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Protectorate General to Pacify the East
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>After the Tang dynasty conquered <a href="/facts/Goguryeo/oI7tQPB4">Goguryeo</a> in 668, the Protectorate General to Pacify the East, otherwise known as the Andong Protectorate, was created in <a href="/facts/Pyongyang/muqkpzTE">Pyongyang</a> and supposedly stationed with 200,000 soldiers. The protectorate was divided into 9 <a href="/facts/Commandery_(China)/MNVSrpgD">commanderies</a>, 42 prefectures, and 100 counties with an estimated 697,000 Goguryeo households.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p><p>In 669 the people of Goguryeo revolted in response to Tang governance. In response the Tang forcibly deported tens of thousands of households and resettled them in empty areas south of the <a href="/facts/Changjiang/f9A2h4rQ">Changjiang</a> (Yangtze) and <a href="/facts/Huai_River/dzVdGoWm">Huai River</a>, each in contemporary China. The weak and poor were left behind and assigned to guard duty in service of the protectorate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Different numbers of households are given by various sources. According to the <i><a href="/facts/Samguk_sagi/bulG93qB">Samguk Sagi</a></i> citing Chinese sources, the <i>Zizhi Tongjian</i> says 38,200 households, the <i><a href="/facts/Old_Book_of_Tang/fPkJBXpY">Old Book of Tang</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Tongdian/6M4PzqU7">Tongdian</a></i> say 28,200, and the <i><a href="/facts/New_Book_of_Tang/UwxJpP9g">New Book of Tang</a></i> says 30,000. The <i>Samguk Sagi</i> says 38,300.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Mark Cartwright gives a number of 200,000 people forcefully resettled including the king.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Wang Zhenping gives a figure of 78,000 households.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>From 670 to 675, Goguryeo loyalists aligned with <a href="/facts/Silla/mCPc58jC">Silla</a> launched offensives against the Tang Chinese on all fronts within and outside the Protectorate. Aided by <a href="/facts/Silla/mCPc58jC">Silla</a>, Goguryeo generals such as Go Yeonmu and <a href="/facts/Geom_Mojam/q1n3AUuz">Geom Mojam</a> reclaimed parts of former Goguryeo territories after winning several decisive battles in Ogol, Gaedonyang, and Paeseo. For instance, Go Yeonmu, led a counter-offensive against the Tang armies in Liaodong alongside the Sillan general Seol Oyu in 670, defeating the Tang armies stationed in the area and occupying it briefly until 674.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Originally <a href="/facts/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang/UA1w5PoM">Emperor Taizong of Tang</a> promised to exchange Baekje and the lands south of <a href="/facts/Pyongyang/muqkpzTE">Pyongyang</a> in return for Silla's military cooperation. However Taizong died before the conquest of Goguryeo was completed, and his successor Gaozong reneged on the promise.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>In 671, Sillan forces drove out the Tang.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> In 675 the Tang attacked Silla and defeated them in <a href="/facts/Gyeonggi/peCmptGz">Gyeonggi</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> In response <a href="/facts/Munmu_of_Silla/tXRpj9VB">Munmu of Silla</a> dispatched a <a href="/facts/Tribute/DPyaeMKW">tributary</a> mission to Tang with apologies. Gaozong accepted Munmu's apologies and withdrew Tang troops to deal with the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Dafei_River/GYeTw96t">Tibetan threat in the west</a>. Seeing the Tang's strategic weakness, Silla renewed the advance on Tang territory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Silla took all the territory south of the <a href="/facts/Taedong_River/uV7xAk7x">Taedong River</a> in a series of battles in 676.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>By 676 the Tang were forced to relocate the protectorate seat to the more easily defendable city of <a href="/facts/Liaoyang/mHb3SUpg">Liaoyang</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>In 677 the seat was moved to Xincheng, in modern <a href="/facts/Fushun/FVuImVvU">Fushun</a>, <a href="/facts/Liaoning/cgS09ncg">Liaoning</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>The deposed <a href="/facts/Bojang_of_Goguryeo/SnUlmkvN">Bojang of Goguryeo</a> was designated "Liaodong Commander King of <a href="/facts/Gojoseon/2GyGCISH">Joseon</a>" (<a href="/facts/Korean_language/dmNnRxAA">Korean</a>: 요동주도독 조선왕; <a href="/facts/Hanja/cvLdbcxX">Hanja</a>: 遼東州都督朝鮮王) in 667. Upon arriving in <a href="/facts/Liaodong_Peninsula/fyGhYQa5">Liaodong</a>, he plotted with the <a href="/facts/Mohe_people/DP9KKXht">Mohe people</a> to revive Goguryeo. News of his intentions reached the Tang, and Bojang was banished to southwestern China in 681.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>In 714, the seat was moved to Pingzhou, in modern <a href="/facts/Lulong_County/yeQdYK8T">Lulong County</a>, <a href="/facts/Qinhuangdao/9EGTV8YX">Qinhuangdao</a>, <a href="/facts/Hebei/Hra1DggH">Hebei</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p><p>In 736, the Tang formally recognized Silla's control of Korea south of the <a href="/facts/Taedong_River/uV7xAk7x">Taedong River</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> In 743, the seat was moved to the Old City of <a href="/facts/Liaoxi_Commandery/KoR9Uk6a">Liaoxi</a>, possibly <a href="/facts/Chaoyang,_Liaoning/5ekagoEf">Ying Prefecture</a> (modern <a href="/facts/Chaoyang,_Liaoning/5ekagoEf">Chaoyang</a>, <a href="/facts/Liaoning/cgS09ncg">Liaoning</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p><p>The Protectorate General to Pacify the East, otherwise known as the Andong Protectorate, was abandoned in 756 or ended in 761.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="list-of-protector-generals">List of protector generals</h2> <ul><li>Wei Zhe (668–669)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Xue_Rengui/UhKTgTde">Xue Rengui</a> (669–670) – 안동도호부사/安東都護府使</li> <li>Gao Kan (670–676)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Bojang_of_Goguryeo/SnUlmkvN">Bojang of Goguryeo</a> (677–681) – (<a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">Hangul</a> : 요동주도독 조선왕 <a href="/facts/Hanja/cvLdbcxX">Hanja</a>:遼東州都督朝鮮王) and (<a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">Hangul</a> : 조선군왕 <a href="/facts/Hanja/cvLdbcxX">Hanja</a>:朝鮮郡王)</li> <li>Qu Tuquan (681–685)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Xue_Ne/Cl6Kmjgc">Xue Ne</a> (685–696) 薛訥 – 安東道經略 안동도경락 – also military commander of Youjou</li> <li>Pei Xuangui (696–698) 裴玄珪</li> <li><a href="/facts/Go_Deokmu/yslU5FCC">Go Deokmu</a> (698–699) (<a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">Hangul</a> : 고덕무 <a href="/facts/Hanja/cvLdbcxX">Hanja</a>: 高德武), Son of <a href="/facts/Bojang_of_Goguryeo/SnUlmkvN">Bojang</a> – 안동도독/安東都督</li> <li>Tang Xiujing (704–705) 唐休璟</li> <li>Pei Huaigu (712) 裴懷古</li> <li>Sun Jian (712) 孫儉</li> <li>Shan Sijing (713) 單思敬</li> <li>Xu Qincou (714) 許欽湊</li> <li>Xu Qindan (714) 許欽澹</li> <li>Zhang Shuo (715–719) 張說</li> <li>Xue Tai (720–725) 薛泰</li> <li>Li Jiao (727–732) 李璬</li> <li>Pei Min (733–741) 裴旻</li> <li>Jia Xun (742–755) 賈循</li> <li>Wang Xuanzhi (756–758) 王玄志</li> <li>Hou Xiyi (758–761) 侯希逸</li></ul> <h2 id="administrative-area">Administrative area</h2> <p>Administratively, it was intended to oversee nine <a href="/facts/Commandery_(China)/MNVSrpgD">commanderies</a>, 42 prefectures (later decreased into 14) and 100 counties. </p> <h3>Nine commanderies</h3> <ul><li>Shinseongju (<a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">Hangul</a>: 신성주 <a href="/facts/Hanja/cvLdbcxX">Hanja</a>/<a href="/facts/Hanzi/5pn1PFvj">Hanzi</a>: 新城州)</li> <li>Yoseongju (<a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">Hangul</a>: 요성주 <a href="/facts/Hanja/cvLdbcxX">Hanja</a>/<a href="/facts/Hanzi/5pn1PFvj">Hanzi</a>: 遼城州/辽城州)</li> <li>Gamulju (<a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">Hangul</a>: 가물주 <a href="/facts/Hanja/cvLdbcxX">Hanja</a>/<a href="/facts/Hanzi/5pn1PFvj">Hanzi</a>: 哥勿州)</li> <li>Wirakju (<a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">Hangul</a>: 위락주<a href="/facts/Hanja/cvLdbcxX">Hanja</a>/<a href="/facts/Hanzi/5pn1PFvj">Hanzi</a>: 衛樂州/卫乐州)</li> <li>Saraju (<a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">Hangul</a>: 사리주 <a href="/facts/Hanja/cvLdbcxX">Hanja</a>/<a href="/facts/Hanzi/5pn1PFvj">Hanzi</a>: 舍利州)</li> <li>Geosoju (<a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">Hangul</a>: 거소주 <a href="/facts/Hanja/cvLdbcxX">Hanja</a>/<a href="/facts/Hanzi/5pn1PFvj">Hanzi</a>: 去素州/居素州)</li> <li>Wueolhuiji (<a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">Hangul</a>: 월희주 <a href="/facts/Hanja/cvLdbcxX">Hanja</a>/<a href="/facts/Hanzi/5pn1PFvj">Hanzi</a>: 越喜州)</li> <li>Geodanju (<a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">Hangul</a>: 거단주 <a href="/facts/Hanja/cvLdbcxX">Hanja</a>/<a href="/facts/Hanzi/5pn1PFvj">Hanzi</a>: 去旦州)</li> <li>Geonanju (<a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">Hangul</a>: 건안주 <a href="/facts/Hanja/cvLdbcxX">Hanja</a>/<a href="/facts/Hanzi/5pn1PFvj">Hanzi</a>: 建安州)</li></ul> <h3>14 prefectures (州)</h3> <ul><li>Namso (<a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">Hangul</a>: 남소주 <a href="/facts/Hanja/cvLdbcxX">Hanja</a>/<a href="/facts/Hanzi/5pn1PFvj">Hanzi</a>: 南蘇州)</li> <li>Gaemo (<a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">Hangul</a>: 개모주 <a href="/facts/Hanja/cvLdbcxX">Hanja</a>/<a href="/facts/Hanzi/5pn1PFvj">Hanzi</a>: 蓋牟州)</li> <li>Daena (<a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">Hangul</a>: 대나주 <a href="/facts/Hanja/cvLdbcxX">Hanja</a>/<a href="/facts/Hanzi/5pn1PFvj">Hanzi</a>: 大那州)</li> <li>Changam (<a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">Hangul</a>: 창암주 <a href="/facts/Hanja/cvLdbcxX">Hanja</a>/<a href="/facts/Hanzi/5pn1PFvj">Hanzi</a>: 倉巖州)</li> <li>Mami (<a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">Hangul</a>: 마미주 <a href="/facts/Hanja/cvLdbcxX">Hanja</a>/<a href="/facts/Hanzi/5pn1PFvj">Hanzi</a>: 磨米州)</li> <li>Jeokri (<a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">Hangul</a>: 적리주 <a href="/facts/Hanja/cvLdbcxX">Hanja</a>/<a href="/facts/Hanzi/5pn1PFvj">Hanzi</a>: 積利州)</li> <li>Yeosan (<a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">Hangul</a>: 여산주 <a href="/facts/Hanja/cvLdbcxX">Hanja</a>/<a href="/facts/Hanzi/5pn1PFvj">Hanzi</a>: 黎山州)</li> <li>Yeonjin (<a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">Hangul</a>: 연진주 <a href="/facts/Hanja/cvLdbcxX">Hanja</a>/<a href="/facts/Hanzi/5pn1PFvj">Hanzi</a>: 延津州)</li> <li>Mokjeo (<a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">Hangul</a>: 목저주 <a href="/facts/Hanja/cvLdbcxX">Hanja</a>/<a href="/facts/Hanzi/5pn1PFvj">Hanzi</a>: 木底州)</li> <li>Ansi (<a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">Hangul</a>: 안시주 <a href="/facts/Hanja/cvLdbcxX">Hanja</a>/<a href="/facts/Hanzi/5pn1PFvj">Hanzi</a>: 安市州)</li> <li>Chebok (<a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">Hangul</a>: 제북주 <a href="/facts/Hanja/cvLdbcxX">Hanja</a>/<a href="/facts/Hanzi/5pn1PFvj">Hanzi</a>: 諸北州)</li> <li>Shikri (<a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">Hangul</a>: 식리주 <a href="/facts/Hanja/cvLdbcxX">Hanja</a>/<a href="/facts/Hanzi/5pn1PFvj">Hanzi</a>: 識利州)</li> <li>Buryeol (<a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">Hangul</a>: 불열주 <a href="/facts/Hanja/cvLdbcxX">Hanja</a>/<a href="/facts/Hanzi/5pn1PFvj">Hanzi</a>: 拂涅州)</li> <li>Baehan (<a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">Hangul</a>: 배한주 <a href="/facts/Hanja/cvLdbcxX">Hanja</a>/<a href="/facts/Hanzi/5pn1PFvj">Hanzi</a>: 拜漢州)</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Tang_dynasty/qsEetTdS">Administrative divisions of the Tang dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West/Ak49tchc">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_South/UlnD78gp">Protectorate General to Pacify the South</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Four_Commanderies_of_Han/bURlScEN">Four Commanderies of Han</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ungjin_Commandery/dKHz3Uoj">Ungjin Commandery</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gyerim_Territory_Area_Command/KaTrqzBj">Gyerim Territory Area Command</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chinese_military_history/3Qcwyhfa">Chinese military history</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Honglujing_Stele/s1WvrSXC">Honglujing Stele</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea/s2gt3ydj">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a></li></ul> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li>Lee, K.-b. (1984). <i>A new history of Korea.</i> Tr. by E.W. Wagner & E.J. Schulz, based on the Korean rev. ed. of 1979. Seoul: Ilchogak. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 89-337-0204-0</li> <li>Wang, Zhenping (2013), <i>Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War</i>, University of Hawaii Press</li> <li>Xiong, Victor (2008), <i>Historical Dictionary of Medieval China</i>, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0810860537</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"舊唐書". 中國哲學書電子化計劃. Retrieved 3 August 2017. 安東都護府總章元年九月，司空李勣平高麗。高麗本五部，一百七十六城，戶六十九萬七千。其年十二月，分高麗地為九都督府，四十二州，一百縣，置安東都護府於平壤城以統之。In the ninth month of the first year of the Zongzhang era [668], the Minister of Works Li Ji pacified Goguryeo. Originally Goguryeo had 5 regions, 176 cities, and 697,000 households. In the twelfth month of that year, Goguryeo's territory was divided into 9 commanderies, 42 prefectures, and 100 counties. The Andong Protectorate was situated at Pyeongyang to govern it. <a href="http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=456206&searchu=%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%BD%E8%AD%B7%E5%BA%9C" target="_blank">http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=456206&searchu=%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%BD%E8%AD%B7%E5%BA%9C</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Wang 2013, p. 81. - Wang, Zhenping (2013), Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War, University of Hawaii Press <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Xiong 2008, p. 43. - Xiong, Victor (2008), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 978-0810860537 <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Wang 2013, p. 81. - Wang, Zhenping (2013), Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War, University of Hawaii Press <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Gaozong of Tang relocates Goguryeo refugees". 한국사데이터베이스 (Korean History Database). Retrieved 2023-11-01. <a href="https://db.history.go.kr/item/compareViewer.do?levelId=sg_022r_0020_0500" target="_blank">https://db.history.go.kr/item/compareViewer.do?levelId=sg_022r_0020_0500</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Cartwright, Mark. "Goguryeo". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-11-01. <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Goguryeo/" target="_blank">https://www.worldhistory.org/Goguryeo/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Wang 2013, p. 81. - Wang, Zhenping (2013), Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War, University of Hawaii Press <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Lee, Jeongbin (2009). "고연무의 고구려 부흥군과 부흥운동의 전개 (The Restoration Movement of Koguryo)". Yŏksa Wa Hyŏnsil. 72 (12): 133–136 – via KCI. <a href="https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART001356755" target="_blank">https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART001356755</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Wang 2013, p. 82. - Wang, Zhenping (2013), Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War, University of Hawaii Press <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Seth 2020, p. 45. - Seth, Michael J. (2020). A Concise History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-5381-2898-5. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Wang 2013, p. 83-84. - Wang, Zhenping (2013), Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War, University of Hawaii Press <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Wang 2013, p. 83-84. - Wang, Zhenping (2013), Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War, University of Hawaii Press <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Seth, Michael J. (2020). A Concise History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-5381-2898-5. <a href="978-1-5381-2898-5" target="_blank">978-1-5381-2898-5</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"舊唐書". 中國哲學書電子化計劃. Retrieved 3 August 2017. 上元三年二月，移安東府於遼東郡故城置。儀鳳二年，又移置於新城。In the second month of the third year of the Shangyuan era [676], the seat of Andong was moved to the Old City of Liaodong. In the second year of the Yifeng era [677], it was move again, this time to Xincheng. <a href="http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=456206&searchu=%E9%81%BC%E8%A5%BF" target="_blank">http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=456206&searchu=%E9%81%BC%E8%A5%BF</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Xiong 2008, p. 43. - Xiong, Victor (2008), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 978-0810860537 <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Wang 2013, p. 84. - Wang, Zhenping (2013), Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War, University of Hawaii Press <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"舊唐書". 中國哲學書電子化計劃. Retrieved 3 August 2017. 上元三年二月，移安東府於遼東郡故城置。儀鳳二年，又移置於新城。In the second month of the third year of the Shangyuan era [676], the seat of Andong was moved to the Old City of Liaodong. In the second year of the Yifeng era [677], it was move again, this time to Xincheng. <a href="http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=456206&searchu=%E9%81%BC%E8%A5%BF" target="_blank">http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=456206&searchu=%E9%81%BC%E8%A5%BF</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Xiong 2008, p. 43. - Xiong, Victor (2008), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 978-0810860537 <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Wang 2013, p. 84. - Wang, Zhenping (2013), Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War, University of Hawaii Press <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Wang 2013, p. 85. - Wang, Zhenping (2013), Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War, University of Hawaii Press <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"舊唐書". 中國哲學書電子化計劃. Retrieved 3 August 2017. 開元二年，移安東都護於平州置。天寶二年，移於遼西故郡城置。In the second year of the Kaiyuan era [714], the Andong Protectorate was moved to Ping Prefecture. In the second year of the Tianbao era [743], it was moved to the old commandery seat of Liaoxi. <a href="http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=456206&searchu=%E9%81%BC%E8%A5%BF" target="_blank">http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=456206&searchu=%E9%81%BC%E8%A5%BF</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Wang 2013, p. 85. - Wang, Zhenping (2013), Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War, University of Hawaii Press <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Xiong 2008, p. 43. - Xiong, Victor (2008), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 978-0810860537 <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Wang 2013, p. 85. - Wang, Zhenping (2013), Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War, University of Hawaii Press <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"舊唐書". 中國哲學書電子化計劃. Retrieved 3 August 2017. 開元二年，移安東都護於平州置。天寶二年，移於遼西故郡城置。In the second year of the Kaiyuan era [714], the Andong Protectorate was moved to Ping Prefecture. In the second year of the Tianbao era [743], it was moved to the old commandery seat of Liaoxi. <a href="http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=456206&searchu=%E9%81%BC%E8%A5%BF" target="_blank">http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=456206&searchu=%E9%81%BC%E8%A5%BF</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Wang 2013, p. 85. - Wang, Zhenping (2013), Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War, University of Hawaii Press <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Xiong 2008, p. 43. - Xiong, Victor (2008), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 978-0810860537 <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Wang 2013, p. 85. - Wang, Zhenping (2013), Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War, University of Hawaii Press <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Xiong 2008, p. 43. - Xiong, Victor (2008), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 978-0810860537 <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>