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Adaptive behavior
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<h2 id="examples">Examples</h2> <ul><li>A child born with <a href="/facts/Cerebral_palsy/WTs1Ge0p">cerebral palsy</a> will most likely have a form of <a href="/facts/Hemiparesis/W44QM11N">hemiparesis</a> or <a href="/facts/Hemiplegia/W44QM11N">hemiplegia</a> (the weakening, or loss of use, of one side of the body). In order to adapt to one's environment, the child may use these limbs as helpers, in some cases even adapt the use of their mouth and teeth as a tool used for more than just eating or conversation.</li> <li>Frustration from lack of the ability to verbalize one's own needs can lead to <a href="/facts/Tantrum/I48zbnUY">tantrums</a>. In addition, it may lead to the use of signs or <a href="/facts/Sign_language/Wjfl9Db6">sign language</a> to communicate needs.</li></ul> <h2 id="core-problems">Core problems</h2> <p>Limitations in <a href="/facts/Self-care/1jyq3VXS">self-care</a> skills and social relationships, as well as behavioral excesses, are common characteristics of individuals with <a href="/facts/Mental_disabilities/gXH6UNwm">mental disabilities</a>. Individuals with mental disabilities—who require extensive supports—are often taught basic self-care skills such as dressing, eating, and hygiene. Direct instruction and environmental supports, such as added prompts and simplified routines, are necessary to ensure that deficits in these adaptive areas do not limit one's quality of life. </p><p>Most children with milder forms of mental disabilities learn how to take care of their basic needs, but they often require training in self-management skills to achieve the levels of performance necessary for eventual <a href="/facts/Activities_of_daily_living/0AYDmmSA">independent living</a>. Making and sustaining personal relationships present significant challenges for many persons with mental disabilities. Limited cognitive processing skills, poor language development, and unusual or inappropriate behaviors can seriously impede interactions with others. Teaching students with mental disabilities appropriate social and interpersonal skills is an important function of special education. Students with mental disabilities often exhibit behavior problems than students who do not have the similar disabilities. Some behaviors observed by students with mental disabilities are difficulty accepting criticism, limited <a href="/facts/Self-control/CoTgryof">self-control</a>, and inappropriate behaviors. The greater the severity of the mental disabilities, generally the higher the incidence of behavioral problems. </p> <h2 id="problems-with-assessing-long-term-and-short-term-adaptation">Problems with assessing long-term and short-term adaptation</h2> <p>One problem with assessments of adaptive behavior is that a behavior that appears adaptive in the short run can be maladaptive in the long run and vice versa. For example, in the case of a group with rules that insist on drinking harmful amounts of alcohol both abstinence and moderate drinking (moderate as defined by actual health effects, not by socially constructed rules) may seem maladaptive if assessments are strictly short term, but an assessment that focuses on long-term survival would instead find that it was adaptive and that it was obedience under the drinking rule that was maladaptive. Such differences between short term effects and long-term effects in the context of harmful consequences of short-term compliance with destructive rules are argued by some researchers to show that assessments of adaptive behavior are not as unproblematic as is often assumed by psychiatry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="adaptive-behaviors-in-education">Adaptive behaviors in education</h2> <p>In education, adaptive behavior is defined as that which (1) meets the needs of the community of stakeholders (parents, teachers, peers, and later employers) and (2) meets the needs of the learner, <i>now</i> and <i>in the future</i>. Specifically, these behaviors include such things as effective speech, self-help, using money, cooking, and reading, for example. </p><p>Training in adaptive behavior is a key component of any educational program, but is critically important for children with special needs. The <a href="/facts/US_Department_of_Education/VuahmIvb">US Department of Education</a> has allocated billions of dollars ($12.3 billion in 2008) for special education programs aimed at improving educational and early intervention outcomes for children with disabilities. In 2001, the <a href="/facts/United_States_National_Research_Council/AdYmBBGV">United States National Research Council</a> published a comprehensive review of interventions for children and adults diagnosed with <a href="/facts/Autism/6MTwMNoJ">autism</a>. The review indicates that interventions based on <a href="/facts/Applied_behavior_analysis/4wPnh8sV">applied behavior analysis</a> have been effective with these groups. </p><p>Adaptive behavior includes socially responsible and independent performance of daily activities. However, the specific activities and skills needed may differ from setting to setting. When a student is going to school, school and academic skills are adaptive. However, some of those same skills might be useless or maladaptive in a job settings, so the transition between school and job needs careful attention. </p> <h2 id="specific-skills">Specific skills</h2> <p>Adaptive behavior includes the age-appropriate behaviors necessary for people to live independently and to function safely and appropriately in daily life. Adaptive behaviors include life skills such as grooming, dressing, safety, food handling, working, money management, cleaning, making friends, social skills, and the personal <a href="/facts/Moral_responsibility/UcdhqHBv">responsibility</a> expected of their age, <a href="/facts/Social_group/L0Ny3Nv6">social group</a> and wealth group. Specifically relevant are community access skills and peer access and retention skills, and behaviors which act as barriers to such access. These are itemised below. </p> <h3>Community access skills</h3> <ol><li>Bus riding<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li> <li>Independent walking<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li> <li>Coin summation<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li>Ordering food in a restaurant<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li>Vending machine use<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li>Eating in public places<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li>Pedestrian safety<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li></ol> <h3>Peer access and retention</h3> <ol><li>Clothing selection skills<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li>Appropriate mealtime behaviors<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li>Toy play skills and playful activities<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li>Oral hygiene and tooth brushing<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li>Soccer play<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li></ol> <p>Adaptive behaviors are considered to change due to the persons culture and surroundings. Professors have to delve into the students technical and comprehension skills to measure how adaptive their behavior is.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h3>Barriers to access to peers and communities</h3> <ol><li>Diurnal <a href="/facts/Bruxism/zf241PgK">bruxism</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li>Controlling <a href="/facts/Rumination_syndrome/jQEDQIQ2">rumination</a> and vomiting<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pica_(disorder)/UPuYC64K">Pica</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li></ol> <h2 id="adaptive-skills">Adaptive skills</h2> <p>Every human being must learn a set of skills that is beneficial for the environments and communities they live in. Adaptive skills are stepping stones toward accessing and benefiting from local or remote communities. This means that, in urban environments, to go to the movies, a child will have to learn to navigate through the town or take the bus, read the movie schedule, and pay for the movie. Adaptive skills allow for safer exploration because they provide the learner with an increased awareness of their surroundings and of changes in context, that require new adaptive responses to meet the demands and dangers of that new context. Adaptive skills may generate more opportunities to engage in meaningful social interactions and acceptance. Adaptive skills are socially acceptable and desirable at any age and regardless of gender (with the exception of sex specific biological differences such as <a href="/facts/Feminine_hygiene/HPeRg5yX">menstrual care</a> skills). </p> <h3>Learning adaptive skills</h3> <p>Adaptive skills encompass a range of daily situations and they usually start with a <a href="/facts/Task_analysis/LzaFdGBP">task analysis</a>. The task analysis will reveal all the steps necessary to perform the task in the natural environment. The use of behavior analytic procedures has been documented, with children, adolescents and adults, under the guidance of behavior analysts<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> and supervised behavioral technicians. The list of applications has a broad scope and it is in continuous expansion as more research is carried out in applied behavior analysis (see <i><a href="/facts/Journal_of_Applied_Behavior_Analysis/WaHMx9FT">Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/The_Analysis_of_Verbal_Behavior/GXl1Bf3r">The Analysis of Verbal Behavior</a></i>). </p> <h2 id="practopoietic-theory">Practopoietic theory</h2> <p>According to <a href="/facts/Practopoietic_theory/H5oMdF0h">practopoietic theory</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> creation of adaptive behavior involves special, <i>poietic</i> interactions among different levels of system organization. These interactions are described on the basis of <a href="/facts/Cybernetic/4qb58zbt">cybernetic</a> theory in particular, <a href="/facts/Good_regulator/Sl84dFGj">good regulator</a> theorem. In practopoietic systems, lower levels of organization determine the properties of higher levels of organization, but not the other way around. This ensures that lower levels of organization (e.g., genes) always possess cybernetically more general knowledge than the higher levels of organization—knowledge at a higher level being a special case of the knowledge at the lower level. At the highest level of organization lies the overt behavior. Cognitive operations lay in the middle parts of that hierarchy, above genes and below behavior. For behavior to be adaptive, at least three adaptive traverses are needed. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Adaptive_Behavior/s2TqvX6Q">Adaptive Behavior</a></i> – journal</li> <li><a href="/facts/Moral_character/GaGsQCct">Character</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Evolutionary_mismatch/1FjVGM2y">Evolutionary mismatch</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Vineland_Social_Maturity_Scale/p1X4PI0A">Vineland Social Maturity Scale</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.bacb.com">BACB (Behavior Analyst Certification Board)</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Psychometrics and Psychological Assessment, Carina Coulacoglou, Donald Saklofske, published 20 June 2017 <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Neef, A.N.; Iwata, B.A.; Page T.J. et al. (1978). Public Transportation Skills. In vivo versus classroom instruction. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 11, 331–4. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1311310/pdf/jaba00110-0019.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1311310/pdf/jaba00110-0019.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Gruber, B.; Reeser R.; Reid, D.H. (1979). Providing a less restrictive environment to retarded persons by teaching independent walking skills. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 12, 285–97. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Lowe, M.L. & Cuvo, A.J. (1976). Teaching coin summation to the mentally retarded. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 9, 483–9. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Haring, Thomas G.; Kennedy, Craig H.; Adams, Mary J.; Pitts-Conway, Valerie (1987). "Teaching Generalization of Purchasing Skills Across Community Settings to Autistic Youth Using Videotape Modeling". Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. 20 (1): 89–96. doi:10.1901/jaba.1987.20-89. ISSN 0021-8855. PMC 1285955. PMID 3583966. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1285955" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1285955</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Sprague, J. R.; Horner, R. H (1984). "The effects of single instance, multiple instance, and general case training on generalized vending machine use by moderately and severely handicapped students". Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. 17 (2): 273–278. doi:10.1901/jaba.1984.17-273. ISSN 0021-8855. PMC 1307940. PMID 6735957. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1307940" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1307940</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Van den Pol, R.A.; Iwata, B.A.; Ivancic M.T.; Page, T.J.; Neef N.A. & Whitley (1981). Teaching the handicapped to eat in public places: Acquisition, generalization, and maintenance of restaurant skills. JABA. 14, 61–9. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Page, T. J.; Iwata, B. A.; Neef, N. A. (1976). "Teaching pedestrian skills to retarded persons: generalization from the classroom to the natural environment". Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. 9 (4): 433–444. doi:10.1901/jaba.1976.9-433. ISSN 0021-8855. PMC 1312038. PMID 1002631. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1312038" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1312038</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Nutter D. & Reid D.H. (1978). Teaching retarded women a clothing selection skill using community norms. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 11, 475–87. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>McGrath, A.; Bosch, S.; Sullivan, C.; Fuqua, R.W. (2003). Teaching reciprocal social interactions between preschoolers and a child diagnosed with autism. Journal of Positive Behavioral Interventions, 5, 47–54. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>O'Brien, F.; Bugle, C. & Azrin N.H. (1972). Training and maintaining a retarded child's proper eating. JABA, 5, 67–72. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Wilson, P.G.; Reid, D.H.; Phillips, J.F. & Burgio, L.D. (1984). Normalization of institutional mealtimes for profoundly retarded persons. Effects and non-effects of teaching family-style dining. JABA, 17, 189–201. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1307933/pdf/jaba00032-0065.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1307933/pdf/jaba00032-0065.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Haring, T.G. (1985). Teaching between class generalization of toy play behavior to handicapped children. JABA, 18, 127–139. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Lifter, K.; Sulzer-Azaroff, B.; Anderson, S.R. & Cowdery, G.E. (1993) Teaching Play Activities to Preschool Children with Disabilities: The Importance of Developmental Considerations. Journal of Early Intervention, 17, 139–159. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Singh, N.N.; Manning, P.J. & Angell M.J. (1982). Effects of an oral hygiene punishment procedure on chronic rumination and collateral behaviors in monozygous twins. JABA, 15, 309–14. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Horner, R.D. & Keilitz, I. (1975). Training mentally retarded adolescents to brush their teeth. JABA, 8, 301–309. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Luyben, P D; Funk, D M; Morgan, J K; Clark, K A; Delulio, D W (1986). "Team sports for the severely retarded: training a side-of-the-foot soccer pass using a maximum-to-minimum prompt reduction strategy". Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. 19 (4): 431–436. doi:10.1901/jaba.1986.19-431. ISSN 0021-8855. PMC 1308094. PMID 3804877. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1308094" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1308094</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Psychology: Adaptive Behavior". Archived from the original on 2 February 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202113209/http://classof1.com/homework_answers/psychology/adaptive_behavior/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110202113209/http://classof1.com/homework_answers/psychology/adaptive_behavior/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Blount, R.L.; Drabman, R.S.; Wilson, N.; Stewart D. (1982). Reducing severe diurnal bruxism ib tw profoundly retarded females. JABA, 15, 565–71. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Kholenberg (1970). Punishment of persitent vomiting: A case study. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 3, 241–245. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1311127/pdf/jaba00078-0013.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1311127/pdf/jaba00078-0013.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Rast, J.; Johnston, J.M.; Drum, C. & Corin, J. (1981). The relation of food quantity to rumination behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 14, 121–130. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Mace, F C; Knight, D (1986). "Functional analysis and treatment of severe pica". Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. 19 (4): 411–416. doi:10.1901/jaba.1986.19-411. ISSN 0021-8855. PMC 1308091. PMID 3804874. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1308091" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1308091</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Professional practice of behavior analysis <a href="/wiki/Professional_practice_of_behavior_analysis" target="_blank">/wiki/Professional_practice_of_behavior_analysis</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Nikolić, Danko (2015). "Practopoiesis: Or how life fosters a mind". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 373: 40–61. arXiv:1402.5332. Bibcode:2015JThBi.373...40N. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.03.003. PMID 25791287. S2CID 12680941. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>