></tr><tr><td>yesterday</td><td>iétin</td></tr><tr><td>tomorrow</td><td>tetχlp</td></tr><tr><td>yes</td><td>i</td></tr><tr><td>no</td><td>téehu</td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>Numerals</h4> <table><tbody><tr><th>gloss</th><th>Cayuse</th></tr><tr><td>one</td><td>na</td></tr><tr><td>two</td><td>lépli</td></tr><tr><td>three</td><td>mátnin</td></tr><tr><td>four</td><td>pípiŋ</td></tr><tr><td>five</td><td>táwit</td></tr><tr><td>six</td><td>nōiná</td></tr><tr><td>seven</td><td>nóilip</td></tr><tr><td>eight</td><td>nōimát</td></tr><tr><td>nine</td><td>tanáuiaiʃímʃim</td></tr><tr><td>ten</td><td>niŋítelp</td></tr><tr><td>eleven</td><td>nántetχle</td></tr><tr><td>twelve</td><td>leplin-ntétχle</td></tr><tr><td>twenty</td><td>lépuik</td></tr><tr><td>thirty</td><td>mátuík</td></tr><tr><td>one hundred</td><td>niŋítalpuík</td></tr><tr><td>one thousand</td><td>-</td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>Verbs</h4> <table><tbody><tr><th>gloss</th><th>Cayuse</th></tr><tr><td>to eat</td><td>pitáŋa</td></tr><tr><td>to drink</td><td>pasqunstáŋa</td></tr><tr><td>to run</td><td>pqíntuql</td></tr><tr><td>to dance</td><td>iókseak</td></tr><tr><td>to sing</td><td>tuŋséaql</td></tr><tr><td>to sleep</td><td>ʃpíʃiŋql</td></tr><tr><td>to speak</td><td>úlipkin</td></tr><tr><td>to see</td><td>miskaléntənt</td></tr><tr><td>to love</td><td>ktáʃo</td></tr><tr><td>to kill</td><td>piaíitχltiŋ</td></tr><tr><td>to sit</td><td>ifníql; ifníkta</td></tr><tr><td>to stand</td><td>laútsiŋ</td></tr><tr><td>to go</td><td>wintúkstaŋa; wintúql (imp.)</td></tr><tr><td>to come</td><td>wintúkum</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Bibliography</h3> <ul><li>Aoki, Haruo (1998). <i>A Cayuse Dictionary based on the 1829 records of Samuel Black, the 1888 records of Henry W. Henshaw and others</i>. Mission, OR: <a href="/facts/Confederated_Tribes_of_the_Umatilla_Indian_Reservation/M14BgItL">Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Horatio_Hale/AJvIYtcK">Hale, Horatio</a> (1846). <a href="https://archive.org/details/Ethnographyphil00Hale"><i>Ethnography and Philology</i></a>. Philadelphia: C. Sherman – via <a href="/facts/Internet_Archive/PHStU8Lo">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Bruce_Rigsby/tunok99j">Rigsby, Bruce</a> (Spring 1969). <a href="/facts/Roderick_Sprague/cuCvuXJ7">Sprague, Roderick</a>; Goss, James A. (eds.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_s2-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68">"The Waiilatpuan Problem: More on Cayuse-Molala Relatability"</a>. <i>Journal of Northwest Anthropology</i>. 3 (1): 68–146 – via <a href="/facts/Google_Books/lnGRMWXs">Google Books</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Edward_Sapir/5mfu75XY">Sapir, Edward</a> (1929). "Central and South American Languages". <i><a href="/facts/Encyclopedia_Britannica/CEyVsjlN">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 5 (14th ed.). pp. 138–141.</li> <li><a href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a> (Report) (3rd ed.). UNESCO. 2010.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <a href="/facts/Wiktionary/CkYghv2h">Wiktionary</a> has a word list at <i>Appendix:Cayuse word list</i> <ul><li><a href="http://www.native-languages.org/cayuse.htm">Cayuse Indian Language (Waiilatpu)</a></li> <li><a href="http://olac.ldc.upenn.edu/language/xcy">OLAC resources in and about the Cayuse language</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Campbell, Lyle (2024-06-25), "North American Indian Languages North of Mexico", The Indigenous Languages of the Americas (1 ed.), Oxford University PressNew York, pp. 28–145, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197673461.003.0002, ISBN 978-0-19-767346-1, retrieved 2025-06-25 <a href="978-0-19-767346-1" target="_blank">978-0-19-767346-1</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Aoki 1998. - Aoki, Haruo (1998). A Cayuse Dictionary based on the 1829 records of Samuel Black, the 1888 records of Henry W. Henshaw and others. Mission, OR: Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Hale 1846, p. 542. - Hale, Horatio (1846). Ethnography and Philology. Philadelphia: C. Sherman – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/Ethnographyphil00Hale" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/Ethnographyphil00Hale</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Hale 1846, p. 561. - Hale, Horatio (1846). Ethnography and Philology. Philadelphia: C. Sherman – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/Ethnographyphil00Hale" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/Ethnographyphil00Hale</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Rigsby 1969. - Rigsby, Bruce (Spring 1969). Sprague, Roderick; Goss, James A. (eds.). "The Waiilatpuan Problem: More on Cayuse-Molala Relatability". Journal of Northwest Anthropology. 3 (1): 68–146 – via Google Books. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_s2-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=_s2-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Sapir 1929. - Sapir, Edward (1929). "Central and South American Languages". Encyclopedia Britannica. Vol. 5 (14th ed.). pp. 138–141. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Rigsby 1969, pp. 82–83. - Rigsby, Bruce (Spring 1969). Sprague, Roderick; Goss, James A. (eds.). "The Waiilatpuan Problem: More on Cayuse-Molala Relatability". Journal of Northwest Anthropology. 3 (1): 68–146 – via Google Books. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_s2-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=_s2-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Rigsby 1969. - Rigsby, Bruce (Spring 1969). Sprague, Roderick; Goss, James A. (eds.). "The Waiilatpuan Problem: More on Cayuse-Molala Relatability". Journal of Northwest Anthropology. 3 (1): 68–146 – via Google Books. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_s2-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=_s2-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Rigsby 1969. - Rigsby, Bruce (Spring 1969). Sprague, Roderick; Goss, James A. (eds.). "The Waiilatpuan Problem: More on Cayuse-Molala Relatability". Journal of Northwest Anthropology. 3 (1): 68–146 – via Google Books. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_s2-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=_s2-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Rigsby 1969. - Rigsby, Bruce (Spring 1969). Sprague, Roderick; Goss, James A. (eds.). "The Waiilatpuan Problem: More on Cayuse-Molala Relatability". Journal of Northwest Anthropology. 3 (1): 68–146 – via Google Books. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_s2-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=_s2-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Hale 1846, pp. 570–629. - Hale, Horatio (1846). Ethnography and Philology. Philadelphia: C. Sherman – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/Ethnographyphil00Hale" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/Ethnographyphil00Hale</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>