Hebron

<h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2>
The name "Hebron" appears to trace back to two <a href="/facts/Northwest_Semitic_languages/jQvC3N5J">northwest Semitic languages</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> which coalesce in the form ḥbr, having reflexes in <a href="/facts/Hebrew_language/hqKCSy9d">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/facts/Amorite/phVjneVo">Amorite</a>, with a basic sense of 'unite' and connoting a range of meanings from "colleague" to "friend". In the proper name Hebron, the original sense may have been alliance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>
The <a href="/facts/Arabic/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a> name for Hebron, al-Khalīl, emerged as the city's actual name in the 13th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> Earlier Muslim sources refer to the city as Ḥabra or Ḥabrūn.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> The name al-Khalīl derives from the <a href="/facts/Quran/39rkStko">Qur'anic</a> epithet for <a href="/facts/Abraham_in_Islam/5cMzq6Ez">Abraham</a>, Khalil al-Rahman (إبراهيم خليل الرحمن) "Beloved of the Merciful" or "Friend of God".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> Arabic Al-Khalil thus precisely translates the ancient Hebrew <a href="/facts/Toponym/YgVWDQW3">toponym</a> Ḥebron, understood as ḥaḇer (friend).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> 

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_Hebron/J74lY13U">Timeline of Hebron</a>
<h3>Bronze and Iron Age</h3>
Archaeological excavations reveal traces of strong fortifications dated to the Early <a href="/facts/Bronze_Age/c09qWcTt">Bronze Age</a>, covering some 24–30 <a href="/facts/Dunam/tfNjURLz">dunams</a> centered around <a href="/facts/Tel_Rumeida/Qb4VGBex">Tel Rumeida</a>. The city flourished in the 17th–18th centuries BCE before being destroyed by fire, and was resettled in the late Middle Bronze Age.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> This older Hebron was originally a <a href="/facts/Canaan/PyX3f92e">Canaanite</a> royal city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> <a href="/facts/Abraham/gHguuYch">Abrahamic legend</a> associates the city with the <a href="/facts/Biblical_Hittites/zr2B6gyK">Hittites</a>. It has been conjectured that Hebron might have been the capital of <a href="/facts/%C5%A0uwardata/1FaCqtdo">Shuwardata</a> of <a href="/facts/Gath_(city)/Y1RYHbCt">Gath</a>, an <a href="/facts/Proto-Indo-Europeans/HDhs6TuR">Indo-European</a> contemporary of Jerusalem's regent, <a href="/facts/Abdi-Heba/VzRLUeU9">Abdi-Ḫeba</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> although the Hebron hills were almost devoid of settlements in the Late Bronze Age.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> The <a href="/facts/Abrahamic_religion/y9z2Wf9q">Abrahamic traditions</a> associated with Hebron are nomadic. This may also reflect a <a href="/facts/Kenite/cUDGxIaL">Kenite</a> element, since the nomadic Kenites are said to have long occupied the city,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> and Heber is the name for a Kenite clan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> In the narrative of the later Hebrew conquest, Hebron was one of two centres under Canaanite control. They were ruled by the three sons of <a href="/facts/Anak/gt2r2Xta">Anak</a> (benê/yelîdê hāʿănaq).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> or may reflect some Kenite and <a href="/facts/Kenizzite/PJ6pvtT8">Kenizzite</a> migration from the Negev to Hebron, since terms related to the Kenizzites appear to be close to <a href="/facts/Hurrian_language/aUBltaSp">Hurrian</a>. This suggests that behind the <a href="/facts/Anakim/zV98jyG7">Anakim</a> legend lies some early Hurrian population.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> In Biblical lore they are represented as descendants of the <a href="/facts/Nephilim/C46e8WMm">Nephilim</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> The <a href="/facts/Book_of_Genesis/uFEgtYrb">Book of Genesis</a> mentions that it was formerly called <a href="/facts/Kiryat_Arba/L1pn14rj">Kirjath-arba</a>, or "city of four", possibly referring to the four pairs or couples who were buried there, or four tribes, or four quarters,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> four hills,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> or a confederated settlement of four families.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>

The story of Abraham's purchase of the <a href="/facts/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs/1MUds8dY">Cave of the Patriarchs</a> from the <a href="/facts/Biblical_Hittites/zr2B6gyK">Hittites</a> constitutes a seminal element in what was to become the Jewish attachment to the land<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> in that it signified the first "real estate" of Israel long before the conquest under Joshua.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> In settling here, Abraham is described as making his first covenant, an alliance with two local <a href="/facts/Amorite/phVjneVo">Amorite</a> clans who became his ba'alei brit or masters of the covenant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>
The Hebron of the Israelites was centered on what is now known as Tel Rumeida, while its ritual centre was located at <a href="/facts/Mamre/r3R6ahuT">Elonei Mamre</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> Hebrew Bible narrative also describes the city. 
It is said to have been wrested from the Canaanites by either <a href="/facts/Joshua/1pRo8yRL">Joshua</a>, who is said to have wiped out all of its previous inhabitants, "destroying everything that drew breath, as the Lord God of Israel had commanded",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> or the <a href="/facts/Tribe_of_Judah/75MWCLq5">Tribe of Judah</a> as a whole, or specifically <a href="/facts/Caleb/FCyP6r1X">Caleb</a> the Judahite.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> The town itself, with some contiguous pasture land, is then said to have been granted to the <a href="/facts/Levites/QPw4BCWm">Levites</a> of the clan of <a href="/facts/Kohathites/3NwvT6xW">Kohath</a>, while the fields of the city, as well as its surrounding villages were assigned to Caleb (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joshua+21:3–12;+1+Chronicles+6:54–56&version=NRSV">Joshua 21:3–12; 1 Chronicles 6:54–56</a>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> who expels the three giants, <a href="/facts/Sheshai/HD0jmFJB">Sheshai</a>, <a href="/facts/Ahiman/a6uHVGX5">Ahiman</a>, and <a href="/facts/Talmai/QItuMg14">Talmai</a>, who ruled the city. Later, the biblical narrative has <a href="/facts/King_David/VrqSRP9a">King David</a> called by God to relocate to Hebron and reign from there for some seven years (<a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Samuel%202:1–3&version=nrsv">2 Samuel 2:1–3</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> It is there that the elders of Israel come to him to make a covenant before Elohim and anoint him <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)/VLPUcfkt">king of Israel</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> It was in Hebron again that <a href="/facts/Absalom/dvz2SRNV">Absalom</a> has himself declared king and then raises a revolt against his father David (<a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Samuel%2015:7–10&version=nrsv">2 Samuel 15:7–10</a>). It became one of the principal centers of the Tribe of Judah and was classified as one of the six traditional <a href="/facts/Cities_of_Refuge/56MzFK5V">Cities of Refuge</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a>
As is shown by the discovery at <a href="/facts/Lachish/Id23lpVY">Lachish</a>, the second most important city in the <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Judah/qEdLyxv7">Kingdom of Judah</a> after Jerusalem,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> of seals with the inscription <a href="/facts/LMLK_seal/U9WLAb27">lmlk Hebron</a> (to the king Hebron),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> Hebron continued to constitute an important local economic centre, given its strategic position on the crossroads between the <a href="/facts/Dead_Sea/X2hgGG0w">Dead Sea</a> to the east, Jerusalem to the north, the Negev and Egypt to the south, and the <a href="/facts/Shfela/Xk2IA0l8">Shepelah</a> and the <a href="/facts/Israeli_coastal_plain/vxYR0CJm">coastal plain</a> to the west.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> Lying along <a href="/facts/Way_of_the_Patriarchs/TUobtf8v">trading routes</a>, it remained administratively and politically dependent on Jerusalem for this period.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>

<h3>Classic antiquity</h3>
After the destruction of the <a href="/facts/First_Temple/aed5FD5l">First Temple</a>, most of the Jewish inhabitants of Hebron were exiled, and according to the conventional view,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> some researchers found traces of <a href="/facts/Edom/DomVXbKw">Edomite</a> presence after the 5th–4th centuries BCE, as the area became <a href="/facts/Achaemenid_Empire/avlzWxF0">Achaemenid province</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> and, in the wake of <a href="/facts/Alexander_the_Great/8N3gLElj">Alexander the Great</a>'s conquest, Hebron was throughout the <a href="/facts/Hellenistic_period/q6BgQsaF">Hellenistic period</a> under the influence of Idumea (as the new area inhabited by the Edomites was called during the <a href="/facts/Yehud_medinata/FDCc6vsN">Persian</a>, <a href="/facts/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah/qVoA0uua">Hellenistic</a> and <a href="/facts/Judea_(Roman_province)/QPVlNrrv">Roman</a> periods), as is attested by inscriptions for that period bearing names with the Edomite God <a href="/facts/Qaus/0ehpvLWd">Qōs</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> Jews also appear to have lived there after the return from the <a href="/facts/Babylonian_exile/skWuJsdJ">Babylonian exile</a> (<a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%2011:25&version=nrsv">Nehemiah 11:25</a>). During the <a href="/facts/Maccabean_revolt/gTPVWy1L">Maccabean revolt</a>, Hebron was burnt and plundered by <a href="/facts/Judas_Maccabeus/f1denbwM">Judah Maccabee</a> who fought against the Edomites in 167 BCE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> The city appears to have long resisted <a href="/facts/Hasmoneans/7Yalw0GN">Hasmonean dominance</a>, however, and indeed as late as the <a href="/facts/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War/LYYK2SPh">First Jewish–Roman War</a> was still considered <a href="/facts/Idumean/DomVXbKw">Idumean</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a>

The present day city of Hebron was settled in the valley downhill from Tel Rumeida at the latest by Roman times.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> <a href="/facts/Herod_the_Great/2f4RRyuW">Herod the Great</a>, king of Judea, built the wall that still surrounds the <a href="/facts/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs/1MUds8dY">Cave of the Patriarchs</a>. During the <a href="/facts/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War/LYYK2SPh">First Jewish–Roman War</a>, Hebron was captured and plundered by <a href="/facts/Simon_Bar_Giora/maErE3md">Simon Bar Giora</a>, a leader of the <a href="/facts/Zealots/4cHyfM3R">Zealots</a>, without bloodshed. The "little town" was later laid to waste by <a href="/facts/Vespasian/cCRJILyw">Vespasian</a>'s officer <a href="/facts/Sextus_Vettulenus_Cerialis/3tFoWDqP">Sextus Vettulenus Cerialis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> <a href="/facts/Josephus/RgFoKIYH">Josephus</a> wrote that he "slew all he found there, young and old, and burnt down the town". After the suppression of the <a href="/facts/Bar_Kokhba_revolt/EP2jl4f4">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> in 135 CE, innumerable Jewish captives were sold into slavery at Hebron's <a href="/facts/Mamre/r3R6ahuT">Terebinth</a> slave-market.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a>
The city was part of the <a href="/facts/Byzantine_Empire/njEELXWF">Byzantine Empire</a> in <a href="/facts/Palaestina_Prima/BThmgqQM">Palaestina Prima</a> province at the <a href="/facts/Diocese_of_the_East/M1yfatIo">Diocese of the East</a>. The Byzantine emperor <a href="/facts/Justinian_I/6wl5Ivh7">Justinian I</a> erected a Christian church over the Cave of Machpelah in the 6th century CE, which was later destroyed by the <a href="/facts/Sassanid/JvbRevkA">Sassanid</a> general <a href="/facts/Shahrbaraz/fAavRvTh">Shahrbaraz</a> in 614 when <a href="/facts/Khosrau_II/9RgxJlVf">Khosrau II</a>'s armies besieged and took Jerusalem.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> Jews were not permitted to reside in Hebron under Byzantine rule.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> The sanctuary itself however was spared by the Persians, in deference to the Jewish population, who were numerous in the <a href="/facts/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sassanid_War_of_602%E2%80%93628/h6tzex2o">Sassanid army</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a>

<h3>Muslim conquest and Islamic caliphate</h3>
Hebron was one of the last cities of Palestine to fall to the <a href="/facts/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant/bAmPYDfh">Islamic invasion in the 7th century</a>, possibly the reason why Hebron is not mentioned in any traditions of the Arab conquest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> When the <a href="/facts/Rashidun_Caliphate/UBtWHvDj">Rashidun Caliphate</a> established its rule over Hebron in 638, the Muslims converted the Byzantine church at the site of Abraham's tomb into a mosque.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> It became an important station on the caravan trading route from Egypt, and also as a way-station for pilgrims making the yearly hajj from Damascus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> After the fall of the city, Jerusalem's conqueror, Caliph <a href="/facts/Umar/cIfqERQW">Omar ibn al-Khattab</a> permitted Jewish people to return and to construct a small synagogue within the Herodian precinct.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a>
Catholic bishop <a href="/facts/Arculf/mrSpnSvd">Arculf</a>, who visited the Holy Land during the <a href="/facts/Umayyad_Chaliphate/gdW8JwoK">Umayyad period</a>, described the city as unfortified and poor. In his writings he also mentioned camel caravans transporting firewood from Hebron to Jerusalem, which implies there was a presence of Arab nomads in the region at that time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> Trade greatly expanded, in particular with <a href="/facts/Bedouin/gIASwABv">Bedouins</a> in the <a href="/facts/Negev/LFYIQtkY">Negev</a> (al-Naqab) and the population to the east of the <a href="/facts/Dead_Sea/X2hgGG0w">Dead Sea</a> (Baḥr Lūṭ). According to Anton Kisa, Jews from Hebron (and <a href="/facts/Tyre,_Lebanon/RYMPTlJR">Tyre</a>) founded the <a href="/facts/Venetian_glass/Jtjd9jCJ">Venetian glass</a> industry in the 9th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a>
Hebron was almost absent from Muslim literature before the 10th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> In 985, <a href="/facts/Al-Muqaddasi/qsNmH1GG">al-Muqaddasi</a> described Hebron (Habra) as the village of Abraham al-Khalil, with a strong fortress and a stone dome over Abraham's sepulchre.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> The mosque contained the tombs of Isaac, Jacob, and their wives.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> Surrounding the area were villages with vineyards producing exceptional grapes and apples.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a> Hebron had a public guest house offering lentils and olive oil to both the poor and the rich.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a> The guest house was established through the bequest of Prophet Muhammad's companions, including Tamim-al Dari, and received generous donations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> It was highly regarded as an excellent house of hospitality and charity in the realm of al-Islam.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a> The custom, known as the 'Table of Abraham' (simāt al-khalil), was similar to the one established by the <a href="/facts/Fatimid/jgmF2I5C">Fatimids</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a> In 1047, <a href="/facts/Nasir_Khusraw/WkXL1hr7">Nasir-i-Khusraw</a> described Hebron in his <a href="/facts/Safarnama/uybD0JVX">Safarnama</a> as having many villages providing revenues for pious purposes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a> He mentioned a spring flowing from under a stone, with water channeled to a covered tank outside the town.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a> The Sanctuary stood on the town's southern border, enclosed by four walls.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a> Barley was the primary crop, with abundant olives.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a> Visitors were provided with bread, olives, lentils cooked in olive oil, and raisins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a> Hebron had numerous mills operated by oxen and mules, along with working girls baking bread.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a> The hospitality extended to about three-pound loaves of bread and meals for every arriving person, including up to 500 pilgrims on certain days.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a>
The tradition survives to this day in the form of the Takiat Ibrahim soup kitchen, which has been active in providing food for thousands over Ramadan, which coincided with food shortages during the 2024 <a href="/facts/Gaza_war/dmUoIpBw">Gaza war</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a> <a href="/facts/Cairo_Geniza/J7kDBaAQ">Geniza</a> documents from this period mention "the graves of the patriarchs" and attest to the presence of an organised Jewish community in Hebron. The Jews maintained a synagogue near the tomb and earned their livelihood accommodating Jewish pilgrims and merchants. During the <a href="/facts/Great_Seljuq_Empire/PIdMSP62">Seljuk period</a>, the community was headed by Saadia b. Abraham b. Nathan, known as the "haver of the graves of the patriarchs."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a>

<h3>Crusader and Ayyubid period</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/Vassals_of_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem/3rKvNm2Q">Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>
The <a href="/facts/Caliphate/qQ6hCspe">Caliphate</a> lasted in the area until 1099, when the Christian <a href="/facts/Crusade/mblv9nwI">Crusader</a> <a href="/facts/Godfrey_de_Bouillon/byh85594">Godfrey de Bouillon</a> took Hebron and renamed it "Castellion Saint Abraham".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a> It was designated capital of the southern district of the Crusader <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem/xaUe9BQr">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> and given, in turn,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a> as the fief of Saint Abraham, to <a href="/facts/Geldemar_Carpenel/0dr0F5Dj">Geldemar Carpinel</a>, the bishop Gerard of Avesnes,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a> Hugh of Rebecques, Walter Mohamet and Baldwin of Saint Abraham. As a <a href="/facts/Franks/RHyCqfkd">Frankish</a> garrison of the <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem/xaUe9BQr">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>, its defence was precarious being 'little more than an island in a Moslem ocean'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a> The Crusaders converted the <a href="/facts/Mosque/U51uY78w">mosque</a> and the <a href="/facts/Synagogue/yt6f6nJa">synagogue</a> into a church. In 1106, an Egyptian campaign thrust into southern Palestine and almost succeeded the following year in wresting Hebron back from the Crusaders under <a href="/facts/Baldwin_I_of_Jerusalem/qyAnjSqW">Baldwin I of Jerusalem</a>, who personally led the counter-charge to beat the Muslim forces off. In the year 1113 during the reign of <a href="/facts/Baldwin_II_of_Jerusalem/07llnU0g">Baldwin II of Jerusalem</a>, according to <a href="/facts/Ali_ibn_abi_bakr_al-Harawi/BDjWlXmE">Ali of Herat</a> (writing in 1173), a certain part over the cave of Abraham had given way, and "a number of Franks had made their entrance therein". And they discovered "(the bodies) of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob", "their shrouds having fallen to pieces, lying propped up against a wall...Then the King, after providing new shrouds, caused the place to be closed once more". Similar information is given in <a href="/facts/Ali_ibn_al-Athir/FLWEdvtt">Ibn at Athir</a>'s Chronicle under the year 1119; "In this year was opened the tomb of Abraham, and those of his two sons Isaac and Jacob ...Many people saw the Patriarch. Their limbs had nowise been <a href="/facts/Disturbance_(archaeology)/HmEbqcA0">disturbed</a>, and beside them were placed lamps of gold and of silver."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a> The <a href="/facts/Damascus/IL0Qwt6R">Damascene</a> nobleman and historian <a href="/facts/Ibn_al-Qalanisi/6B7bDCkL">Ibn al-Qalanisi</a> in his chronicle also alludes at this time to the discovery of <a href="/facts/Relics/oSksAgIf">relics</a> purported to be those of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, a discovery that excited eager curiosity among all three communities in Palestine, Muslim, Jewish, and Christian.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a> Towards the end of the period of Crusader rule, in 1166 <a href="/facts/Maimonides/fGyQDPC8">Maimonides</a> visited Hebron and wrote,On Sunday, 9 Marheshvan (October 17), I left Jerusalem for Hebron to kiss the tombs of my ancestors in the Cave. On that day, I stood in the cave and prayed, praise be to God, (in gratitude) for everything.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a>
A royal domain, Hebron was handed over to <a href="/facts/Philip_of_Milly/q0bgN8BV">Philip of Milly</a> in 1161 and joined with the <a href="/facts/Oultrejordain/N5XtjH87">Seigneurie of Transjordan</a>. A bishop was appointed to Hebron in 1168 and the new cathedral church of St Abraham was built in the southern part of the Haram.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a> In 1167, the <a href="/facts/Hebron_(titular_see)/qbHej93l">episcopal see of Hebron</a> was created along with that of <a href="/facts/Kerak/o9S4QNvP">Kerak</a> and <a href="/facts/Sebastia,_Nablus/LHaBplSw">Sebastia</a> (the tomb of <a href="/facts/John_the_Baptist/l7K55gq7">John the Baptist</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a> In 1170, <a href="/facts/Benjamin_of_Tudela/LHzR2qll">Benjamin of Tudela</a> visited Hebron, referred to as in its Frankish name St. Abram de Bron.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a> He mentioned the great church called St. Abram, which was once a Jewish place of worship during the time of Muslim rule.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a> The Gentiles had erected six tombs there, claimed to be those of Abraham, Sarah, Isaac, Rebekah, Jacob, and Leah.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a> The custodians collected money from pilgrims by presenting these tombs as the tombs of the Patriarchs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a> However, if a Jew offered a special reward, they would open an iron gate leading to a series of empty caves, until reaching the third cave where the actual sepulchers of the Patriarchs and Matriarchs were said to be located.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a>
The Kurdish Muslim <a href="/facts/Saladin/NcfPdcNW">Saladin</a> retook Hebron in 1187 – again with Jewish assistance according to one late tradition, in exchange for a letter of security allowing them to return to the city and build a synagogue there.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a> The name of the city was changed back to Al-Khalil. A <a href="/facts/Kurd/bRUqFtXT">Kurdish</a> quarter still existed in the town during the early period of <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman</a> rule.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a> <a href="/facts/Richard_I_of_England/WaqLy3aQ">Richard the Lionheart</a> retook the city soon after. <a href="/facts/Richard,_1st_Earl_of_Cornwall/kh0oujgX">Richard of Cornwall</a>, brought from England to settle the dangerous feuding between <a href="/facts/Knights_Templar/1IEETuMg">Templars</a> and <a href="/facts/Knights_Hospitaller/Xjkj29TT">Hospitallers</a>, whose rivalry imperiled the treaty guaranteeing regional stability stipulated with the Egyptian <a href="/facts/Sultan/4vdHlkdf">Sultan</a> <a href="/facts/As-Salih_Ayyub/N8YeB0De">As-Salih Ayyub</a>, managed to impose peace on the area. But soon after his departure, feuding broke out and in 1241 the Templars mounted a damaging raid on what was, by now, Muslim Hebron, in violation of agreements.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a>
In 1244, the <a href="/facts/Khwarazmian_dynasty/TcMkkVhR">Khwarazmians</a> destroyed the town, but left the sanctuary untouched.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a>

<h3>Mamluk period</h3>
In 1260, after <a href="/facts/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)/AXAzz3Q7">Mamluk</a> <a href="/facts/Sultan/4vdHlkdf">Sultan</a> <a href="/facts/Baibars/jduT4a9u">Baibars</a> defeated the Mongol army, the <a href="/facts/Minaret/4f9J9Gsq">minarets</a> were built onto the sanctuary. Six years later, while on pilgrimage to Hebron, Baibars promulgated an edict forbidding Christians and Jews from entering the sanctuary,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a> and the climate became less tolerant of Jews and Christians than it had been under the prior <a href="/facts/Ayyubid_dynasty/VA05JAwy">Ayyubid</a> rule. The edict for the exclusion of Christians and Jews was not strictly enforced until the middle of the 14th-century and by 1490, not even Muslims were permitted to enter the caverns.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a> The mill at <a href="/facts/Artas,_Bethlehem/b0fd01CR">Artas</a> was built in 1307, and the profits from its income were dedicated to the hospital in Hebron.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a> Between 1318 and 1320, the <a href="/facts/Na%27ib/6knDNzfN">Na'ib</a> of <a href="/facts/Gaza_City/4mmNgFq6">Gaza</a> and much of coastal and interior Palestine ordered the construction of <a href="/facts/Al-Jawali_Mosque/TpYfzafp">Jawli Mosque</a> to enlarge the prayer space for worshipers at the Ibrahimi Mosque.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a>

Hebron was visited by important rabbis over the next two centuries, among them <a href="/facts/Nachmanides/6AJxnQPl">Nachmanides</a> (1270) and <a href="/facts/Ishtori_Haparchi/AynNzdev">Ishtori HaParchi</a> (1322) who noted the <a href="/facts/Old_Jewish_cemetery,_Hebron/ltwYgxD9">old Jewish cemetery</a> there. <a href="/facts/Sunni/WYo0zeq0">Sunni</a> <a href="/facts/Imam/BKmjWDg0">imam</a> <a href="/facts/Ibn_Qayyim_Al-Jawziyya/XdpWwkPM">Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya</a> (1292–1350) was penalised by the religious authorities in Damascus for refusing to recognise Hebron as a Muslim pilgrimage site, a view also held by his teacher <a href="/facts/Ibn_Taymiyyah/UIRPbN8T">Ibn Taymiyyah</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a> The Jewish-Italian traveller, <a href="/facts/Meshullam_of_Volterra/IEUGISnj">Meshullam of Volterra</a> (1481) found not more than twenty Jewish families living in Hebron.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a> and recounted how the Jewish women of Hebron would disguise themselves with a veil in order to pass as Muslim women and enter the Cave of the Patriarchs without being recognized as Jews.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a> Minute descriptions of Hebron were recorded in Stephen von Gumpenberg's Journal (1449), by <a href="/facts/Felix_Fabri/NMRVs636">Felix Fabri</a> (1483) and by <a href="/facts/Mejr_ed-Din/57fnp3BC">Mejr ed-Din</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a> It was in this period, also, that the <a href="/facts/Mamluk/78wJT4nN">Mamluk</a> Sultan <a href="/facts/Qaitbay/yzI5QoXf">Qa'it Bay</a> revived the old custom of the Hebron "table of Abraham", and exported it as a model for his own <a href="/facts/Madrasa/zrCBh8dM">madrasa</a> in <a href="/facts/Medina/nbDykVmK">Medina</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a> This became an immense charitable establishment near the <a href="/facts/Haram/nPbjapYE">Haram</a>, distributing daily some 1,200 loaves of bread to travellers of all faiths.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a> The Italian rabbi <a href="/facts/Obadiah_ben_Abraham_Bartenura/7GvDA8jv">Obadiah ben Abraham Bartenura</a> wrote around 1490:I was in the Cave of Machpelah, over which the mosque has been built; and the Arabs hold the place in high honour. All the Kings of the Arabs come here to repeat their prayers, but neither a Jew nor an Arab may enter the Cave itself, where the real graves of the Patriarchs are; the Arabs remain above, and let down burning torches into it through a window, for they keep a light always burning there. . Bread and lentil, or some other kind of pulse (seeds of peas or beans), is distributed (by the Muslims) to the poor every day without distinction of faith, and this is done in honour of Abraham.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a>
<h3>Early Ottoman period</h3>

The expansion of the <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman Empire</a> along the southern Mediterranean coast under sultan <a href="/facts/Selim_I/aVcgQv8C">Selim I</a> coincided with the establishment of <a href="/facts/Spanish_Inquisition/gwfpY6du">Inquisition</a> commissions by the <a href="/facts/Catholic_Monarchs/ge8uXJ5T">Catholic Monarchs</a> in Spain in 1478, which ended centuries of the Iberian convivencia (coexistence). The ensuing <a href="/facts/Alhambra_Decree/Wd7DNcUG">expulsions of the Jews</a> drove many <a href="/facts/Sephardi_Jews/VrvPsCeh">Sephardi Jews</a> into the Ottoman provinces, and a slow influx of Jews to the Holy Land took place, with notable Sephardi <a href="/facts/Kabbalah/sqfKq2wu">kabbalists</a> settling in Hebron.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a> Over the following two centuries, there was a significant migration of Bedouin tribal groups from the Arabian Peninsula into Palestine. Many settled in three separate villages in the Wādī al-Khalīl, and their descendants later formed the majority of Hebron.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a>
The Jewish community fluctuated between 8–10 families throughout the 16th century, and suffered from severe financial straits in the first half of the century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a> In 1540, renowned <a href="/facts/Kabbalist/sqfKq2wu">kabbalist</a> <a href="/facts/Malkiel_Ashkenazi/pIP49Cnf">Malkiel Ashkenazi</a> bought a courtyard from the small <a href="/facts/Karaite_Judaism/8qHXQY86">Karaite</a> community, in which he established the Sephardic <a href="/facts/Abraham_Avinu_Synagogue/SPXJuLvz">Abraham Avinu Synagogue</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a> In 1659, Abraham Pereyra of Amsterdam founded the Hesed Le'Abraham <a href="/facts/Yeshiva/E8yTb98u">yeshiva</a> in Hebron, which attracted many students.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a> In the early 18th century, the Jewish community suffered from heavy debts, almost quadrupling from 1717 to 1729,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a> and were "almost crushed" from the extortion practiced by the Turkish pashas. In 1773 or 1775, a substantial amount of money was extorted from the Jewish community after a false allegation that the son of a local <a href="/facts/Sheikh/0Upp3Dbz">sheikh</a> was murdered and thrown into a cesspit.> <a href="/facts/Meshulach/TUPocBQp">Emissaries</a> from the community were frequently sent overseas to <a href="/facts/Halukka/Uey80vcm">solicit funds</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a> During the Ottoman period, the dilapidated patriarchs' tombs were restored to a semblance of dignity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a> <a href="/facts/Ali_Bey_el_Abbassi/UH0F1LLR">Ali Bey</a>, in Muslim disguise, was one of the few Westerners to gain access. In 1807 he reported that the sepulchres were covered with carpets of green silk embroidered in gold and those of the wives were covered in red silk.The sultans of Constantinople furnished these carpets, which were renewed from time to time. Ali Bey counted nine, one over the other, on the sepulchre of Abraham.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a> Hebron also became known for its glass production, based on Bedouin trade networks that brought up minerals from the Dead Sea. The industry is mentioned in travel literature in 19th century written by <a href="/facts/Western_culture/rPbgAhzI">Western</a> travellers to Palestine. <a href="/facts/Ulrich_Jasper_Seetzen/E58WXTRF">Ulrich Jasper Seetzen</a> noted during his travels in Palestine in 1808–09 that 150 persons were employed in the glass industry in Hebron,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a> based on 26 <a href="/facts/Kiln/MFTuDWhU">kilns</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a> In 1833, a report on the town in the weekly paper of the London-based <a href="/facts/Religious_Tract_Society/jz3q2bNR">Religious Tract Society</a> wrote that Hebron had numerous well-provisioned shops and produced glass lamps which were exported to <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a> Early 19th-century travellers also noted Hebron's flourishing agriculture. It was a major exporter of dibse, grape sugar,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a> from the famous Dabookeh grapestock characteristic of Hebron.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a>

An <a href="/facts/1834_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine/m0w4Pkz0">Arab peasants' revolt</a> broke out in April 1834 when <a href="/facts/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt/tWyjrjp3">Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt</a> announced he would recruit troops from the local Muslim population.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a> Hebron, headed by its <a href="/facts/N%C4%81%E1%BA%93ir/N7ccAo6a">nazir</a> Abd ar-Rahman Amr, declined to supply its quota of conscripts for the army and suffered badly from the Egyptian campaign to crush the uprising. The town was invested and, when its defences fell on August 4, it was sacked by Ibrahim Pasha's army.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a> An estimated 500 Muslims from Hebron were killed in the attack and some 750 were conscripted. 120 youths were abducted and put at the disposal of Egyptian army officers. Most of the Muslim population managed to flee beforehand to the hills. Many Jews fled to Jerusalem, but during the general pillage of the town <a href="/facts/1834_Hebron_massacre/LEL0nLqT">at least five were killed</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a>
In 1838, the total population was estimated at 10,000.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a> When the government of Ibrahim Pasha fell in 1841, the local clan leader Abd ar-Rahman Amr once again resumed the reins of power as the Sheik of Hebron. Due to his extortionate demands for cash from the local population, most of the Jewish population fled to Jerusalem.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a> In 1846, the Ottoman Governor-in-chief of Jerusalem (serasker), <a href="/facts/K%C4%B1br%C4%B1sl%C4%B1_Mehmed_Emin_Pasha/71s7AUo9">Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha</a>, waged a campaign to subdue rebellious sheiks in the Hebron area, and while doing so, allowed his troops to sack the town. Though it was widely rumoured that he secretly protected Abd ar-Rahman,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a> the latter was deported together with other local leaders (such as Muslih al-'Azza of <a href="/facts/Bayt_Jibrin/kxDhtERC">Bayt Jibrin</a>), but he managed to return to the area in 1848.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a>
According to Hillel Cohen, the attacks on Jews in this particular period are an exception that proves the rule, that one of the easiest place for Jews to live in the world were in the various countries of the Ottoman Empire. In the mid-eighteenth century, <a href="/facts/Abraham_Gershon_of_Kitov/7Ajanewl">rabbi Abraham Gershon</a> of <a href="/facts/Kuty/zM83XUc5">Kitov</a> wrote from Hebron that:"the gentiles here very much love the Jews. When there is a brit milah (circumcision ceremony) or any other celebration, their most important men come at night and rejoice with the Jews and clap hands and dance with the Jews, just like the Jews'."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a>

<h3>Late Ottoman period</h3>

By 1850, the Jewish population consisted of 45–60 Sephardic families, some 40 born in the town, and a 30-year-old Ashkenazic community of 50 families, mainly Polish and Russian,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a> the <a href="/facts/Chabad/gK9obwFs">Lubavitch Hasidic</a> movement having established a community in 1823.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a> The ascendency of Ibrahim Pasha led to a decline in the local glass industry. His plan to build a Mediterranean fleet led to severe logging in Hebron's forests, making firewood for the kilns scarce. At the same time, Egypt began importing cheap European glass. The rerouting of the hajj from Damascus through Transjordan reduced traffic to Hebron, and the <a href="/facts/Suez_canal/1zYoNryp">Suez Canal</a> (1869) precipitated a drop in caravan trade. The consequence was a steady deterioration of the local economy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a> At the time, the town was divided into four quarters: the Ancient Quarter (Harat al-Kadim) near the Cave of Machpelah; to its south, the Quarter of the Silk Merchant (Harat al-Kazaz), inhabited by Jews; the Mamluk-era Sheikh's Quarter (Harat ash Sheikh) to the north-west; and further north, the Dense Quarter (Harat al-Harbah).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a>In 1855, the newly appointed Ottoman <a href="/facts/Pasha/Qqx1dt2J">pasha</a> ("governor") of the <a href="/facts/Sanjak/HYC4KJRG">sanjak</a> ("district") of Jerusalem, <a href="/facts/K%C4%B1br%C4%B1sl%C4%B1_Mehmed_Kamil_Pasha/Ad29pgB9">Kamil Pasha</a>, attempted to put down a rebellion in the Hebron region. Kamil and his army marched towards Hebron in July 1855, a scene witnessed by representatives of the English, French and other Western consulates. After crushing all opposition, Kamil appointed Salama Amr, brother and rival of Abd al Rachman, as <a href="/facts/N%C4%81%E1%BA%93ir/N7ccAo6a">nazir</a> of the Hebron region. Relative quiet reigned in the town for the next 4 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a> In 1866, Hungarian Jews of the <a href="/facts/Karlin_(Hasidic_Dynasty)/dFYCBAjq">Karlin Hasidic court</a> settled in Hebron.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a> According to <a href="/facts/Nadav_Shragai/1NrWjrvY">Nadav Shragai</a>, Arab-Jewish relations were good, and Alter Rivlin, who spoke Arabic and Syrian-Aramaic, was appointed Jewish representative to the city council.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a> During a severe drought in 1869–1871, food in Hebron sold for ten times the normal amount.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a> From 1874, the Hebron district was administered directly from <a href="/facts/Istanbul/Xo1hzGWH">Istanbul</a> as part of the Sanjak of Jerusalem.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a> By 1874, when <a href="/facts/C._R._Conder/pLayuFBg">C.R. Conder</a> visited Hebron under the auspices of the <a href="/facts/Palestine_Exploration_Fund/YejAap5y">Palestine Exploration Fund</a>, the Jewish community numbered 600 in an overall population of 17,000.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a> The Jews lived in the Quarter of the Corner Gate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a> In the late 19th century the production of <a href="/facts/Hebron_glass/gMpTCClN">Hebron glass</a> declined due to competition from imported European glassware, although it continued to be popular among those who could not afford luxury goods and was sold by Jewish merchants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a> Glass ornaments from Hebron were exhibited at the <a href="/facts/Weltausstellung_1873_Wien/BnsEjge9">World Fair of 1873 in Vienna</a>.
A report from the <a href="/facts/Consulate_General_of_France,_Jerusalem/kL2zslqj">consul</a> of the <a href="/facts/Consulate_General_of_France,_Jerusalem/kL2zslqj">French Consulate in Jerusalem</a> in 1886 suggests that glass-making remained an important source of income for Hebron, with four factories earning 60,000 francs yearly.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a> While the economy of other cities in Palestine was based on solely on trade, the economy of Hebron was more diverse, including agriculture and livestock herding, along with glassware manufacturing and processing of hides. This was because the most fertile lands were situated within the city limits.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a> Even so, Hebron had an image of being unproductive and an "asylum for the poor and the spiritual".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a> While the wealthy merchants of Nablus built fine mansions, housing in Hebron consisted of semi-peasant dwellings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a>
Hebron was described as 'deeply Bedouin and Islamic',<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a> and 'bleakly conservative' in its religious outlook,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a> with a strong tradition of hostility to Jews.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a> It had a reputation for religious zeal in jealously protecting its sites from Jews and Christians, although the Jewish and Christian communities seem to have been an integral part of the local economy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a> As income from commerce declined and tax revenues diminished significantly, the Ottoman government left Hebron to manage its own affairs for the most part, making it "one of the most autonomous regions in late Ottoman Palestine."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a> The Jewish community was under French protection until 1914. The Jewish presence itself was divided between the traditional Sephardi community, whose members spoke Arabic and adopted Arab dress, and the more recent influx of <a href="/facts/Ashkenazi_Jews/B9PIYy71">Ashkenazi Jews</a>. They prayed in different synagogues, sent their children to different schools, lived in different quarters and did not intermarry. The community was largely Orthodox and anti-Zionist.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a>

<h3>British Mandate</h3>

The British <a href="/facts/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration/2bAtdEkJ">occupied</a> Hebron on December 8, 1917; governance transited to a <a href="/facts/Mandatory_Palestine/mv0NGUBy">mandate</a> in 1920. Most of Hebron was owned by old Islamic charitable endowments (<a href="/facts/Waqf/cKFuejpP">waqfs</a>), with about 60% of all the land in and around Hebron belonging to the Tamīm al-Dārī waqf.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163">163</a> In 1922, its population stood at 16,577, of which 16,074 (97%) were Muslim, 430 (2.5%) were Jewish and 73 (0.4%) were Christian.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164">164</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165">165</a> During the 1920s, Abd al-Ḥayy al-Khaṭīb was appointed Mufti of Hebron. Before his appointment, he had been a staunch opponent of <a href="/facts/Haj_Amin_al-Husseini/lRxWeaT7">Haj Amin</a>, supported the Muslim National Associations and had good contacts with the Zionists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166">166</a> Later, al-Khaṭīb became one of the few loyal followers of Haj Amin in Hebron.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167">167</a> During the late Ottoman period, a new ruling elite had emerged in Palestine. They later formed the core of the growing Arab nationalist movement in the early 20th century. During the Mandate period, delegates from Hebron constituted only 1 per cent of the political leadership.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168">168</a> The Palestinian Arab decision to boycott the 1923 elections for a Legislative Council was made at the <a href="/facts/Palestine_Arab_Congress/RLNqbPwm">fifth Palestinian Congress</a>, after it was reported by Murshid Shahin (an Arab pro-Zionist activist) that there was intense resistance in Hebron to the elections.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169">169</a> Almost no house in Hebron remained undamaged when an <a href="/facts/1927_Jericho_earthquake/XqoKKXQN">earthquake struck Palestine</a> on July 11, 1927.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170">170</a>
The Cave of the Patriarchs continued to remain officially closed to non-Muslims, and reports that entry to the site had been relaxed in 1928 were denied by the <a href="/facts/Supreme_Muslim_Council/4K1f8xGF">Supreme Muslim Council</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171">171</a>
At this time following attempts by the <a href="/facts/Lithuania/dApVjLWW">Lithuanian</a> government to draft yeshiva students into the army, the Lithuanian <a href="/facts/Hebron_Yeshiva/0UKW7Yn0">Hebron Yeshiva</a> (Knesses Yisroel) relocated to Hebron, after consultations between Rabbi <a href="/facts/Nosson_Tzvi_Finkel_(Slabodka)/rQ1TTUjQ">Nosson Tzvi Finkel</a>, <a href="/facts/Yechezkel_Sarna/0Yg2FUmf">Yechezkel Sarna</a> and <a href="/facts/Moshe_Mordechai_Epstein/q3fIaeIB">Moshe Mordechai Epstein</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172">172</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173">173</a> and by 1929 had attracted some 265 students from Europe and the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174">174</a> The majority of the Jewish population lived on the outskirts of Hebron along the roads to Be'ersheba and Jerusalem, renting homes owned by Arabs, a number of which were built for the express purpose of housing Jewish tenants, with a few dozen within the city around the synagogues.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175">175</a> During the <a href="/facts/1929_Hebron_massacre/ErAc86lB">1929 Hebron massacre</a>, Arab rioters slaughtered some 64 to 67 Jewish men, women and children<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176">176</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177">177</a> and wounded 60, and Jewish homes and synagogues were ransacked; 435 Jews survived by virtue of the shelter and assistance offered them by their Arab neighbours, who hid them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178">178</a> Some Hebron Arabs, including Ahmad Rashid al-Hirbawi, president of Hebron chamber of commerce, supported the return of Jews after the massacre.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179">179</a> Two years later, 35 families moved back into the ruins of the Jewish quarter, but on the eve of the <a href="/facts/1936%E2%80%9339_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine/MoXwBAJb">Palestinian Arab revolt</a> (April 23, 1936) the British Government decided to move the Jewish community out of Hebron as a precautionary measure to secure its safety. The sole exception was the 8th generation Hebronite Ya'akov ben Shalom Ezra, who processed dairy products in the city, blended in well with its social landscape and resided there under the protection of friends. In November 1947, in anticipation of the <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine/uUhEPqgl">UN partition vote</a>, the Ezra family closed its shop and left the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180">180</a> Yossi Ezra has since tried to regain his family's property through the Israeli courts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181">181</a>

<h3>Jordanian period</h3>

At the beginning of the <a href="/facts/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War/X3GSudUm">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, Egypt took control of Hebron. Between May and October, Egypt and Jordan tussled for dominance in Hebron and its environs. Both countries appointed military governors in the town, hoping to gain recognition from Hebron officials. The Egyptians managed to persuade the pro-Jordanian mayor to support their rule, at least superficially, but local opinion turned against them when they imposed taxes. Villagers surrounding Hebron resisted and skirmishes broke out in which some were killed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182">182</a> By late 1948, part of the Egyptian forces from Bethlehem to Hebron had been cut off from their lines of supply and <a href="/facts/John_Bagot_Glubb/XCIkbAap">Glubb Pasha</a> sent 350 <a href="/facts/Arab_Legion/Nr4HQ5tE">Arab Legionnaires</a> and an armoured car unit to Hebron to reinforce them there. When the <a href="/facts/1949_Armistice_Agreements/1sCB8Xg4">Armistice</a> was signed, the city thus fell under <a href="/facts/Rule_of_the_West_Bank_and_East_Jerusalem_by_Jordan/6xHJq8Rz">Jordanian military control</a>. The armistice agreement between Israel with Jordan intended to allow Israeli Jewish pilgrims to visit Hebron, but, as Jews of all nationalities were forbidden by Jordan into the country, this did not occur.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183">183</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184">184</a>
In December 1948, the <a href="/facts/Jericho_Conference/RX3nlnBH">Jericho Conference</a>, held by Jordan, was convened to decide the future of the West Bank. Hebron notables, headed by mayor <a href="/facts/Muhammad_Ali_Ja%27abari/lnKbhMTQ">Muhamad 'Ali al-Ja'bari</a>, voted in favour of becoming part of <a href="/facts/Jordan/JC5sS1oJ">Jordan</a> and to recognise <a href="/facts/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan/SELbyU44">Abdullah I of Jordan</a> as their king. The subsequent unilateral annexation benefited the Arabs of Hebron, who during the 1950s, played a significant role in the economic development of Jordan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185">185</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186">186</a>
Although a significant number of people relocated to Jerusalem from Hebron during the Jordanian period,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187">187</a> Hebron itself saw a considerable increase in population with 35,000 settling in the town.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188">188</a> During this period, signs of the previous Jewish presence in Hebron were removed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189">189</a>

<h3>Israeli occupation</h3>

After the <a href="/facts/Six-Day_War/xM8d0Wy1">Six-Day War</a> in June 1967, Israel <a href="/facts/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank/oW4n3psF">occupied</a> Hebron along with the rest of the <a href="/facts/West_Bank/xzTTVNJl">West Bank</a>, establishing a <a href="/facts/Israeli_Military_Governorate/0acHbe5B">military government</a> to rule the area. In an attempt to reach a <a href="/facts/Land_for_peace/DnhwRzvD">land for peace</a> deal, <a href="/facts/Yigal_Allon/vrEfscMJ">Yigal Allon</a> proposed that Israel annex 45% of the West Bank and return the remainder to Jordan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190">190</a> According to the <a href="/facts/Allon_Plan/mPdqg39j">Allon Plan</a>, the city of Hebron would lie in Jordanian territory, and in order to determine Israel's own border, Allon suggested building a Jewish settlement adjacent to Hebron.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191">191</a> <a href="/facts/David_Ben-Gurion/QVytuG6W">David Ben-Gurion</a> also considered that Hebron was the one sector of the conquered territories that should remain under Jewish control and be open to Jewish settlement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192">192</a> Apart from its symbolic message to the international community that Israel's rights in Hebron were, according to Jews, inalienable,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193">193</a> settling Hebron also had theological significance in some quarters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194">194</a> For some, the capture of Hebron by Israel had unleashed a messianic fervor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195">195</a>

Survivors and descendants of the prior community are mixed. Some support the project of Jewish redevelopment, others commend living in peace with Hebronite Arabs, while a third group recommend a full pullout.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196">196</a> Descendants supporting the latter views have met with Palestinian leaders in Hebron.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197">197</a> In 1997 one group of descendants dissociated themselves from the settlers by calling them an obstacle to peace.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198">198</a> On May 15, 2006, a member of a group who is a direct descendant of the 1929 refugees<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199">199</a> urged the government to continue its support of Jewish settlement, and allow the return of eight families evacuated the previous January from homes they set up in emptied shops near the Avraham Avinu neighborhood.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200">200</a> <a href="/facts/Beit_HaShalom/fnTARIHe">Beit HaShalom</a>, established in 2007 under disputed circumstances, was under court orders permitting its forced evacuation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201">201</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202">202</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203">203</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204">204</a> All the Jewish settlers were expelled on December 3, 2008.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205">205</a>

Immediately after the 1967 war, mayor al-Ja'bari had unsuccessfully promoted the creation of an autonomous Palestinian entity in the West Bank, and by 1972, he was advocating for a confederal arrangement with Jordan instead. al-Ja'bari nevertheless consistently fostered a conciliatory policy towards Israel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206">206</a> He was ousted by Fahad Qawasimi in the 1976 mayoral election, which marked a shift in support towards pro-PLO nationalist leaders.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207">207</a> Supporters of Jewish settlement within Hebron see their program as the reclamation of an important heritage dating back to Biblical times, which was dispersed or, it is argued, stolen by Arabs after the massacre of 1929.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208">208</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209">209</a> The purpose of settlement is to return to the 'land of our forefathers',<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210">210</a> and the Hebron model of reclaiming sacred sites in Palestinian territories has pioneered a pattern for settlers in Bethlehem and Nablus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211">211</a> Many reports, foreign and Israeli, are sharply critical of the behaviour of Hebronite settlers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212">212</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213">213</a>
Sheik Farid Khader heads the Ja'bari tribe, consisting of some 35,000 people, which is considered one of the most important tribes in Hebron. For years, members of the Ja'bari tribe were the mayors of Hebron. Khader regularly meets with settlers and Israeli government officials and is a strong opponent of both the concept of Palestinian State and the Palestinian Authority itself. Khader believes that Jews and Arabs must learn to coexist.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214">214</a> <a href="/facts/1980_Hebron_attack/CJo3jR62">A violent episode</a> occurred May 2, 1980, when an <a href="/facts/Al_Fatah/43bcYlrX">Al Fatah</a> squad killed five yeshiva students and one other person on their way home from Sabbath prayer at the <a href="/facts/Tomb_of_the_Patriarchs/1MUds8dY">Tomb of the Patriarchs</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215">215</a> The event provided a major motivation for settlers near Hebron to join the <a href="/facts/Jewish_Underground/WtLvv4Sa">Jewish Underground</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216">216</a> 
In the 1980s Hebron, became the center of the Jewish <a href="/facts/Kach_and_Kahane_Chai/wKbTWufg">Kach</a> movement, a designated terrorist organization,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217">217</a> whose first operations started there, and provided a model for similar behaviour in other settlements. On July 26, 1983, Israeli settlers <a href="/facts/Attack_on_students_at_the_Islamic_College_in_Hebron/WtLvv4Sa">attacked</a> the Islamic University and shot three people dead and injured over thirty others.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218">218</a> The 1994 <a href="/facts/Shamgar_Commission/3tnjudGL">Shamgar Commission</a> of Inquiry concluded that Israeli authorities had consistently failed to investigate or prosecute crimes committed by settlers against Palestinians. Hebron IDF commander Noam Tivon said that his foremost concern is to "ensure the security of the Jewish settlers" and that Israeli "soldiers have acted with the utmost restraint and have not initiated any shooting attacks or violence".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219">219</a>

<h3>Division of Hebron</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict_in_Hebron/MwvIxbU8">Israeli–Palestinian conflict in Hebron</a>
Hebron was the one city excluded from the interim agreement of September 1995 to restore rule over all Palestinian West Bank cities to the <a href="/facts/Palestinian_Authority/AhB1P7E7">Palestinian Authority</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220">220</a> IDF soldiers see their job as being to protect Israeli settlers from Palestinian residents, not to police the Israeli settlers. IDF soldiers are instructed to leave violent Israeli settlers for the police to deal with.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221">221</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222">222</a> Since The <a href="/facts/Oslo_Agreement/LDU7agnG">Oslo Agreement</a>, violent episodes have been recurrent in the city. The <a href="/facts/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs_massacre/BnNMCLz8">Cave of the Patriarchs massacre</a> took place on February 25, 1994, when <a href="/facts/Baruch_Goldstein/QNzphwIE">Baruch Goldstein</a>, an Israeli physician and resident of <a href="/facts/Kiryat_Arba/L1pn14rj">Kiryat Arba</a>, opened fire on Muslims at prayer in the <a href="/facts/Ibrahimi_Mosque/1MUds8dY">Ibrahimi Mosque</a>, killing 29, and wounding 125 before the survivors overcame and killed him.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223">223</a> Standing orders for Israeli soldiers on duty in Hebron disallowed them from firing on fellow Jews, even if they were shooting Arabs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224">224</a> This event was condemned by the Israeli Government, and the extreme right-wing <a href="/facts/Kach_and_Kahane_Chai/wKbTWufg">Kach</a> party was banned as a result.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225">225</a> The Israeli government also tightened restrictions on the movement of Palestinians in H2, closed their vegetable and meat markets, and banned Palestinian cars on Al-Shuhada Street.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226">226</a> The park near the Cave of the Patriarchs for recreation and barbecues is off-limits for Arab Hebronites.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227">227</a> Following the 1995 <a href="/facts/Oslo_Agreement/LDU7agnG">Oslo Agreement</a> and subsequent 1997 <a href="/facts/Hebron_Agreement/v43kqNSP">Hebron Agreement</a>, Palestinian cities were placed under the exclusive jurisdiction of the <a href="/facts/Palestinian_Authority/AhB1P7E7">Palestinian Authority</a>, with the exception of Hebron,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228">228</a> which was split into two sectors: H1 is controlled by the Palestinian Authority and H2 – which includes the <a href="/facts/Old_City_of_Hebron/InH09oCX">Old City of Hebron</a> – remained under the military control of Israel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229">229</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230">230</a> Around 120,000 Palestinians live in H1, while around 30,000 Palestinians along with around 700 Israelis remain under Israeli military control in H2. As of 2009<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hebron&action=edit">[update]</a>, a total of 86 Jewish families lived in Hebron.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231">231</a> The IDF (<a href="/facts/Israel_Defense_Forces/9hPaqcAM">Israel Defense Forces</a>) may not enter H1 unless under Palestinian escort. Palestinians cannot approach areas where settlers live without special permits from the IDF.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232">232</a> The Jewish settlement is widely considered to be illegal by the international community, although the Israeli government disputes this.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233">233</a>

Over the period of the <a href="/facts/First_Intifada/pBcf45xY">First Intifada</a> and <a href="/facts/Second_Intifada/PCqXCSXk">Second Intifada</a>, the Jewish community was subjected to attacks by Palestinian militants, especially during the periods of the intifadas; which saw 3 fatal stabbings and 9 fatal shootings in between the first and <a href="/facts/Second_Intifada/PCqXCSXk">second Intifada</a> (0.9% of all fatalities in Israel and the West Bank) and 17 fatal shootings (9 soldiers and 8 settlers) and 2 fatalities from a bombing during the second Intifada,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234">234</a> and thousands of rounds fired on it from the hills above the Abu-Sneina and Harat al-Sheikh neighbourhoods. On November 15, 2002, 12 Israeli soldiers were killed (Hebron Brigade commander Colonel <a href="/facts/Dror_Weinberg/BvFfPK9y">Dror Weinberg</a> and two other officers, 6 soldiers and 3 members of the security unit of Kiryat Arba) in <a href="/facts/2002_Hebron_ambush/nnywB21B">an ambush</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235">235</a> Two <a href="/facts/Temporary_International_Presence_in_Hebron/do5PcDVG">Temporary International Presence in Hebron</a> observers were killed by Palestinian gunmen in a shooting attack on the road to Hebron<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236">236</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237">237</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238">238</a> On March 27, 2001, a Palestinian sniper targeted and killed the Jewish baby <a href="/facts/Murder_of_Shalhevet_Pass/MhW3AyMF">Shalhevet Pass</a>. The sniper was caught in 2002. Hebron is one of the three West Bank towns from which the majority of suicide bombers originate. In May 2003, three students of the Hebron Polytechnic University carried out three separate suicide attacks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239">239</a> In August 2003, in what both Islamic groups described as a retaliation, a 29-year-old preacher from Hebron, Raed Abdel-Hamed Mesk, broke a unilateral Palestinian ceasefire by killing 23 and injured over 130 in a <a href="/facts/Shmuel_HaNavi_bus_bombing/5DFEDuzS">bus bombing</a> in Jerusalem.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240">240</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241">241</a> In 2007, the Palestinian population in H2 declined due to Israeli security measures such as extended curfews, strict restrictions on movement,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242">242</a> the closure of Palestinian businesses and settler harassment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243">243</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244">244</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245">245</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246">246</a> Palestinians are barred from using <a href="/facts/Al-Shuhada_Street/qzo3KSfh">Al-Shuhada Street</a>, a principal commercial thoroughfare that is locally nicknamed "Apartheid Street" as a result.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247">247</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248">248</a>
Israeli organization <a href="/facts/B%27Tselem/K34tzg0T">B'Tselem</a> states that there have been "grave violations" of Palestinian human rights in Hebron because of the "presence of the settlers within the city". The organization cites regular incidents of "almost daily physical violence and property damage by settlers in the city", curfews and restrictions of movement that are "among the harshest in the Occupied Territories", and violence by Israeli border policemen and the IDF against Palestinians who live in the city's H2 sector.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249">249</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250">250</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251">251</a> According to <a href="/facts/Human_Rights_Watch/X265jj8r">Human Rights Watch</a>, Palestinian areas of Hebron are frequently subject to indiscriminate firing by the IDF, leading to many casualties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:252" href="#fn:252">252</a> One former IDF soldier, with experience in policing Hebron, has testified to <a href="/facts/Breaking_the_Silence_(non-governmental_organization)/8GyYmnnc">Breaking the Silence</a>, that on the briefing wall of his unit a sign describing their mission aim was hung that read: "To disrupt the routine of the inhabitants of the neighbourhood."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:253" href="#fn:253">253</a> Hebron mayor Mustafa Abdel Nabi invited the <a href="/facts/Christian_Peacemaker_Teams/DLwMQhEo">Christian Peacemaker Teams</a> to assist the local Palestinian community in opposition to what they describe as Israeli military occupation, collective punishment, settler harassment, <a href="/facts/House_demolition_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict/R0majma8">home demolitions</a> and land expropriation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:254" href="#fn:254">254</a> In 2017, <a href="/facts/Temporary_International_Presence_in_Hebron/do5PcDVG">Temporary International Presence in Hebron</a> (TIPH) issued a confidential report covering their 20 years of work in Hebron. The report, based in part on over 40,000 incidents reported during this period, stated that Israel violated international law in Hebron and has breached the rights of residents as established by the <a href="/facts/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights/669Bctgs">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>. The report claimed that Israel violated Article 49 of the <a href="/facts/Fourth_Geneva_Convention/RmLYVrFb">Fourth Geneva Convention</a>, which prohibits the deportation of civilians from occupied territory. Israeli settlement in Hebron was also cited as a violation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:255" href="#fn:255">255</a>

<h2 id="demographics">Demographics</h2>
In 1820, it was reported that there were about 1,000 Jews in Hebron.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:256" href="#fn:256">256</a> In 1838, Hebron had an estimated 1,500 taxable Muslim households, in addition to 41 Jewish tax-payers. Taxpayers consisted here of male heads of households who owned even a very small shop or piece of land. 200 Jews and one Christian household were under 'European protections'. The total population was estimated at 10,000.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:257" href="#fn:257">257</a> In 1842, it was estimated that about 400 Arab and 120 Jewish families lived in Hebron, the latter having been diminished in number following the destruction of 1834.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:258" href="#fn:258">258</a>
Hebron had a population of 201,063 <a href="/facts/Palestinians/DBnkAQ5l">Palestinians</a> in 2017,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:259" href="#fn:259">259</a> and seven hundred <a href="/facts/Israeli_settlement/vSrw9ylS">Jewish settlers</a> concentrated on the outskirts of its <a href="/facts/Old_City_of_Hebron/InH09oCX">Old City</a>. Roughly 20% of the city, including 35,000 Palestinians, under Israeli military administration, lives in the region of H2 Hebron.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:260" href="#fn:260">260</a> Hebron is capital of the Hebron Governorate. With adjoining governorate, the city forms a metropolitan area, known as Hebron metropolitan area, with an estimated population of around 782,227 as of 2021<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hebron&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:261" href="#fn:261">261</a> It is third largest metropolitan area in Palestine, followed by Gaza and Jerusalem.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:262" href="#fn:262">262</a>
Hebron is also home to several ethnic minority and foreign diaspora communities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:263" href="#fn:263">263</a> <a href="/facts/Kurds/kV90PCdW">Kurds</a> have been living in the city since <a href="/facts/Saladin/NcfPdcNW">Saladin</a>'s <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Hattin/foXnS16s">conquest of Palestine</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:264" href="#fn:264">264</a> Along with Jerusalem and Gaza, the city is also home to <a href="/facts/Kurds_in_Palestine/kpcB5A9p">Palestinians of Kurdish descent</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:265" href="#fn:265">265</a> Nearly a third of the population of Hebron, is considered to be of Kurdish background.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:266" href="#fn:266">266</a> The Kurdish Quarter, known as Harat al-Akrad, still exists today.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:267" href="#fn:267">267</a> Hebron is also home to a small Samaritan community, after Nablus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:268" href="#fn:268">268</a>

<h2 id="geography">Geography</h2>

Hebron is situated on the southern <a href="/facts/West_Bank/xzTTVNJl">West Bank</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:269" href="#fn:269">269</a> Nestled in the <a href="/facts/Judaean_Mountains/C6zQH7D2">Judaean Mountains</a>, it lies 930 metres (3,050 ft) <a href="/facts/Above_mean_sea_level/Aqv1HLP2">above sea level</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:270" href="#fn:270">270</a> Hebron is located 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of <a href="/facts/Jerusalem/PKJ8LT0Y">Jerusalem</a>, 60.1 kilometres (37.3 mi) east of <a href="/facts/Gaza_City/4mmNgFq6">Gaza</a>, 43 kilometres (27 mi) southeest of <a href="/facts/Beersheba/dKXzMLaC">Beersheba</a> and 68.4 kilometres (42.5 mi) northeast of <a href="/facts/Tel_Aviv/cQ8X3WVd">Tel Aviv</a>, both in <a href="/facts/Israel/dEe3IcaY">Israel</a> and 89.8 kilometres (55.8 mi) northeast of <a href="/facts/Amman/eGCyJk1L">Amman</a>, <a href="/facts/Jordan/JC5sS1oJ">Jordan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:271" href="#fn:271">271</a> The city is surrounded by <a href="/facts/Bani_Na%27im/mq8vI6oY">Bani Na'im</a> and <a href="/facts/Dura,_Hebron/8IaHv0rs">Dura</a> to the east, <a href="/facts/Halhul/gvShcyl2">Halhul</a> to the north, <a href="/facts/Taffuh/amdfvx78">Taffuh</a> to the west and <a href="/facts/Yatta,_Hebron/D52uGPSo">Yatta</a> to the south.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:272" href="#fn:272">272</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:273" href="#fn:273">273</a> The Israeli–controlled H2 region is located in the eastern region of the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:274" href="#fn:274">274</a>
It is one of the highest cities in the area and was, until the 19th century, considered the highest city in the Middle East.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:275" href="#fn:275">275</a> With the governorate and metropolitan area, it forms about 19% of the West Bank total area.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:276" href="#fn:276">276</a> The city is surrounded by several mountains and hills, including the <a href="/facts/Hebron_Hills/9Jyez9EL">Hebron Hills</a> (Jabal al–Khalil) and <a href="/facts/Mount_Nabi_Yunis,_Palestine/zPxuVLRm">Mount Nabi Yunis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:277" href="#fn:277">277</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:278" href="#fn:278">278</a> The Mount Nabi Yunis, situated north of the city, is the highest point in Palestine, with an altitude of 1,030 metres (3,380 ft).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:279" href="#fn:279">279</a> While the Hebron Hills is southern part of the wider <a href="/facts/Judaean_Mountains/C6zQH7D2">Judaean Mountains</a>, which spreads throughout Israel and Palestine and have an altitude of 1,026 m (3,366 ft).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:280" href="#fn:280">280</a> The two larger settlements whose population exceeds 7000 sit on the hills overlooking the Hebron's eastern quarters – <a href="/facts/Kiryat_Arba/L1pn14rj">Kirayt Arba</a> and <a href="/facts/Givat_Harsina/MeNXcvYw">Givat Harsina</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:281" href="#fn:281">281</a> Wadi al–Quff near Hebron is one of the largest natural reserves in Palestine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:282" href="#fn:282">282</a> Located towards northeast of the city, it is surrounded by nearby towns and villages of <a href="/facts/Tarqumiyah/gxuBwy9M">Tarqumia</a>, Halhoul, <a href="/facts/Beit_Kahil/lk5xotRC">Beit Kahel</a> and <a href="/facts/Beit_Ula/zQM9ryuf">Beit Ola</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:283" href="#fn:283">283</a> The natural reserve covers up an area of 3.73 square kilometres (920 acres).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:284" href="#fn:284">284</a> Wadi al–Quff Natural reserve is home to some of the rare species of animals and plants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:285" href="#fn:285">285</a>
Hebron is located on fertile mountainous area, making the city agriculturally rich, thus giving it a strategic importance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:286" href="#fn:286">286</a> This is the reason for Hebron, today being a hub for cultivation of fruits and vineyards.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:287" href="#fn:287">287</a> The alternative sources of water network is cisterns.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:288" href="#fn:288">288</a> There are ten springs and three wells in the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:289" href="#fn:289">289</a> The water of springs and wells are not currently used.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:290" href="#fn:290">290</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:291" href="#fn:291">291</a> The <a href="/facts/Nahal_Hevron/YWlS0e1T">Hebron River</a> (Wadi al–Khalil), known as Nahal Hebron in Hebrew located along the region of <a href="/facts/Judea/yNA3wGqQ">Judea</a> and <a href="/facts/Negev/LFYIQtkY">Negev</a>, is one of the water sources for the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:292" href="#fn:292">292</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:293" href="#fn:293">293</a> Currently the river is polluted, mainly due to the generation of waste, mostly by the industrial areas, situated on the city's east and south.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:294" href="#fn:294">294</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:295" href="#fn:295">295</a>

<h3>Climate</h3>
The climate in Hebron is temperate and the mean year-round temperature ranges between 15 and 16° (an average of 7° in winter and 21° in summer).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:296" href="#fn:296">296</a> Annual precipitations average around 502 mm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:297" href="#fn:297">297</a> Hebron has a Mediterranean, hot summer climate (Classification: Csa).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:298" href="#fn:298">298</a> The city's yearly temperature is 22.74 °C (72.93 °F) and it is 0.14% higher than Palestine's averages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:299" href="#fn:299">299</a> It typically receives about 15.72 millimeters (0.62 inches) of precipitation and has 39.47 rainy days (10.81% of the time) annually, during January and February.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:300" href="#fn:300">300</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:301" href="#fn:301">301</a>
<table><tbody><tr><th colspan="14">Climate data for Hebron, <a href="/facts/Palestine/XYeHy1af">Palestine</a> (2007-2018)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Month</th><th scope="col">Jan</th><th scope="col">Feb</th><th scope="col">Mar</th><th scope="col">Apr</th><th scope="col">May</th><th scope="col">Jun</th><th scope="col">Jul</th><th scope="col">Aug</th><th scope="col">Sep</th><th scope="col">Oct</th><th scope="col">Nov</th><th scope="col">Dec</th><th scope="col">Year</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Record high °C (°F)</th><td>24.5(76.1)</td><td>25.0(77.0)</td><td>31.0(87.8)</td><td>34.0(93.2)</td><td>36.0(96.8)</td><td>37.6(99.7)</td><td>36.8(98.2)</td><td>39.0(102.2)</td><td>36.0(96.8)</td><td>34.5(94.1)</td><td>29.5(85.1)</td><td>26.6(79.9)</td><td>39.0(102.2)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean daily maximum °C (°F)</th><td>11.4(52.5)</td><td>13.2(55.8)</td><td>16.5(61.7)</td><td>20.7(69.3)</td><td>25.0(77.0)</td><td>27.5(81.5)</td><td>29.2(84.6)</td><td>29.4(84.9)</td><td>27.8(82.0)</td><td>24.4(75.9)</td><td>20.0(68.0)</td><td>14.9(58.8)</td><td>21.7(71.0)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Daily mean °C (°F)</th><td>8.3(46.9)</td><td>10.0(50.0)</td><td>12.3(54.1)</td><td>15.8(60.4)</td><td>19.6(67.3)</td><td>22.0(71.6)</td><td>23.7(74.7)</td><td>23.9(75.0)</td><td>22.1(71.8)</td><td>19.5(67.1)</td><td>14.8(58.6)</td><td>10.7(51.3)</td><td>16.9(62.4)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean daily minimum °C (°F)</th><td>5.4(41.7)</td><td>6.6(43.9)</td><td>8.6(47.5)</td><td>11.4(52.5)</td><td>15.3(59.5)</td><td>17.5(63.5)</td><td>19.2(66.6)</td><td>19.6(67.3)</td><td>17.8(64.0)</td><td>15.9(60.6)</td><td>11.3(52.3)</td><td>7.0(44.6)</td><td>13.0(55.3)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Record low °C (°F)</th><td>−3.8(25.2)</td><td>−2.0(28.4)</td><td>−1.0(30.2)</td><td>3.0(37.4)</td><td>6.6(43.9)</td><td>11.0(51.8)</td><td>14.0(57.2)</td><td>15.0(59.0)</td><td>12.0(53.6)</td><td>9.6(49.3)</td><td>4.0(39.2)</td><td>−2.5(27.5)</td><td>−3.8(25.2)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average rainfall mm (inches)</th><td>138.2(5.44)</td><td>108.6(4.28)</td><td>49.9(1.96)</td><td>15.4(0.61)</td><td>4.7(0.19)</td><td>0.0(0.0)</td><td>0.0(0.0)</td><td>0.0(0.0)</td><td>1.4(0.06)</td><td>18.8(0.74)</td><td>40.1(1.58)</td><td>95.1(3.74)</td><td>472.0(18.58)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average rainy days</th><td>10.0</td><td>9.0</td><td>5.2</td><td>3.5</td><td>1.3</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.7</td><td>2.6</td><td>5.4</td><td>7.7</td><td>45.4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average <a href="/facts/Relative_humidity/Nwb28VlT">relative humidity</a> (%)</th><td>73.0</td><td>69.5</td><td>63.9</td><td>56.3</td><td>52.4</td><td>55.0</td><td>56.5</td><td>60.6</td><td>68.0</td><td>66.6</td><td>67.8</td><td>71.2</td><td>63.4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean monthly <a href="/facts/Sunshine_duration/wVBusklh">sunshine hours</a></th><td>164.3</td><td>156.7</td><td>214.5</td><td>261.3</td><td>313.1</td><td>337.9</td><td>363.8</td><td>346.9</td><td>279.3</td><td>243.2</td><td>186.5</td><td>165.7</td><td>3,033.2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Percentage <a href="/facts/Sunshine_duration/wVBusklh">possible sunshine</a></th><td>52</td><td>51</td><td>59</td><td>68</td><td>74</td><td>80</td><td>85</td><td>85</td><td>77</td><td>70</td><td>60</td><td>53</td><td>69</td></tr><tr><td colspan="14">Source: Palestinian Meteorological Department<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:302" href="#fn:302">302</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<h3>Urban development</h3>

Historically, the city consisted of four densely populated quarters: the <a href="/facts/Suq/4mbQ0Bkd">suq</a> and Harat al-Masharqa adjacent to the <a href="/facts/Ibrahimi_Mosque/1MUds8dY">Ibrahimi Mosque</a>, the Silk Merchant Quarter (Haret Kheitun) to the south and the Sheikh Quarter (Haret al-Sheikh) to the north.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:303" href="#fn:303">303</a> It is believed the basic urban structure of the city had been established by the Mamluk period, during which time the city also had Jewish, Christian and Kurdish quarters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:304" href="#fn:304">304</a>
In the mid 19th-century, Hebron was still divided into four quarters, but the Christian quarter had disappeared.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:305" href="#fn:305">305</a> The sections included the ancient quarter surrounding the <a href="/facts/Cave_of_Machpelah/1MUds8dY">Cave of Machpelah</a>, the Haret Kheitun (the Jewish Quarter, Haret el-Yahud), the Haret el-Sheikh and the <a href="/facts/Druze/HzEnIHJT">Druze</a> Quarter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:306" href="#fn:306">306</a> As Hebron's population gradually increased, inhabitants preferred to build upwards rather than leave the safety of their neighbourhoods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:307" href="#fn:307">307</a> By the 1880s, better security provided by the Ottoman authorities allowed the town to expand and a new commercial centre, Bab el-Zawiye, emerged.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:308" href="#fn:308">308</a> As development continued, new spacious and taller structures were built to the north-west.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:309" href="#fn:309">309</a> In 1918, the town consisted of dense clusters of residential dwellings along the valley, rising onto the slopes above it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:310" href="#fn:310">310</a> By the 1920s, the town was made up of seven quarters: el-Sheikh and Bab el-Zawiye to the west, el-Kazzazin, el-Akkabi and el-Haram in the centre, el-Musharika to the south and el-Kheitun in the east.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:311" href="#fn:311">311</a> Urban sprawl had spread onto the surrounding hills by 1945.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:312" href="#fn:312">312</a>

The large population increase under Jordanian rule resulted in about 1,800 new houses being built, most of them along the <a href="/facts/Jerusalem_Road_21/eIYCfCRG">Hebron-Jerusalem highway</a>, stretching northwards for over 3 miles (5 km) at a depth of 600 ft (200m) either way. Some 500 houses were built elsewhere on surrounding rural land. There was less development to the south-east, where housing units extended along the valley for about 1 mile (1.5 km).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:313" href="#fn:313">313</a> In 1971, with the assistance of the Israeli and Jordanian governments, the <a href="/facts/Hebron_University/G2wpd7y7">Hebron University</a>, an Islamic university, was founded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:314" href="#fn:314">314</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:315" href="#fn:315">315</a> In an attempt to enhance the view of the <a href="/facts/Ibrahimi_Mosque/1MUds8dY">Ibrahami Mosque</a>, Jordan demolished whole blocks of ancient houses opposite its entrance, which also resulted in improved access to the historic site.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:316" href="#fn:316">316</a> The Jordanians also demolished the old synagogue located in the el-Kazzazin Quarter. In 1976, Israel recovered the site, which had been converted into an animal pen, and by 1989, a settler courtyard had been established there.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:317" href="#fn:317">317</a>
Today, the area along the north–south axis to the east comprises the modern city of Hebron (also called Upper Hebron, Khalil Foq).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:318" href="#fn:318">318</a> It was established towards the end of the Ottoman period, its inhabitants being upper and middle class Hebronites who moved there from the crowded old city, Balde al-Qadime (also called Lower Hebron, Khalil Takht).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:319" href="#fn:319">319</a> The northern part of Upper Hebron includes some up-scale residential districts and also houses the Hebron University, private hospitals and the only two luxury hotels in the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:320" href="#fn:320">320</a> The main commercial artery of the city is located here, situated along the <a href="/facts/Jerusalem_Road_20/PRGm22fx">Jerusalem Road</a>, and includes modern multi-storey shopping malls.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:321" href="#fn:321">321</a> Also in this area are villas and apartment complexes built on the krum, rural lands and vineyards, which used to function as recreation areas during the summer months until the early Jordanian period.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:322" href="#fn:322">322</a> The southern part is where the working-class neighbourhoods are located, along with large industrial zones and the <a href="/facts/Palestine_Polytechnic_University/9Cd4t4xP">Hebron Polytechnic University</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:323" href="#fn:323">323</a> The main municipal and governmental buildings are located in the centre of the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:324" href="#fn:324">324</a> This area includes high-rise concrete and glass developments and also some distinct Ottoman era one-storey family houses, adorned with arched entrances, decorative motifs and ironwork. Hebron's domestic appliance and textile markets are located here along two parallel roads that lead to the entrance of the old city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:325" href="#fn:325">325</a> Many of these have been relocated from the old commercial centre of the city, known as the vegetable market (hesbe), which was closed down by the Israeli military during the 1990s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:326" href="#fn:326">326</a> The vegetable market is now located in the square of Bab el-Zawiye.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:327" href="#fn:327">327</a>

 Panoramic view of residential area of Hebron
<h2 id="economy">Economy</h2>

Hebron is a leading commercial and industrial center in the Levantine region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:328" href="#fn:328">328</a> The presence of <a href="/facts/Energy_in_Palestine/97KlKCw7">minerals and resources</a> in surroundings have increased the city's value.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:329" href="#fn:329">329</a> It emerged as in important trade hub in the West Bank.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:330" href="#fn:330">330</a> Hebron is most productive region in the country after <a href="/facts/Jerusalem/PKJ8LT0Y">Jerusalem</a>–<a href="/facts/Bethlehem/2X2sxNCr">Bethlehem</a>–<a href="/facts/Ramallah/HVPrByBz">Ramallah</a> area. The H1 Area, which is under control of <a href="/facts/Palestinian_Authority/AhB1P7E7">Palestinian Authority</a> have been a large contributor to the city's economy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:331" href="#fn:331">331</a> Despite having tense relations, Israelis and Palestinians have strong trade relations in Hebron.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:332" href="#fn:332">332</a> The city is popular for its ceramics and glass industry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:333" href="#fn:333">333</a>

It is the source of 60% of stone and marble resources in the West Bank.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:334" href="#fn:334">334</a> 33% of the Palestine's <a href="/facts/GNP/KeJVJcR5">GNP</a> is from Hebron, including 60% of the jewelry industry and jewelry production, 28% of the output in the agricultural sector and 75% of the leather and shoe industry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:335" href="#fn:335">335</a> Most agricultural products from Palestinian controlled Hebron are sent to Israel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:336" href="#fn:336">336</a> Trade volume between Israel and the Palestine reaches $30 billion annually and the city trades with <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a> as well.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:337" href="#fn:337">337</a> The minimum wage is 50 <a href="/facts/Israeli_new_shekel/Hol5YlGv">NIS</a> per day versus an average of 30 NIS per day in other Palestinian areas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:338" href="#fn:338">338</a>From the 1970s to the early 1990s, a third of those who lived in the city worked in the shoe industry. According to the shoe factory owner Tareq Abu Felat, the number reached least 35,000 people and there were more than 1,000 workshops around the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:339" href="#fn:339">339</a> Statistics from the Chamber of Commerce in Hebron put the figure at 40,000 people employed in 1,200 shoe businesses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:340" href="#fn:340">340</a> However, the <a href="/facts/Oslo_Accords/UfAI7Luo">1993 Oslo Accords</a> and <a href="/facts/Protocol_on_Economic_Relations/tyeSXGlc">1994 Paris Protocol</a> between Israel and the <a href="/facts/PLO/9Kk16qMp">PLO</a> made it possible to mass import Chinese goods as the Palestinian National Authority, which was created after the Oslo Accords, did not regulate it. They later put import taxes but the Abu Felat, who also is the Palestinian Federation of Leather Industries's chairman, said more is still needed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:341" href="#fn:341">341</a> The <a href="/facts/Palestinian_government/LA8sGh2v">Palestinian government</a> decided to impose an additional tax of 35% on products from China from April 2013.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:342" href="#fn:342">342</a>
90% of the shoes in Palestine are now estimated to come from China, which Palestinian industry workers say are of much lower quality but also much cheaper,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:343" href="#fn:343">343</a> and the Chinese are more aesthetic. Another factor contributing to the decline of the local industry is <a href="/facts/Palestinian_freedom_of_movement/uqD5kzV5">Israeli restrictions</a> on Palestinian exports.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:344" href="#fn:344">344</a> Today, there are less than 300 workshops in the shoe industry, who only run part-time, and they employ around 3,000–4,000 people. More than 50% of the shoes are exported to Israel, where consumers have a better economy. Less than 25% goes to the Palestinian market, with some going to <a href="/facts/Jordan/JC5sS1oJ">Jordan</a>, <a href="/facts/Saudi_Arabia/uyUpe1J2">Saudi Arabia</a> and other <a href="/facts/Arab_countries/F8Jouq98">Arab countries</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:345" href="#fn:345">345</a>

The most advanced printing press in the Middle East is in Hebron.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:346" href="#fn:346">346</a> Hebron is major source of import goods to Israel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:347" href="#fn:347">347</a> Mattresses manufactured in Hebron are exported to Israeli markets in <a href="/facts/Tel_Aviv/cQ8X3WVd">Tel Aviv</a>, <a href="/facts/Beersheba/dKXzMLaC">Beersheba</a> and <a href="/facts/Haifa/L3zIs1p1">Haifa</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:348" href="#fn:348">348</a> Around 17,000 factories and workshops are located throughout the Area H1.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:349" href="#fn:349">349</a> Historically, the traditional glass industry is popular in Hebron.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:350" href="#fn:350">350</a> A new industrial city has been built in <a href="/facts/Tarqumiyah/gxuBwy9M">Tarqumiyah</a>, which houses more than 140 factories. Royal Industrial Trading operates a pipe manufacturing plant in Hebron, which is spread across an area of 40,000 square metres (9.9 acres) and employs over 650 people.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:351" href="#fn:351">351</a> In 2021, an electronic recycling factory was opened in <a href="/facts/Idna/yE8kwqVH">Idhna</a> and operates to this day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:352" href="#fn:352">352</a> The <a href="/facts/European_Union/6GYcR8qM">European Union</a> and the <a href="/facts/World_Bank/hIH9uUb2">World Bank</a> proposed to construct a regional water treatment plant, which will treat existing sewage stream coming from 80% of the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:353" href="#fn:353">353</a> The city is a hub for the jewelry industry and houses approximately 70 jewelry factories employing over 1500 workers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:354" href="#fn:354">354</a>
Super Nimer company manufactures sanitary ware products and water network from its factory, whose area ranges from 30,000 square metres (7.4 acres) to 45,000 square metres (11 acres).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:355" href="#fn:355">355</a> Opened in 2004, Super Tiger operates a factory spread across an area of 7 acres (28,000 m2).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:356" href="#fn:356">356</a> During the <a href="/facts/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_State_of_Palestine/QfmW8ny5">COVID-19 pandemic in the State of Palestine</a>, Hebron rapidly transformed into a medical supplies manufacturing hub, with numerous factories installing and commissioning new production lines for the product and was approved by the <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_National_Economy_(Palestine)/TlMRl6bY">Ministry of National Economy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:357" href="#fn:357">357</a>

<h2 id="political-status">Political status</h2>

Under the <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine/uUhEPqgl">United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</a> passed by the UN in 1947, Hebron was envisaged to become part of an Arab state. While the Jewish leaders accepted the partition plan, the Arab leadership (the <a href="/facts/Arab_Higher_Committee/y9xElnon">Arab Higher Committee</a> in Palestine and the <a href="/facts/Arab_League/15f9WWWM">Arab League</a>) rejected it, opposing any partition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:358" href="#fn:358">358</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:359" href="#fn:359">359</a> The aftermath of the 1948 war saw the city occupied and later unilaterally annexed by the kingdom of <a href="/facts/Jordan/JC5sS1oJ">Jordan</a> in a move supported by local Hebron officials. Following the Six-Day War of 1967, Israel occupied Hebron. In 1997, in accordance with the <a href="/facts/Protocol_Concerning_the_Redeployment_in_Hebron/v43kqNSP">Hebron Agreement</a>, Israel withdrew from 80 per cent of Hebron, which was handed over to the Palestinian Authority. Palestinian police would assume responsibilities in Area H1 and Israel would retain control in Area H2.
An international unarmed observer force—the <a href="/facts/Temporary_International_Presence_in_Hebron/do5PcDVG">Temporary International Presence in Hebron</a> (TIPH) was subsequently established to help the normalization of the situation and to maintain a buffer between the Palestinian Arab population of the city and the Jewish population residing in their enclave in the old city. The TIPH operates with the permission of the Israeli government, meeting regularly with the Israeli army and the <a href="/facts/Israeli_Civil_Administration/5d3lUk33">Israeli Civil Administration</a>, and is granted free access throughout the city. In 2018, the TIPH came under criticism in Israel due to incidents where an employee was, according to the Israeli police, filmed puncturing the tires of the car of an <a href="/facts/Israeli_settler/vSrw9ylS">Israeli settler</a>, and another instance where an observer was deported after slapped a settler boy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:360" href="#fn:360">360</a>
The post-1967 settlement in Hebron was driven by theological doctrines from the <a href="/facts/Mercaz_HaRav_Kook/cxUgxRkJ">Mercaz HaRav Kook</a>, which consider the <a href="/facts/Land_of_Israel/gK0v6GEo">Land of Israel</a> and its people as holy, and believe that the messianic Age of <a href="/facts/Redemption_(theology)/seQJHayz">Redemption</a> has arrived. Hebron holds special significance in this narrative, with traditions linking it to <a href="/facts/Abraham/gHguuYch">Abraham</a>, <a href="/facts/King_David/VrqSRP9a">King David</a>, and the entrance to the <a href="/facts/Garden_of_Eden/G52p2uaP">Garden of Eden</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:361" href="#fn:361">361</a> Settling in Hebron is seen as a right and duty, a favor to the world, and an example of being "a light unto the nations" (<a href="/facts/Light_Unto_the_Nations/zceY1cHJ">Or la-Goyim</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:362" href="#fn:362">362</a> This viewpoint has resulted in numerous violent clashes with Palestinians, which some settlers see as contributing to the messianic process.

<h3>Occupation and settlements</h3>
In 1968, Rabbi <a href="/facts/Moshe_Levinger/nx4GTpub">Moshe Levinger</a> and a group of Israelis, disguised as tourists, rented the main hotel in Hebron and refused to leave.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:363" href="#fn:363">363</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:364" href="#fn:364">364</a> The government initially wanted to evacuate the settlers but eventually allowed them to relocate to a nearby military base, which became the settlement of <a href="/facts/Kiryat_Arba/L1pn14rj">Kiryat Arba</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:365" href="#fn:365">365</a> After lobbying efforts, the settlement gained support from some Israeli leaders. Over time, the settlement expanded with the <a href="/facts/Israeli_outpost/x8bckf3G">outpost</a> <a href="/facts/Givat_Ha%27avot/L1pn14rj">Givat Ha'avot</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:366" href="#fn:366">366</a> The operation was planned and financed by the <a href="/facts/Movement_for_Greater_Israel/l71BL6hG">Movement for Greater Israel</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:367" href="#fn:367">367</a> In 2011, the <a href="/facts/Israeli_Supreme_Court/BcqcvxVQ">Israeli Supreme Court</a> ruled that Jews have no right to properties they possessed in places like Hebron before 1948 and are not entitled to compensation for their losses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:368" href="#fn:368">368</a> Originally named Hesed l'Avraham, Beit Hadassah was constructed in 1893 with donations of <a href="/facts/Baghdadi_Jews/wTVGwAWC">Baghdadi Jewish</a> families and was the only modern medical facility in Hebron. In 1909, it was renamed after <a href="/facts/Hadassah_Women%27s_Zionist_Organization_of_America/nSATd9cQ">Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America</a>, which took responsibility for the medical staff and provided free medical care to all.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:369" href="#fn:369">369</a> In 1979, a group of 15 settler mothers and their 35 children squatted in the Dabouia building in Hebron, exploiting the government's indecision during <a href="/facts/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty/nBdmKrtE">negotiations with Egypt</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:370" href="#fn:370">370</a> Led by Miriam Levinger, they established a bridgehead for Jewish resettlement and created conflict with Arab shopkeepers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:371" href="#fn:371">371</a> A retaliatory attack by a Palestinian group resulted in the death of six yeshiva students.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:372" href="#fn:372">372</a> Despite appeals to the Israeli Supreme Court, the settlers remained.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:373" href="#fn:373">373</a> The following year, the government legitimized residency in Hebron and expelled the elected mayor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:374" href="#fn:374">374</a> This pattern of settlement followed by hostilities with Palestinians was repeated in Tel Rumeida.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:375" href="#fn:375">375</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:376" href="#fn:376">376</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:377" href="#fn:377">377</a>
The <a href="/facts/Abraham_Avinu_Synagogue/SPXJuLvz">Abraham Avinu Synagogue</a> was the physical and spiritual center of its neighborhood and regarded as one of the most beautiful synagogues in Palestine. It was the centre of Jewish worship in Hebron until it was burnt down during the <a href="/facts/1929_Hebron_massacre/ErAc86lB">1929 riots</a>. In 1948 under Jordanian rule, the remaining ruins were razed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:378" href="#fn:378">378</a> The Avraham Avinu quarter was established next to the Vegetable and Wholesale Markets on <a href="/facts/Al-Shuhada_Street/qzo3KSfh">Al-Shuhada Street</a> in the south of the Old City. The vegetable market was closed by the Israeli military and some of the neighbouring houses were occupied by settlers and soldiers. Settlers started to take over the closed Palestinian stores, despite explicit orders of the Israeli Supreme Court that the settlers should vacate these stores and the Palestinians should be allowed to return.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:379" href="#fn:379">379</a> Beit Romano was built and owned by Yisrael Avraham Romano of <a href="/facts/Constantinople/fLcY371n">Constantinople</a> and served <a href="/facts/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey/kd6dWFpR">Sephardi Jews from Turkey</a>. In 1901, a Yeshiva was established there with a dozen teachers and up to 60 students.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:380" href="#fn:380">380</a> In 1982, Israeli authorities took over a Palestinian education office (Osama Ben Munqez School) and the adjacent bus station. The school was turned into a settlement, and the bus station into a military base against an order of the <a href="/facts/Israeli_Supreme_Court/BcqcvxVQ">Israeli Supreme Court</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:381" href="#fn:381">381</a> In 1807 the immigrant Sephardic Rabbi Haim Yeshua Hamitzri (Haim the <a href="/facts/Egyptian_Jews/mhjjAKhz">Jewish Egyptian</a>) purchased 5 dunams on the outskirts of the city and in 1811 he signed a contract for a 99-year lease on a further 800 dunams of land, which included 4 plots in <a href="/facts/Tel_Rumeida/Qb4VGBex">Tel Rumeida</a>. The plots were administered by his descendant Haim Bajaio after Jews left Hebron. Settlers' claims to this land are based on these precedents, but are dismissed by the rabbi's heir.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:382" href="#fn:382">382</a> In 1984, settlers established a caravan outpost there called Ramat Yeshai. In 1998, the government recognized it as a settlement, and in 2001 the <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Defense_(Israel)/ngCFFGLR">Defence Minister</a> approved the building of the first housing units.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:383" href="#fn:383">383</a> 
In 2012, Israel Defense Forces called for the immediate removal of a new settlement, because it was seen as a provocation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:384" href="#fn:384">384</a> The IDF, in accordance with settler demands, requested the removal of a Palestinian flag on a Hebronite rooftop contiguous to settlements, though no rule forbids the practice. According to Palestinians, the IDF negotiated the removal of the flag in exchange for the release of a resident of Hebron from legal custody.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:385" href="#fn:385">385</a> In August 2016, Israel announced its intention to allow settlement building in the military compound of Plugat Hamitkanim in Hebron, which had been expropriated for military purposes in the 1990s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:386" href="#fn:386">386</a> In late 2019, the Israeli Defense Minister <a href="/facts/Naftali_Bennett/tXKCBpCs">Naftali Bennett</a> instructed the <a href="/facts/Israeli_Civil_Administration/5d3lUk33">military administration</a> to inform the Palestinian municipality of the government's intention to reconstruct infrastructure in the old Hebron fruit and vegetable market in order to establish a Jewish neighbourhood there, which would allow for doubling the city's settler population. The area's original residents, who have protected tenancy rights there, were compelled to evacuate the zone after the <a href="/facts/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs_massacre/BnNMCLz8">Cave of the Patriarchs massacre</a>. The original site was under Jewish ownership prior to 1948. The plan proposes that the empty shops remain Palestinian while the units built over them house Jewish Israelis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:387" href="#fn:387">387</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:388" href="#fn:388">388</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:389" href="#fn:389">389</a>

<h2 id="culture">Culture</h2>
<h3>Tourism</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Old_City_of_Hebron/InH09oCX">Old City of Hebron</a>

Hebron is home to numerous mosques, synagogues, churches, parks, palaces, castles and forts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:390" href="#fn:390">390</a> The <a href="/facts/Old_City_of_Hebron/InH09oCX">Old City of Hebron</a> was a declared a Palestinian <a href="/facts/World_Heritage_Site/6AbWWKV4">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/facts/UNESCO/QSbkRv3o">UNESCO</a> on 7th July 2017.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:391" href="#fn:391">391</a> The move caused controversies and faced opposition from Israeli officials who objected to it being called as Palestinian site, instead of Israeli.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:392" href="#fn:392">392</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:393" href="#fn:393">393</a> It is one of the best preserved sites of the <a href="/facts/Mamluk/78wJT4nN">Mamluk</a> era.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:394" href="#fn:394">394</a>

<ul><li>The most famous site in Hebron is the <a href="/facts/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs/1MUds8dY">Cave of the Patriarchs</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:395" href="#fn:395">395</a> The <a href="/facts/Herodian_architecture/8b3mTzBB">Herodian era structure</a> is said to enclose the tombs of the biblical <a href="/facts/Patriarchs/TwvdJlMP">Patriarchs</a> and <a href="/facts/Matriarchs_(Bible)/X8kP2VKU">Matriarchs</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:396" href="#fn:396">396</a> The site is known for the burial place of <a href="/facts/Abraham/gHguuYch">Abraham</a>, <a href="/facts/Isaac/j5X9fbE3">Isaac</a> and <a href="/facts/Jacob/z6lKzP3W">Jacob</a>, along with their wives <a href="/facts/Sarah/w27cFsMH">Sarah</a>, <a href="/facts/Rebecca/JWlUW87t">Rebecca</a> and <a href="/facts/Leah/DdkJBDtB">Leah</a> respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:397" href="#fn:397">397</a> The Isaac Hall now serves as the Ibrahimi mosque, while the Abraham and Jacob Hall serve as a synagogue.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:398" href="#fn:398">398</a></li>
<li>The tombs of other biblical figures – <a href="/facts/Abner/EV8K9f2u">Abner ben Ner</a>, <a href="/facts/Othniel/wg1gh6kQ">Otniel ben Kenaz</a>, <a href="/facts/Book_of_Ruth/fYDNR6eR">Ruth</a> and <a href="/facts/Jesse_(biblical_figure)/xFV1T3zl">Jesse</a> are also located in the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:399" href="#fn:399">399</a> It is reverred to Christians, Muslims and Jews.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:400" href="#fn:400">400</a> These sites are located in the H2 region, which is controlled by the Israeli authorities.</li>
<li>The early Ottoman-era <a href="/facts/Abraham_Avinu_Synagogue/SPXJuLvz">Abraham Avinu Synagogue</a> in the city's historic Jewish Quarter was built in 1540 and restored in 1738.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:401" href="#fn:401">401</a></li>
<li>Mosques from the era include the <a href="/facts/Sheikh_Ali_al-Bakka_Mosque/Ta1HWp70">Sheikh Ali al-Bakka</a> and <a href="/facts/Al-Jawali_Mosque/TpYfzafp">Al-Jawali</a> mosque.</li></ul>
Hebron is also home to several sites for Christian worship, with numerous churches located around the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:402" href="#fn:402">402</a> The <a href="/facts/Oak_of_Sibta/LnS9kDIX">Oak of Sibta</a> (Oak of Abraham) is an ancient tree which, in non-Jewish tradition,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:403" href="#fn:403">403</a> is said to mark the place where Abraham pitched his tent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:404" href="#fn:404">404</a> The <a href="/facts/Russian_Orthodox_Church/AHbnwM6p">Russian Orthodox Church</a> owns the site and the nearby <a href="/facts/Abraham%27s_Oak_Holy_Trinity_Monastery/rFGY9wYv">Abraham's Oak Holy Trinity Monastery</a>, consecrated in 1925.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:405" href="#fn:405">405</a> Hebron is one of the few cities to have preserved its <a href="/facts/Mamluk_architecture/KX8srITw">Mamluk architecture</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:406" href="#fn:406">406</a> Many structures were built during the period, especially Sufi <a href="/facts/Zawiya_(institution)/FUa3ITNx">zawiyas</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:407" href="#fn:407">407</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:408" href="#fn:408">408</a> 
Other sites:

<ul><li>Situated on the northeast of the city, Wadi al–Quff Natural Reserve is visited by 2,000 people, mostly on weekends.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:409" href="#fn:409">409</a> It is currently under the management of the Palestinian government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:410" href="#fn:410">410</a></li>
<li>Aristobolia (<a href="/facts/Khirbet/5hxS5gte">Khirbet</a> <a href="/facts/Istanbul/Xo1hzGWH">Istanbul</a>), in south of Hebron, near <a href="/facts/Zif,_Hebron/0HYQ6TIB">Zif</a> village, is home to Byzantine-era <a href="/facts/Basilica/NWx4yWIC">basilica</a>, built during the beginning of <a href="/facts/Islamic_History/E3tqBlMm">Islamic era</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:411" href="#fn:411">411</a></li>
<li>Khirbet al–Karmil is home to Crusader pool, ruined Byzantine church and Crusader fortress.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:412" href="#fn:412">412</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/As-Samu/7I1Qlb61">As-Samu</a> is an ancient biblical village, currently a modern town.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:413" href="#fn:413">413</a> It is home to 4th century synagogue, numerous Ottoman-era structure and an Islamic building, probably built during the time of <a href="/facts/Saladin/NcfPdcNW">Saladin</a> of the <a href="/facts/Ayyubid_dynasty/VA05JAwy">Ayyubid dynasty</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:414" href="#fn:414">414</a></li></ul>
<h3>Religious traditions</h3>

Some Jewish traditions regarding <a href="/facts/Adam/nM1GQfk8">Adam</a> place him in Hebron after his expulsion from <a href="/facts/Garden_of_Eden/G52p2uaP">Eden</a>. Another has <a href="/facts/Cain/5U5vXdYK">Cain</a> kill <a href="/facts/Abel/evm4KdqS">Abel</a> there. A third has <a href="/facts/Adam_and_Eve/PBKg3IDE">Adam and Eve</a> buried in the cave of Machpelah. A Jewish-Christian tradition had it that Adam was formed from the red clay of the field of <a href="/facts/Damascus/IL0Qwt6R">Damascus</a>, near Hebron.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:415" href="#fn:415">415</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:416" href="#fn:416">416</a> A tradition arose in medieval Jewish texts that the Cave of the Patriarchs itself was the very entrance to the <a href="/facts/Garden_of_Eden/G52p2uaP">Garden of Eden</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:417" href="#fn:417">417</a> During the Middle Ages, pilgrims and the inhabitants of Hebron would eat the red earth as a charm against misfortune.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:418" href="#fn:418">418</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:419" href="#fn:419">419</a> Others report that the soil was harvested for export as a precious medicinal spice in <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a>, <a href="/facts/Arabia/x1fDka2b">Arabia</a>, <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a> and that the earth refilled after every digging.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:420" href="#fn:420">420</a> Legend also tells that <a href="/facts/Noah/IklCsV5Q">Noah</a> planted his vineyard on Mount Hebron.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:421" href="#fn:421">421</a> In <a href="/facts/History_of_Christianity/LmdNJmea">medieval Christian</a> tradition, Hebron was one of the three cities where <a href="/facts/Elizabeth_(Biblical_person)/Axump8uv">Elizabeth</a> was said to live, the legend implying that it might have been the birthplace of <a href="/facts/John_the_Baptist/l7K55gq7">John the Baptist</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:422" href="#fn:422">422</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:423" href="#fn:423">423</a>
One Islamic tradition has it that <a href="/facts/Muhammad/5VcA7XrT">Muhammad</a> alighted in Hebron during his <a href="/facts/Isra_and_Mi%27raj/N9uAjSbM">night journey</a> from Mecca to Jerusalem, and the mosque in the city is said to conserve one of his shoes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:424" href="#fn:424">424</a> Another tradition states that Muhammad arranged for Hebron and its surrounding villages to become part of <a href="/facts/Tamim_al-Dari/fBplfw3x">Tamim al-Dari</a>'s domain; this was implemented during <a href="/facts/Umar/cIfqERQW">Umar</a>'s reign as caliph. According to the arrangement, al-Dari and his descendants were only permitted to tax the residents for their land and the <a href="/facts/Waqf/cKFuejpP">waqf</a> of the Ibrahimi Mosque was entrusted to them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:425" href="#fn:425">425</a> The simat al-Khalil or "Table of Abraham" is attested to in the writings of the 11th century <a href="/facts/Persian_people/4GhM3jl2">Persian</a> traveller <a href="/facts/Nasir-i_Khusraw/WkXL1hr7">Nasir-i Khusraw</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:426" href="#fn:426">426</a> According to the account, this early Islamic food distribution center — which predates the Ottoman <a href="/facts/Imaret/prf1fWBs">imarets</a> — gave all visitors to Hebron a loaf of bread, a bowl of <a href="/facts/Lentil/GUuCEt0o">lentils</a> in <a href="/facts/Olive_oil/ae1Qnt2I">olive oil</a>, and some <a href="/facts/Raisins/b7brgfDT">raisins</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:427" href="#fn:427">427</a>
According to Tamara Neuman, settlement by a community of Jewish religious fundamentalists has brought about three major changes by redesigning a Palestinian area in terms of biblical imagery and origins: remaking over these revamped religious sites to endow them with an innovative centrality to Jewish worship, that, she argues, effectively erases the <a href="/facts/Diaspora/jAEHerxI">diasporic thrust</a> of Jewish tradition; and writing out the overlapping aspects of Judaism, Christianity and Islam in such a way that the possibility of accommodation between the three intertwined traditions is eradicated, while the presence of Palestinians themselves is erased by violent methods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:428" href="#fn:428">428</a>

<h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2>

<h2 id="twin-towns--sister-cities">Twin towns / sister cities</h2>
Hebron is <a href="/facts/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities/NVzDyA7v">twinned</a> with:

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Amman/eGCyJk1L">Amman</a>, (Jordan)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Beyo%C4%9Flu/1gq2m0lF">Beyoğlu</a>, (Turkey)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Bursa/oXpCUeNy">Bursa</a>, (Turkey)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Casablanca/pKXG2Nmy">Casablanca</a>, Morocco</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Derby/kMYgyqNA">Derby</a>, England<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:429" href="#fn:429">429</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Fez,_Morocco/yYpQPnpN">Fez</a>, (Morocco)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Jajmau/CC5DaYHp">Jajmau</a> (India)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Ke%C3%A7i%C3%B6ren/I4o8QmXf">Keçiören</a>, (Turkey)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Kraljevo/nT12tV90">Kraljevo</a>, Serbia<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:430" href="#fn:430">430</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Medina/nbDykVmK">Medina</a>, (Saudi Arabia)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Saint-Pierre-des-Corps/Sg5jGvKQ">Saint-Pierre-des-Corps</a>, (France)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Urfa/fsawBYpt">Şanlıurfa</a>, (Turkey)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Yiwu/XbPqy6TT">Yiwu</a>, (China)</li></ul>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Shabab_Al-Khalil_SC/hcIpSf1c">Shabab Al-Khalil SC</a>, the town's <a href="/facts/Association_football/yttjeD0D">football</a> team</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Palestinian_Child_Arts_Center/2M11TIWz">Palestinian Child Arts Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_burial_places_of_biblical_figures/fKH8M9TA">List of burial places of biblical figures</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_people_from_Hebron/AkTyE3pu">List of people from Hebron</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Oak_of_Mamre/LnS9kDIX">Oak of Mamre</a>, Christian holy site, historically near Hebron but now inside the city, distinct from the Terebinth of Mamre</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Abraham%27s_Oak_Holy_Trinity_Monastery/rFGY9wYv">Abraham's Oak Holy Trinity Monastery</a>, Russian Orthodox monastery at the "Oak of Mamre"</li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="citations">Citations</h2>

<h2 id="sources">Sources</h2>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/William_F._Albright/PX5lthdr">Albright, W.F.</a> (2000) [1975]. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&pg=PA110">"The Amarna letters from Palestine"</a>. In Eiddon, Iorwerth; Edwards, Stephen; Gadd, C. J. (eds.). Cambridge Ancient History: The Middle East and Aegean Region c. 1380–1000 BC. Vol. 2 (3 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 98–116. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-08691-2. Retrieved October 29, 2012.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Al-Muqaddasi/qsNmH1GG">Al-Muqaddasi</a> (2001). Collins, B. A. (ed.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LBO1PijX1qsC">The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions. Ahasan al-Taqasim Fi Ma'rifat al-Aqalim</a>. Reading: Garnet Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-85964-136-1. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Elkan_Nathan_Adler/seGszj8y">Adler, E.</a> (1994) [1930]. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NWksMUWSgAoC&pg=PA135">Jewish Travellers</a>. Asian Educational Services. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-8-120-60952-5. Retrieved October 29, 2012.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Robert_Alter/5R9gFMCb">Alter, R.</a> (1996). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I-6zQgAACAAJ">Genesis: Translation and Commentary</a>. W. W. Norton. pp. 886–888. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-393-03981-8. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Virginia_H._Aksan/B5jHr4hX">Aksan, V.H.</a>; Goffman, Daniel (2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4eUW8DyaHuQC">The early modern Ottomans: remapping the Empire</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-81764-6. Retrieved October 13, 2010.</li>
<li>Alimi, Eitan (2013). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=etfPrGqcLTEC&pg=PA178">Israeli Politics and the First Palestinian Intifada: Political Opportunities, Framing Processes and Contentious Politics</a>. Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-134-17182-8. Retrieved October 5, 2013.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Jerold_Auerbach/KGN4fhPg">Auerbach, J.</a> (2009). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ooUqc8snyZUC">Hebron Jews: Memory and Conflict in the Land of Israel</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-742-56617-0.</li>
<li>Barnay, Jacob (1992). Goldblum, Naomi (ed.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GdEDefYc4u0C&pg=PR10">The Jews in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: Under the Patronage of the Istanbul Committee of Officials for Palestine</a>. University of Alabama Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-817-30572-7. Retrieved July 20, 2011.</li>
<li>Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). <a href="https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922">Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922</a>. Government of Palestine.</li>
<li>Bauman, Mark K. (1994). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CSDNTYjTRRoC">Harry H. Epstein and the Rabbinate as Conduit for Change</a>. New York & London: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8386-3541-4. Retrieved July 20, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Yossi_Beilin/enl49nlv">Beilin, Y.</a> (2004). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t5RIXqbwHoYC&pg=PA100">The Path to Geneva: The Quest for a Permanent Agreement, 1996–2004</a>. Akashic Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-9719206-3-7. Retrieved October 5, 2013.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Benjamin_of_Tudela/LHzR2qll">Benjamin (of Tudela)</a> (1907). Adler, Marcus Nathan (ed.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LWErzRkDnKUC&pg=RA1-PA60">The itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: critical text, translation and commentary</a>. Oxford: Henry Frowde. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8370-2263-5.</li>
<li>Berger, Pamela (2012). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vvNMvqkDpP0C&pg=PA246">The Crescent on the Temple: The Dome of the Rock as Image of the Ancient Jewish Sanctuary</a>. Brill's Studies in Religion and the Arts. Vol. 5. Brill. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-9-004-20300-6. Retrieved March 8, 2016.</li>
<li>Boas, Adrian J. (1999). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a4ROJ_y85qwC">Crusader archaeology: the material culture of the Latin East</a>. Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-415-17361-2. Retrieved July 25, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Horatius_Bonar/vmHvDNU3">Bonar, H.</a> (1858). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GVRFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA71">The Land of Promise: Notes of a Spring-journey from Beersheba to Sidon</a>. James Nisbet & Co. Retrieved July 21, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Peter_Bouckaert/WcIKHwuy">Bouckaert, P.</a> (2001). Bencomo, Clarissa (ed.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6aLsz14aKJsC">Center of the Storm: A Case Study of Human Rights Abuses in Hebron District</a>. Human Rights Watch. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-56432-260-9. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/James_Bovard/NSgTIlgM">Bovard, J.</a> (2004) [2003]. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQoH4fy4m88C&pg=PA265">Terrorism and Tyranny: Trampling Freedom, Justice, and Peace to Rid the World of Evil</a>. <a href="/facts/Palgrave_Macmillan/RsEUnRce">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-403-96682-7. Retrieved July 31, 2012. [permanent dead link‍]</li>
<li>Bratcher, Robert G; Newman, Barclay Moon (1983). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KfIWAAAAIAAJ">A Translator's Handbook on the Book of Joshua</a>. United Bible Societies. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8267-0105-3. Retrieved July 24, 2011.</li>
<li>Brill, E. J. (1993). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA887">E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume 4</a>. Brill. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-90-04-09796-4.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.btselem.org/Download/200308_Hebron_Area_H2_Eng.pdf">"Hebron, Area H-2: Settlements Cause Mass Departure of Palestinians"</a> (PDF). <a href="/facts/B%27Tselem/K34tzg0T">B'Tselem</a>. August 2003. Retrieved July 31, 2012.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Johann_B%C3%BCssow/9uMl6Y8t">Büssow, J.</a> (2011). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&pg=PA194">Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872–1908</a>. Brill. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-90-04-20569-7. Retrieved October 27, 2012.</li>
<li>Campbell, Deborah (2004). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZWiWr-e1bAC">This Heated Place: Encounters in the Promised Land</a>. Douglas & McIntyre. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-55054-967-6. Retrieved July 25, 2011.</li>
<li>Campos, Michelle (2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qNw9qRPHTScC&pg=PA41">"Remembering Jewish-Arab Contact and Conflict"</a>. In Sufian, Sandra Marlene; <a href="/facts/Mark_LeVine/YG7pyDCr">LeVine, M.</a> (eds.). Reapproaching borders: new perspectives on the study of Israel-Palestine. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 41–66. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7425-4639-4.</li>
<li>Carter, Charles E. (1999). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wv3SCewxPu0C">The Emergence of Yehud in the Persian Period: A Social and Demographic Study</a>. Journal for the study of the Old Testament: Supplement series. Vol. 294. New York & London: Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-84127-012-8. Retrieved July 20, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Henri_Cazelles/hKbtQQu9">Cazelles, H.</a> (1981). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T5gGQTrc1coC&pg=PA195">"Chābhar"</a>. In <a href="/facts/G._Johannes_Botterweck/Kv16P5zR">Botterweck, G.J.</a>; <a href="/facts/Helmer_Ringgren/F4hNrfoA">Ringgren, H.</a>; <a href="/facts/Heinz-Josef_Fabry/PDptRXlL">Fabry, H.-J.</a> (eds.). Theological dictionary of the Old Testament. Vol. 4. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 193–197. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8028-2328-1. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Randolph_Churchill/UN5M9rcM">Churchill, R.</a> (1967). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0bEqAAAAYAAJ">The Six Day War</a>. Ritana Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-85250-14-4. Retrieved July 20, 2011.</li>
<li>Cohen, Esther Rosalind (1985). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=awq8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA105">Human rights in the Israeli-occupied territories, 1967–1982</a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7190-1726-1. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Hillel_Cohen/lhLGR5La">Cohen, H.</a> (2009) [2008]. Watzman, Haim (ed.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LMIk4adlKr0C">Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism, 1917–1948</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-55054-967-6. Retrieved July 25, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Hillel_Cohen/lhLGR5La">Cohen, H.</a> (2015). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dW25CgAAQBAJ&dq=Cohel+Year+Zero+2015+ius+soli&pg=PA8">Year Zero of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: 1929</a>. <a href="/facts/Brandeis_University_Press/APrbFhJc">Brandeis University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-611-68811-5.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Claude_Reignier_Conder/pLayuFBg">Conder, C.R.</a> (1879). <a href="https://archive.org/stream/tentworkinpalest02conduoft#page/n9/mode/2up">Tent Work in Palestine. A Record of Discovery and Adventure</a>. Vol. 2. Richard Bentley & Son (published for the Committee of the <a href="/facts/Palestine_Exploration_Fund/YejAap5y">PEF</a>). <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23589738">23589738</a>. Retrieved October 15, 2020.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Josiah_Conder_(editor_and_author)/s74p3mfn">Conder, J.</a> (1830). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f8saAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA198">The Modern Traveller: A Description, Geographical, Historical, and Topographical, of the Various Countries of the Globe</a>. Vol. 1. J. Duncan. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Anthony_Cordesman/Euh346UU">Cordesman, A.H.</a> (2006). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3eZK7cm6pjoC&pg=PA135">Arab-Israeli Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric War</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-275-99186-9. Retrieved November 28, 2012.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Marcello_Craveri/Eh0oJ2y1">Craveri, M.</a> (1967). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bu0KAQAAMAAJ">The Life of Jesus: An assessment through modern historical evidence</a>. Pan Books. Retrieved July 20, 2011.</li>
<li>David, Abraham (2010). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qqy4wqVbSUkC&pg=PA25">To Come to the Land: Immigration and Settlement in 16th-Century Eretz-Israel</a>. University of Alabama Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-817-35643-9. Retrieved November 10, 2012.</li>
<li>De Cesari, Chiara (2009). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ORrK8ifJ-joC&pg=PA230">Cultural Heritage Beyond the "state": Palestinian Heritage Between Nationalism and Transnationalism</a>. Stanford University Dept. of Anthropology. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-549-98604-1. Retrieved November 21, 2012. [permanent dead link‍]</li>
<li>Duke, Robert R. (2010). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=knLh2SnxQ0AC&pg=PA93">The Social Location of the Visions of Amram (4Q543-547)</a>. Studies in biblical literature. Vol. 135. Peter Lang. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4331-0789-4. Retrieved July 20, 2011.</li>
<li>Dumper, Michael (2003). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA164">"Hebron"</a>. In Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E. (eds.). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: a historical encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 164–67. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-57607-919-5. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li>
<li>Efrat, Elisha (1984). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5XwOAAAAQAAJ">Urbanization in Israel</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7099-0931-6.</li>
<li>Elazar, Daniel E. (1998). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sWv7YVmcpREC">Covenant and Polity in Biblical Israel: Biblical Foundations & Jewish Expressions</a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7658-0452-5. Retrieved July 25, 2011.</li>
<li>Emmett, Chad F. (2000). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4WLmLRYxRZoC&pg=PA261">"Sharing Sacred Space in the Holy Land"</a>. In Murphy, Alexander B.; Johnson, Douglas L.; Haarmann, Viola (eds.). Cultural encounters with the environment: enduring and evolving geographic themes. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 261–82. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7425-0106-5.</li>
<li>Falah, Ghazi (1985). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A3cOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA245">"Recent Colonization in Hebron"</a>. In Newman, David (ed.). The Impact of Gush Emunim: politics and settlement in the West Bank. London: Croom Helm. pp. 245–61. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7099-1821-9.</li>
<li>Feige, Michael (2009). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CG_R01oa780C&pg=PA144">Settling in the hearts: Jewish fundamentalism in the occupied territories</a>. Wayne State University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8143-2750-0. Retrieved July 28, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Israel_Finkelstein/9aU3LeHg">Finkelstein, I.</a>; <a href="/facts/Neil_Asher_Silberman/IN15RvEL">Silberman, N.A.</a> (2001). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC">Covenant The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7432-2338-6. Retrieved July 25, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/James_Finn/ATU3foDA">Finn, J.</a> (1868). <a href="https://archive.org/details/byewaysinpalesti00finniala">Byeways in Palestine</a>. London: James Nisbett. Retrieved July 25, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/James_Finn/ATU3foDA">Finn, J.</a> (1878). <a href="https://archive.org/details/stirringtimesor02finngoog">Stirring Times, or Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles of 1853–1856</a>. Vol. 2. Location: C.K. Paul & Co. Retrieved July 25, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensus1961bits.pdf">First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population</a> (PDF). Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics. 1964.</li>
<li>Flusfeder, Helena (January 24, 1997). <a href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=102320§ioncode=26">"Hebron welcomes pull-out"</a>. Times Higher Education. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Flavius_Josephus/RgFoKIYH">Josephus, Flavius</a> (1860) [1737]. <a href="/facts/William_Whiston/rDfTv2w2">Whiston, William</a> (ed.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wQ1MAAAAYAAJ">The complete works of Flavius Josephus</a>. London: T. Nelson and sons, 1860. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Robert_Jacobus_Forbes/KLvEbQSK">Forbes, R.J.</a> (1965) [1955]. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u6Y3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA155">Studies in Ancient Technology</a>. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). Brill. Retrieved November 15, 2012.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Jonathan_Freedland/2TLhtFdh">Freedland, J.</a> (February 23, 2012). <a href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/23/exclusive-corner-hebron/">"An Exclusive Corner of Hebron"</a>. <a href="/facts/New_York_Review_of_Books/jvHxU3fn">New York Review of Books</a>. pp. 21–23. Retrieved July 31, 2012.</li>
<li>Frenkel, Yehoshua (2011). <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23409608?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">Hebron — An Islamic Sacred City (634–1099)</a> (in JSTOR) (חברון — עיר קודש אסלאמית 634–1099 לסה"נ) (Catedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv, issue 141, p. 27 – 52) (in Hebrew)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Moshe_Gil/jzBbBU9H">Gil, Moshe</a> (1997) [1983]. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC">A History of Palestine, 634–1099</a>. Translated by Ethel Broido. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-521-59984-9.</li>
<li>Gelvin, James L. (2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5FwAT5fx03IC">The Israel–Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-88835-6. Retrieved July 25, 2011.</li>
<li>Glick, Leonard B. (1994). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I2chrSJCW54C&pg=PA46">"Religion and Genocide"</a>. In <a href="/facts/Israel_Charny/GsIBWq8s">Charny, I. W.</a> (ed.). The Widening Circle of Genocide. Genocide: A Critical Bibliography. Vol. 3. TRansaction Publishers/Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide. pp. 43–74. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-412-83965-5. Retrieved January 20, 2010.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Jeffrey_Goldberg/3j6dyrGf">Goldberg, J.</a> (May 2004). <a href="http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/040531fa_fact2_a">"Among The Settlers"</a>. The New Yorker. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Gershom_Gorenberg/ADc6TfJP">Gorenberg, G.</a> (2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_fWu8v0fgAC">The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967–1977</a>. Times Books, Henry Holt and Co. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8050-8241-8. Retrieved July 23, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Norman_K._Gottwald/2lS8RlpN">Gottwald, N.K.</a> (1999). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L_dIEeMj2EYC&pg=PA173">The tribes of Yahweh: a sociology of the religion of liberated Israel, 1250–1050 BCE</a>. Continuum International Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-84127-026-5. Retrieved July 27, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Heinrich_Graetz/sWASscvd">Graetz, H.</a> (1895). Löwy, Bella (ed.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_wgNAAAAIAAJ">The History of the Jews:From the Chmielnicki Persecution of the Jews in Poland (1648 CE) to the Period of Emancipation in Central Europe (c. 1870 CE)</a>. Vol. 5. Jewish Publication Society of America. Retrieved July 27, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Toby_Green/falrBYAl">Green, T.</a> (2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=awCD5GgCQiUC">Inquisition; The Reign of Fear</a>. Macmillan Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4050-8873-2. Retrieved July 23, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Amos_Harel/brhUM87Y">Harel, A.</a> (November 17, 2002). <a href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/analysis-the-attack-in-hebron-was-not-a-massacre-1.28114">"The attack in Hebron was not a 'massacre'"</a>. <a href="/facts/Haaretz/HUMlSB2k">Haaretz</a>. Retrieved September 17, 2011.</li>
<li>Hasasneh, Nabeel (March 15, 2005). <a href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=26006&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html">"Hebron University"</a>. Digi-arts. Unesco Knowledge Portal. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li>
<li>Hasson, Nir (September 29, 2016). <a href="http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.744861">"Ancient Toilet Reveals the Unique Way the Israelites Fought Idol-worship"</a>. <a href="/facts/Haaretz/HUMlSB2k">Haaretz</a>. Retrieved September 29, 2016.</li>
<li>Hezser, Catherine (2002). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_J5bdHyPprIC&pg=PA91">"The Social Status of Slaves in the Talmud Yerushalmi and in Graeco-Roman Society"</a>. In Schäfer, Peter (ed.). The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graece-Roman Culture. Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum. Vol. 3. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 91–138. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-567-02242-4. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Dilip_Hiro/NhgTfYoS">Hiro, D.</a> (1999). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QdQmAQAAMAAJ">Sharing the Promised Land: a tale of Israelis and Palestinians Olive</a>. Olive Branch Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-566-56319-2. Retrieved November 19, 2012.</li>
<li>Honigmann, Ernst (1993) [1927]. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA886">"Hebron"</a>. In <a href="/facts/Martijn_Theodoor_Houtsma/g5cSVP3B">Houtsma, M.T.</a> (ed.). E.J. Brill's first encyclopedia of Islam, 1913–1936. Vol. IV. Brill. pp. 886–888. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-90-04-09790-2.</li>
<li>Halpern, Ben; <a href="/facts/Jehuda_Reinharz/QGAS9Qcw">Reinharz, J.</a> (2000). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IYKdPwAACAAJ">Zionism and the Creation of a New Society</a>. University Press of New England. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-58465-023-2. Retrieved July 23, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Victor_P._Hamilton/k4FG0vwj">Hamilton, V.P.</a> (1995). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zlQ4chBCC5oC&pg=PA126">The book of Genesis: chapters 18–50</a>. The New international commentary on the Old Testament. Vol. 2. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8028-2309-0. Retrieved July 23, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Albert_Montefiore_Hyamson/35gTEQ1d">Hyamson, A.M.</a> (1917). <a href="https://archive.org/details/palestinerebirt00hyamgoog">Palestine, the Rebirth of an Ancient People</a>. New York: A. A. Knopf. Retrieved August 1, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Sara_Japhet/LA26KuDM">Japhet, S.</a> (1993). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V0WjzZB2V7cC&pg=PA148">I & II Chronicles: A Commentary</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-664-22641-1. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li>
<li>Jericke, Detlef (2003). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=67Q3uY4opoAC">Abraham in Mamre: Historische und exegetische Studien zur Region von Hebron und zu Genesis 11, 27 – 19, 38</a>. Brill. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-90-04-12939-9. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li>
<li>Kamrava, Mehran (2010). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CkLHZCzMEJkC&pg=PA236">The Modern Middle East: A Political History since the First World War</a> (2 ed.). University of California Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-520-94753-5. Retrieved October 5, 2010.</li>
<li>Katz, Yaakov; Lazaroff, Tovah (April 14, 2007). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111022800/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1176152784857&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull">"Hebron settlers try to buy more homes"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. Archived from <a href="http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1176152784857&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull">the original</a> on January 11, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Benjamin_Z._Kedar/psUnzm2L">Kedar, B.Z.</a> (2000). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=srrJbp7ubw8C&pg=PA113">The Changing Land: Between the Jordan and the Sea: Aerial Photographs from 1917 to the present</a>. Wayne State University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8143-2915-3.</li>
<li>Kellerman, Aharon (1993). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XI6uIZJQnU8C&pg=PA89">Society and settlement: Jewish land of Israel in the twentieth century</a>. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7914-1295-4. Retrieved July 25, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Rashid_Khalidi/yX0gIxk1">Khalidi, R.</a> (1998) [1998]. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pQx8u8MN13AC&pg=PA218">Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-231-10515-6. Retrieved July 28, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Baruch_Kimmerling/auGa10J5">Kimmerling, B.</a>; Migdal, Joel S. (2003). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC">The Palestinian people: a history</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-674-01129-8. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li>
<li>Kohler, C. (1896). "Un nouveau récit de l'invention des Patriarches Abraham, Isaac et Jacob à Hebron". <a href="/facts/Revue_de_l%27Orient_Latin/syyqXzku">Revue de l'Orient Latin</a>. 4. Paris: 477.</li>
<li>Kosover, Mordecai (1966). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yqKUcnKZOIgC">Arabic elements in Palestinian Yiddish: the old Ashkenazic Jewish community in Palestine, its history and its language</a>. R. Mass. Retrieved October 29, 2012.</li>
<li>Kraeling, E.G.H. (April 1925). "The Early Cult of Hebron and Judg. 16:1–3". The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. 41 (3): 174–178. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F370066">10.1086/370066</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171070877">171070877</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer/J06okbpY">Krämer, G.</a> (2011). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tWrW_CKODdQC&pg=PA232">A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-691-15007-9. Retrieved February 22, 2012.</li>
<li>Kraemer, Joel L (2001). "The Life of Moses Ben Maimon". In Fine, Lawrence (ed.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ohYOD34VlXEC">Judaism in Practice: From the Middle Ages Through the Early Modern Period</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 413–428. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-691-05787-3. Retrieved July 20, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/David_Kretzmer/xFt5DyNo">Kretzmer, D.</a> (2002). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=acGnk-tZoOYC&pg=PA117">The Occupation of Justice: The Supreme Court of Israel and the Occupied Territories</a>. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7914-5338-4. Retrieved July 25, 2011.</li>
<li>Kupferschmidt, Uri M. (1987). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SiBkMSIZ2LYC&pg=PA237">The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine</a>. Brill. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-9-004-07929-8. Retrieved November 5, 2012.</li>
<li>Lamdan, Ruth (2000). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OKlYce7f8iAC&pg=PA102">A Separate People: Jewish Women in Palestine, Syria, and Egypt in the Sixteenth Century</a>. Brill's Series in Jewish Studies. Vol. 26. Brill. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-9-004-11747-1. Retrieved October 29, 2012.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Henry_Laurens/IsP004m0">Laurens, H.</a> (1999). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L2nJSAAACAAJ">La question de Palestine: 1799–1922, l'invention de la terre sainte</a>. Vol. 1. Paris: Fayard. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-2-213-60349-0. Retrieved July 25, 2011. [permanent dead link‍]</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Andr%C3%A9_Lemaire/tdYVmuMr">Lemaire, A.</a> (2006). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1zi2i_C1aNkC&pg=PA419">"New Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea and their Historical Interpretation"</a>. In Lipschitz, Oded; Oeming, Manfred (eds.). Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period. Eisenbrauns. pp. 413–456. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-57506-104-7. Retrieved October 7, 2015.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Guy_Le_Strange/T2LETbHL">Le Strange, G.</a> (1890). <a href="https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft">Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from AD 650 to 1500</a>. London: Alexander P. Watt. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-143-27239-4. Retrieved July 25, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Giorgio_Levi_della_Vida/rPhzrzTv">Levi della Vida, G.</a> (1993) [1927]. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ro--tXw_hxMC&pg=PA648">"Tamīm al-Dārī"</a>. In <a href="/facts/Martin_Theodoor_Houtsma/g5cSVP3B">Houtsma, M.T.</a>; <a href="/facts/Thomas_Walker_Arnold/LNttGuX6">Arnold, T.W.</a> (eds.). E.J. Brill's first encyclopedia of Islam, 1913–1936. Vol. VIII. Brill. pp. 646–648. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-90-04-09796-4.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Jerry_Levin_(journalist)/ePGYn5xX">Levin, J.</a> (2005). <a href="https://archive.org/details/westbankdiarymid00levi">West Bank Diary: Middle East Violence as Reported by a Former American Hostage</a>. Hope Publishing House. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-932717-03-7. Retrieved July 25, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Gideon_Levy/sTCb9Ssa">Levy, G.</a> (July 31, 2012). <a href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/features/border-police-hebron-s-substitute-for-summer-camp-counselors.premium-1.454811">"Border Police, Hebron's substitute for summer camp counselors"</a>. <a href="/facts/Haaretz/HUMlSB2k">Haaretz</a>. Retrieved July 31, 2012.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Lied, Liv Ingeborg (2008). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BIT66nR380sC&pg=PA162">The Other Lands of Israel: Imaginations of the Land in 2 Baruch</a>. Brill. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-9-004-16556-4. Retrieved October 29, 2012.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Anthony_Loewenstein/cYH5v2wh">Loewenstein, A.</a> (2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G4V8McXG-D4C">My Israel Question</a>. Melbourne University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-522-85418-3. Retrieved July 25, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Ian_Lustick/EMsTsfII">Lustick, I.</a> (1988). <a href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_dD-1Nm6NTHQC">For the Land and the Lord: Jewish fundamentalism in Israel</a>. New York: Council on Foreign Relations. p. <a href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_dD-1Nm6NTHQC/page/n216">205</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-87609-036-7. Retrieved July 25, 2011.</li>
<li>Magen, Yitzakh (2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6NsxZRnxE70C&pg=PA157">"The Dating of the First Phase of the Samaritan Temple on Mt Gerizim in Light of Archaeological Evidence"</a>. In Lipschitz, Oded; Knoppers, Gary N.; Albertz, Rainer (eds.). Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century BCE. Eisenbrauns. pp. 157–212. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-575-06130-6.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Jacob_Rader_Marcus/CNv715yX">Marcus, J.R.</a> (1996). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8fq8ct7KmgC&pg=PA85">The Jew in the American world: a source book</a>. Wayne State University Press. p. 85. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-814-32548-3.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Philip_Mattar/bpoXWFta">Mattar, P.</a> (2005). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GkbzYoZtaJMC&q=%22Encyclopedia+of+the+Palestinians%22">Encyclopedia of the Palestinians</a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8160-6986-6.</li>
<li>Medina, Jennifer (April 22, 2007). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/22/world/middleeast/22settlers.html?_r=1&&pagewanted=print&oref=slogin">"Settlers' Defiance Reflects Postwar Israeli Changes"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Josef_W._Meri/CUDcsM3c">Meri, J.W.</a> (2004). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC&pg=PA363">Medieval Islamic Civilization</a>. Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-415-96690-0. Retrieved November 21, 2012.</li>
<li>Micheau, Françoise (2006). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vBy7CTYVBeMC&pg=PA402">"Eastern Christianities (eleventh to fourteenth century): Copts, Melkites, Nestorians and Jacobites"</a>. In <a href="/facts/Michael_Angold/G9cDko8Q">Angold, M.</a> (ed.). Eastern Christianity. The Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. pp. 373–403. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-81113-2. Retrieved July 20, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Henry_Hart_Milman/SKUgrLV6">Milman, H.H.</a> (1840). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zRiEznGkfukC&pg=PA49">The history of Christianity: from the birth of Christ to the abolition of paganism in the Roman Empire</a>. London: John Murray. Retrieved July 27, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Mujir_al-Din/57fnp3BC">Moudjir ed-dyn</a> (1876). Sauvaire (ed.). <a href="https://archive.org/details/histoiredejrus00ulayuoft">Histoire de Jérusalem et d'Hébron depuis Abraham jusqu'à la fin du XVe siècle de J.-C. : fragments de la Chronique de Moudjir-ed-dyn</a>. Paris: Leroux.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Mulder, M.J. (2004). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RAwg47G0M2IC&pg=PA165">"Qirya"</a>. In Botterweck, G. Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer; Fabry, Heinz-Josef (eds.). Theological dictionary of the Old Testament. Vol. 13. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 164–167. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8028-2337-3. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Jerome_Murphy-O%27Connor/PGa5Xagf">Murphy-O'Connor, J.</a> (1998). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GhPlUt1kz-wC&pg=PA274">The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-288013-0. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li>
<li>Na'aman, Nadav (2005). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HmTOoQmf23AC&pg=PA78">Canaan in the 2nd Millennium BCE</a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-575-06113-9. Retrieved October 29, 2012.</li>
<li>Murray, Alan V. (2000). The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. Prosopographica et Genealogica. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-9009-3403-9.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Avraham_Negev/Uk02eRhf">Negev, A.</a>; <a href="/facts/Shimon_Gibson/RNtdPIhv">Gibson, S.</a>, eds. (2001). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27nq65cZUIgC">Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land</a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-14-311489-5. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li>
<li>Neuman, Tamara (2018). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zstVDwAAQBAJ">Settling Hebron : Jewish Fundamentalism in a Palestinian City</a>. <a href="/facts/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press/UXWfjeRv">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-812-24995-8.</li>
<li>Niesiolowski-Spano, Lukasz (2016). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7fsCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125">The Origin Myths and Holy Places in the Old Testament: A Study of Aetiological Narratives</a>. Translated by Jacek Laskowski. <a href="/facts/Routledge/aSwcES11">Routledge</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-134-93830-8.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/John_Julius_Norwich/Ww88gPfn">Norwich, J.J.</a> (1999). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pMMNKQEACAAJ">Byzantium; The Early Centuries</a>. Knopf. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-394-53778-8. Retrieved July 26, 2011. [permanent dead link‍]</li>
<li>Pedahzur, Ami; Perliger, Arie (2011). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DF03xwLaPucC">Jewish Terrorism in Israel</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-231-15447-5. Retrieved November 19, 2012.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Palestine_Human_Rights_Information_Center/xq8f3oR8">PHRIC</a> (February 25, 1994). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716204347/http://www.al-bushra.org/palestine/hebron.htm">"Details of Hebron Massacre: List of victims of the incident and subsequent disturbances"</a>. Palestine Human Rights Information Center. Archived from <a href="http://www.al-bushra.org/palestine/hebron.htm">the original</a> on July 16, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2012.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Victor_Perera_(writer)/JStxc2so">Perera, V.</a> (1996) [1995]. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VdTqRyq15dAC&pg=PA177">The Cross and the Pear Tree: A Sephardic Journey</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-520-20652-6. Retrieved July 1, 2012.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Edward_Platt_(author)/HtXugfFK">Platt, E.</a> (2012). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UzDHD2MExQAC&pg=PT79">City of Abraham: History, Myth and Memory: A Journey through Hebron</a>. Pan Macmillan. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-447-21330-7. Retrieved September 28, 2016.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Ernest_Renan/feDzxarQ">Renan, E.</a> (1864). <a href="https://archive.org/details/lifejesus00unkngoog">The life of Jesus</a>. Trübner. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li>
<li>Ricca, Simone (2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cbd1ALFq9hAC&pg=PA177">Reinventing Jerusalem: Israel's Reconstruction of the Jewish Quarter after 1967</a>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-84511-387-2.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Richard, Jean (1999). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a0LO9u6xKvcC">The Crusades, c. 1071– c. 1291</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-62566-1. Retrieved July 20, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Robins, Philip (2004). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dw_D0_WP-hQC">A History of Jordan</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-59895-8. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)/0ognGyx5">Robinson, E.</a>; <a href="/facts/Eli_Smith/vt5zDwdD">Smith, E.</a> (1856). <a href="http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AFG7241.0002.001">Biblical researches in Palestine, 1838–52. A journal of travels in the year 1838</a>. Vol. 2. Boston: Crocker and Brewster. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Rothrock, James (2011). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t5RIXqbwHoYC&pg=PA100">Live by the Sword: Israel's Struggle for Existence in the Holy Land</a>. WestBow Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-449-72519-8. Retrieved October 5, 2013.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Cheryl_Rubenberg/JRMtPAu0">Rubenberg, C.</a> (2003). <a href="https://archive.org/details/palestiniansinse0000rube">The Palestinians: in search of a just peace</a>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. <a href="https://archive.org/details/palestiniansinse0000rube/page/157">157</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-58826-225-7. Retrieved July 27, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Steven_Runciman/qLFD5alU">Runciman, S.</a> (1965a) [1951]. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0bEqAAAAYAAJ">A History of the Crusades:The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-78292-436-4. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Steven_Runciman/qLFD5alU">Runciman, S.</a> (1965b) [1952]. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QL88AAAAIAAJ">A History of the Crusades:The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East 1100–1187</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-34771-6. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Steven_Runciman/qLFD5alU">Runciman, S.</a> (1965c) [1954]. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mrw8AAAAIAAJ">A History of the Crusades:The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-34772-3. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Salaville, Sévérien (1910). <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07184a.htm">"Hebron"</a>. In <a href="/facts/Charles_George_Herbermann/ce5IjBgv">Herbermann, C.G.</a>; <a href="/facts/Edward_A._Pace/F1U8Dbfz">Pace, E.A.</a>; <a href="/facts/Cond%C3%A9_Benoist_Pallen/Eq4yzH9I">Pallen, C.B.</a>; <a href="/facts/Thomas_Joseph_Shahan/tH0bjgzx">Shahan, T.J.</a>; Wynne, John Joseph; MacErlean, Andrew Alphonsus (eds.). The Catholic encyclopedia: an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic church. Vol. 7. Robert Appleton company. pp. 184–186.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Scharfstein, Sol (1994). <a href="https://archive.org/details/understandingisr0000scha">Understanding Israel</a>. Jerusalem: KTAV Publishing House, Inc. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-88125-428-0. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Schölch, Alexander (1993). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cMVtAAAAMAAJ">Palestine in Transformation, 1856–1882: studies in social, economic, and political development</a>. Institute for Palestine Studies. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-88728-234-8. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Emil_Sch%C3%BCrer/9W1mAu6D">Schürer, E.</a>; <a href="/facts/Fergus_Millar/zeddTIGh">Millar, F.</a>; <a href="/facts/G%C3%A9za_Vermes/Yc6GEUrz">Vermes, G.</a> (1973). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p75tWhrwGT8C">The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 BC – AD 135)</a>. Vol. 1. Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-567-02242-4. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Schwarz, Leo Walder (1963). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XvkNAAAAMAAJ">Memoirs of My People: Jewish Self-portraits from the 11th to the 20th Centuries</a>. New York: Schocken Books. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Schwarz, Yehoseph (1850). <a href="/facts/Isaac_Leeser/SrGAGBK3">Leeser, I.</a> (ed.). <a href="https://archive.org/details/adescriptivegeo00schwgoog">A Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine</a>. A. Hart. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071021160936/http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=820752002">"Settlers' revenge leaves Hebron bleeding"</a>. <a href="/facts/The_Scotsman/rRrTayYf">The Scotsman</a>. July 30, 2002. Archived from <a href="http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=820752002">the original</a> on October 21, 2007. Retrieved July 31, 2012.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Tom_Segev/RWvMynCN">Segev, T.</a> (2001). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lbJGAAAACAAJ">Palestine, Complete; Jews and Arabs under the British Mandate</a>. Little, Brown and company. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-4-444-40801-1. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Tom_Segev/RWvMynCN">Segev, T.</a> (2008) [2007]. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ggLatcD7gW4C">1967. Israel, the War and the Year that Transformed the Middle East</a>. Abacus Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-349-11595-5. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Moshe_Sharon/PwzJcR8o">Sharon, M.</a>, ed. (1997). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A9MNAAAAYAAJ">Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae:A</a>. Handbuch der Orientalistik: Nahe und der Mittlere Osten. Vol. 1. Brill. pp. 117–118. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-90-04-10833-2. Retrieved July 21, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Moshe_Sharon/PwzJcR8o">Sharon, M.</a> (2003). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AhasMr2F3i8C&pg=PA272">"Palestine Under the Mameluks and the Ottoman Empire (1291–1918)"</a>. In <a href="/facts/Michael_Avi-Yonah/FxWgRQmT">Avi-Yonah, M.</a> (ed.). A History of Israel and the Holy Land. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 272–322. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8264-1526-4. Retrieved July 20, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Moshe_Sharon/PwzJcR8o">Sharon, M.</a> (2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1d8xHcor0psC&pg=PA104">Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae addendum: squeezes in the Max van Berchem collection (Palestine, Trans-Jordan, Northern Syria): squeezes 1–84</a>. Handbuch der Orientalistik: Nahe und der Mittlere Osten. Vol. 30. Brill. pp. 104–107. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-90-04-15780-4. Retrieved July 21, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Commission of Inquiry (June 26, 1994). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130112230634/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Law/Legal%20Issues%20and%20Rulings/COMMISSION%20OF%20INQUIRY-%20MASSACRE%20AT%20THE%20TOMB%20OF%20THE">"Commission of Inquiry into the massacre at the tomb of the Patriarchs in Hebron"</a>. <a href="/facts/Israel_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs/JoJPDt9d">MFA</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Law/Legal%20Issues%20and%20Rulings/COMMISSION%20OF%20INQUIRY-%20MASSACRE%20AT%20THE%20TOMB%20OF%20THE">the original</a> on January 12, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2012.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Thomas_Shaw_(divine_and_traveller)/uw12AVP0">Shaw, T.</a> (1808). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SBUIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA144">Travels or observations relating to several parts of Barbary and the Levant</a>. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: J. Ritchie. Retrieved July 27, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Sherlock, Ruth (November 20, 2010). <a href="http://www.haaretz.com/culture/in-bid-to-revive-the-old-city-hebron-residents-put-on-traditional-food-festival-1.325748">"Palestinian In bid to revive the old city, Hebron residents put on traditional food festival"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Nadav_Shragai/1NrWjrvY">Shragai, N.</a> (September 23, 2008). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028180038/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1023496.html">"A window on the massacre"</a>. <a href="/facts/Haaretz/HUMlSB2k">Haaretz</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1023496.html">the original</a> on October 28, 2008. Retrieved October 30, 2012.</li>
<li>Sicker, Martin (1999). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TWBxUi5fVS0C">Reshaping Palestine: From Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831–1922</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-275-96639-3. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Amy_Singer_(historian)/ID1R4upo">Singer, A.</a> (2002). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UDvN8aTOJFAC">Constructing Ottoman Beneficence: An Imperial Soup Kitchen in Jerusalem</a>. New York: SUNY Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7914-5352-0. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/William_Robertson_Smith/EFRoo4a8">Smith, W.R.</a> (1963) [1903]. Cook, Stanley A. (ed.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kpRIAAAAYAAJ">Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia</a>. Boston: Beacon Press reprint. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8264-1526-4. Retrieved July 20, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Zeev_Sternhell/Hs4kllm7">Sternhell, Z.</a> (1999). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LwBtJ1U5vc0C&pg=PA333">The founding myths of Israel: nationalism, socialism, and the making of the Jewish state</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-691-00967-4. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Lisa_Taraki/MchRdDGR">Tarākī, L.</a>, ed. (2006). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1E2yee89DggC&pg=PA13">Living Palestine: Family Survival, Resistance, And Mobility Under Occupation</a>. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-815-63107-1. Retrieved November 20, 2012.</li>
<li>Towner, Wayne Sibley (2001). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ONdsoa7MHUC&pg=PA144">Genesis</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-664-25256-4. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/William_Turner_(envoy)/MU4qoKwm">Turner, W.</a> (1820). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yYQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA261">Journal of a tour in the Levant</a>. Vol. 2. John Murray. Retrieved February 21, 2012.</li>
<li>Van Luit, Tehilah (2009). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=My_mllNwTuoC&pg=PA42">Mediene Remnants: Yiddish Sources in the Netherlands Outside of Amsterdam</a>. Brill. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-9-004-15625-8. Retrieved May 4, 2014.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Zev_Vilnay/EnRb1MMg">Vilnay, Z.</a> (1973) [1932]. <a href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Legends_of_Palestine.html%3Fid%3DTqkrAAAAIAAJ">Legends of Palestine</a>. Jewish Publication Society of America. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-827-60004-1. Retrieved November 4, 2012.</li>
<li><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oQQbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA436">"The Weekly Visitor"</a>. <a href="/facts/Religious_Tract_Society/jz3q2bNR">Religious Tract Society</a>. November 1833. pp. 433–440. Retrieved June 22, 2020.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Berel_Wein/YCSdz4zY">Wein, B.</a> (1993). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=11f9xBbOBBEC&pg=PA138">Triumph of survival: the story of the Jews in the modern era, 1650–1990</a>. Mesorah Publications. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-89906-498-7. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/John_Wilson_(missionary)/1sD1ENet">Wilson, J.</a> (1847). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7eDxQk0MjhcC&pg=PA357">The lands of the Bible visited and described</a>. Vol. 1. White. Retrieved October 5, 2013.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Charles_William_Wilson/R07QvlDH">Wilson, C.W.</a> (1881). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6jdQAQAAIAAJ">Triumph of survival: the story of the Jews in the modern era, 1650–1990</a>. D. Appleton. Retrieved October 5, 2013.</li>
<li>Wilson, Mary Christina (1990). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yUGYsBRpqPkC">King Abdullah, Britain and the Making of Jordan</a>. Cambridge Middle East library. Vol. 13. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-39987-6. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Wineman, Aryeh (1999). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8RFNR32_ZiMC&pg=PA80">Ethical tales from the kabbalah: stories from the kabbalistic ethical writings</a>. Jewish Publication Society. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8276-0681-4. Retrieved July 27, 2011.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Robin_Wright_(author)/XcWRGIyy">Wright, R.</a> (2008). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LHYz68es3_MC">Dreams and Shadows: The Future of the Middle East</a>. Studies in Performance and Early Modern Drama. Penguin Group. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-14-311489-5. Retrieved December 20, 2010.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Danny_Yatom/n9DLu0mP">Yatom, D.</a> (February 26, 1994). <a href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Archive/Peace%20Process/1994/Preliminary%20Report%20on%20the%20Events%20in%20Hebron%20-%2026-Fe">"Preliminary Report on the Events in Hebron as presented by Commanding Officer of the Central Command General Dani Yatom Before the Diplomatic Corps"</a>. <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Israel)/JoJPDt9d">MFA</a>. Retrieved July 31, 2012.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Janine_Zacharia/1mmrKJ9V">Zacharia, J.</a> (March 8, 2010). <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/07/AR2010030702702.html">"Letter from the West Bank: In Hebron, renovation of holy site sets off strife"</a>. <a href="/facts/The_Washington_Post/dRvzvqJc">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</li>
<li>Zbeedat, Nagham (April 8, 2024). <a href="https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/2024-04-08/ty-article-magazine/.premium/west-bank-palestinians-are-also-going-hungry-an-800-year-old-soup-kitchen-is-stepping-up/0000018e-be16-db65-a7af-fe9e22950000">"West Bank Palestinians Are Also Going Hungry. This 800 Year-old Soup Kitchen Is Stepping Up"</a>. <a href="/facts/Haaretz/HUMlSB2k">Haaretz</a>. Retrieved April 9, 2024.</li>
<li><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qoIDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA279">"Hebron"</a>. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qoIDAAAAQAAJ">Palestine and Syria</a>. Leipsig: Karl Baedeker. 1876.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Robert_Alexander_Stewart_Macalister/PYhd3W3G">Macalister, Robert Alexander Stewart</a> (1911). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hebron">"Hebron" </a>. <a href="/facts/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition/mPElbCRY">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 192–193.</li>
<li><a href="https://archive.org/stream/ahandbookfortra00portgoog#page/n138/mode/2up">"Hebron"</a>. Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine. London: J. Murray. 1858. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2300777">2300777</a>.</li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikiquote has quotations related to Hebron.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Hebron.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hebron.

<a href="/facts/Wikisource/TrMdylNf">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/facts/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition/mPElbCRY">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "Hebron".

<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151207001922/http://www.hebron-city.ps/">www.hebron-city.ps</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.pbase.com/rdavid/hebron">Photographs of Hebron</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.hebron.com/">english Hebron.com – English</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/">Collection of Palestinian articles on Hebron published by "This Week in Palestine"</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.sephardicstudies.org/pdf/census_hebron.pdf">Sephardic Studies</a> 1839 Sephardic census of Ottoman-controlled Hebron.</li>
<li>ArchNet.org. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140105174049/http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=2247">"Hebron"</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT School of Architecture and Planning. Archived from <a href="http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=2247">the original</a> on January 5, 2014.</li>
<li><a href="https://app.box.com/s/no70ci49vgl5uu98102n">Settlement Encroachments in Hebron Old City</a>. Photo's/maps of settlements and closed roads. Hebron Rehabilitation Committee, April 1, 2014.</li>
<li><a href="https://mapsengine.google.com/map/viewer?mid=zJkDcCGYaj8Q.koBtxSNYrqT4">Settlements on GoogleMaps</a></li>
<li><a href="http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/Hebron.html">Ancient Canaanite and Biblical Hebron (Tel Rumeida) in Israel</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Medieval Islamic Civilization: A-K, index by Josef W. Meri; p. 318; "Hebron(Khalil al-Rahman" <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Kamrava 2010, p. 236. - Kamrava, Mehran (2010). The Modern Middle East: A Political History since the First World War (2 ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-94753-5. Retrieved October 5, 2010. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CkLHZCzMEJkC&pg=PA236" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=CkLHZCzMEJkC&pg=PA236</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Alimi 2013, p. 178. - Alimi, Eitan (2013). Israeli Politics and the First Palestinian Intifada: Political Opportunities, Framing Processes and Contentious Politics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-17182-8. Retrieved October 5, 2013. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=etfPrGqcLTEC&pg=PA178" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=etfPrGqcLTEC&pg=PA178</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Rothrock 2011, p. 100. - Rothrock, James (2011). Live by the Sword: Israel's Struggle for Existence in the Holy Land. WestBow Press. ISBN 978-1-449-72519-8. Retrieved October 5, 2013. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t5RIXqbwHoYC&pg=PA100" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=t5RIXqbwHoYC&pg=PA100</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Beilin 2004, p. 59. - Beilin, Y. (2004). The Path to Geneva: The Quest for a Permanent Agreement, 1996–2004. Akashic Books. ISBN 978-0-9719206-3-7. Retrieved October 5, 2013. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t5RIXqbwHoYC&pg=PA100" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=t5RIXqbwHoYC&pg=PA100</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Y.L. Arbeitman, The Hittite is Thy Mother: An Anatolian Approach to Genesis 23, (1981) pp. 889-1026, argues that an Indo-European root *ar-, with the same meaning as the semitic root ḥbr, namely 'to join' may underlie part of the earlier name Kiryat-Arba,[11] <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" target="_blank">/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Cazelles 1981, p. 195 compares Amorite ḫibru(m). Two roots are in play, ḥbr/ḫbr. The root has magical overtones, and develops pejorative connotations in late Biblical usage. - Cazelles, H. (1981). "Chābhar". In Botterweck, G.J.; Ringgren, H.; Fabry, H.-J. (eds.). Theological dictionary of the Old Testament. Vol. 4. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 193–197. ISBN 978-0-8028-2328-1. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T5gGQTrc1coC&pg=PA195" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=T5gGQTrc1coC&pg=PA195</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Talmon-Heller, Daniella (2007). "Graves, Relics and Sanctuariese: The Evolution of Syrian Sacred Topography (Eleventh-Thirteenth Centuries)". ARAM Periodical. 19: 606. <a href="https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=article&id=2020748" target="_blank">https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=article&id=2020748</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Talmon-Heller, Daniella (2007). "Graves, Relics and Sanctuariese: The Evolution of Syrian Sacred Topography (Eleventh-Thirteenth Centuries)". ARAM Periodical. 19: 606. <a href="https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=article&id=2020748" target="_blank">https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=article&id=2020748</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Qur'an 4:125/Surah 4 Aya (verse) 125, Qur'an ("source text". Archived from the original on October 27, 2009. Retrieved July 30, 2007.) <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" target="_blank">/wiki/Qur%27an</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Büssow 2011, p. 194 n.220 - Büssow, J. (2011). Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872–1908. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-20569-7. Retrieved October 27, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&pg=PA194" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&pg=PA194</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Khalidi, Walid. Before Their Diaspora : A Photographic History of the Palestinians, 1876-1948. Washington, D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1991, 61. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Sharon 2007, p. 104 - Sharon, M. (2007). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae addendum: squeezes in the Max van Berchem collection (Palestine, Trans-Jordan, Northern Syria): squeezes 1–84. Handbuch der Orientalistik: Nahe und der Mittlere Osten. Vol. 30. Brill. pp. 104–107. ISBN 978-90-04-15780-4. Retrieved July 21, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1d8xHcor0psC&pg=PA104" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=1d8xHcor0psC&pg=PA104</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Negev & Gibson 2001, pp. 225–5. - Negev, A.; Gibson, S., eds. (2001). Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-14-311489-5. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27nq65cZUIgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=27nq65cZUIgC</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Na'aman 2005, p. 180 - Na'aman, Nadav (2005). Canaan in the 2nd Millennium BCE. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-575-06113-9. Retrieved October 29, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HmTOoQmf23AC&pg=PA78" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=HmTOoQmf23AC&pg=PA78</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Towner 2001, pp. 144–45: "[T]he city was a Canaanite royal center long before it became Israelite". - Towner, Wayne Sibley (2001). Genesis. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-25256-4. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ONdsoa7MHUC&pg=PA144" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=6ONdsoa7MHUC&pg=PA144</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Albright 2000, p. 110 - Albright, W.F. (2000) [1975]. "The Amarna letters from Palestine". In Eiddon, Iorwerth; Edwards, Stephen; Gadd, C. J. (eds.). Cambridge Ancient History: The Middle East and Aegean Region c. 1380–1000 BC. Vol. 2 (3 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 98–116. ISBN 978-0-521-08691-2. Retrieved October 29, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&pg=PA110" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&pg=PA110</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Na'aman 2005, pp. 77–78 - Na'aman, Nadav (2005). Canaan in the 2nd Millennium BCE. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-575-06113-9. Retrieved October 29, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HmTOoQmf23AC&pg=PA78" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=HmTOoQmf23AC&pg=PA78</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Smith 1903, p. 200. - Smith, W.R. (1963) [1903]. Cook, Stanley A. (ed.). Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia. Boston: Beacon Press reprint. ISBN 978-0-8264-1526-4. Retrieved July 20, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kpRIAAAAYAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=kpRIAAAAYAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Kraeling 1925, p. 179. - Kraeling, E.G.H. (April 1925). "The Early Cult of Hebron and Judg. 16:1–3". The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. 41 (3): 174–178. doi:10.1086/370066. S2CID 171070877. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F370066" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1086%2F370066</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Na'aman 2005, p. 361 These non-Semitic names perhaps echo either a tradition of a group of elite professional troops (Philistines, Hittites), formed in Canaan whose ascendancy was overthrown by the West-Semitic clan of Caleb. They would have migrated from the Negev, - Na'aman, Nadav (2005). Canaan in the 2nd Millennium BCE. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-575-06113-9. Retrieved October 29, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HmTOoQmf23AC&pg=PA78" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=HmTOoQmf23AC&pg=PA78</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Joseph Blenkinsopp (1972). Gibeon and Israel. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-521-08368-3. <a href="978-0-521-08368-3" target="_blank">978-0-521-08368-3</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Joshua 10:3, 5, 3–39; 12:10, 13. Na'aman 2005, p. 177 doubts this tradition. "The book of Joshua is not a reliable source for either a historical or a territorial discussion of the Late Bronze Age, and its evidence must be disregarded". <a href="/wiki/Joshua" target="_blank">/wiki/Joshua</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Mulder 2004, p. 165 - Mulder, M.J. (2004). "Qirya". In Botterweck, G. Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer; Fabry, Heinz-Josef (eds.). Theological dictionary of the Old Testament. Vol. 13. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 164–167. ISBN 978-0-8028-2337-3. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RAwg47G0M2IC&pg=PA165" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=RAwg47G0M2IC&pg=PA165</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Alter 1996, p. 108. - Alter, R. (1996). Genesis: Translation and Commentary. W. W. Norton. pp. 886–888. ISBN 978-0-393-03981-8. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I-6zQgAACAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=I-6zQgAACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Hamilton 1995, p. 126. - Hamilton, V.P. (1995). The book of Genesis: chapters 18–50. The New international commentary on the Old Testament. Vol. 2. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-2309-0. Retrieved July 23, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zlQ4chBCC5oC&pg=PA126" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=zlQ4chBCC5oC&pg=PA126</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Finkelstein & Silberman 2001, p. 45. - Finkelstein, I.; Silberman, N.A. (2001). Covenant The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-2338-6. Retrieved July 25, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Lied 2008, pp. 154–62, 162 - Lied, Liv Ingeborg (2008). The Other Lands of Israel: Imaginations of the Land in 2 Baruch. Brill. ISBN 978-9-004-16556-4. Retrieved October 29, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BIT66nR380sC&pg=PA162" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BIT66nR380sC&pg=PA162</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Elazar 1998, p. 128: (Genesis.ch. 23) - Elazar, Daniel E. (1998). Covenant and Polity in Biblical Israel: Biblical Foundations & Jewish Expressions. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7658-0452-5. Retrieved July 25, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sWv7YVmcpREC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sWv7YVmcpREC</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Magen 2007, p. 185. - Magen, Yitzakh (2007). "The Dating of the First Phase of the Samaritan Temple on Mt Gerizim in Light of Archaeological Evidence". In Lipschitz, Oded; Knoppers, Gary N.; Albertz, Rainer (eds.). Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century BCE. Eisenbrauns. pp. 157–212. ISBN 978-1-575-06130-6. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6NsxZRnxE70C&pg=PA157" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=6NsxZRnxE70C&pg=PA157</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Glick 1994, p. 46, citing Joshua 10:36–42 and the influence this has had on certain settlers in the West Bank. - Glick, Leonard B. (1994). "Religion and Genocide". In Charny, I. W. (ed.). The Widening Circle of Genocide. Genocide: A Critical Bibliography. Vol. 3. TRansaction Publishers/Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide. pp. 43–74. ISBN 978-1-412-83965-5. Retrieved January 20, 2010. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I2chrSJCW54C&pg=PA46" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=I2chrSJCW54C&pg=PA46</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Gottwald 1999, p. 153: "certain conquests claimed for Joshua are elsewhere attributed to single tribes or clans, for example, in the case of Hebron (in Joshua 10:36–37, Hebron's capture is attributed to Joshua; in Judges 1:10 to Judah; in Judges 1:20 and Joshua 14:13–14; 15:13–14" to Caleb. - Gottwald, N.K. (1999). The tribes of Yahweh: a sociology of the religion of liberated Israel, 1250–1050 BCE. Continuum International Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84127-026-5. Retrieved July 27, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L_dIEeMj2EYC&pg=PA173" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=L_dIEeMj2EYC&pg=PA173</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Bratcher & Newman 1983, p. 262. - Bratcher, Robert G; Newman, Barclay Moon (1983). A Translator's Handbook on the Book of Joshua. United Bible Societies. ISBN 978-0-8267-0105-3. Retrieved July 24, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KfIWAAAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=KfIWAAAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Schafer-Lichtenberger (September 1, 1996). "Sociological views". In Volkmar Fritz (ed.). The Origins of the Ancient Israelite States. Philip R. Davies. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-567-60296-1. <a href="978-0-567-60296-1" target="_blank">978-0-567-60296-1</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Gottwald 1999, p. 173, citing 2 Samuel, 5:3. - Gottwald, N.K. (1999). The tribes of Yahweh: a sociology of the religion of liberated Israel, 1250–1050 BCE. Continuum International Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84127-026-5. Retrieved July 27, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L_dIEeMj2EYC&pg=PA173" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=L_dIEeMj2EYC&pg=PA173</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Japhet 1993, p. 148. See Joshua 20, 1–7. - Japhet, S. (1993). I & II Chronicles: A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22641-1. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V0WjzZB2V7cC&pg=PA148" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=V0WjzZB2V7cC&pg=PA148</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Hasson 2016 - Hasson, Nir (September 29, 2016). "Ancient Toilet Reveals the Unique Way the Israelites Fought Idol-worship". Haaretz. Retrieved September 29, 2016. <a href="http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.744861" target="_blank">http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.744861</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Sharon 2007, p. 104 - Sharon, M. (2007). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae addendum: squeezes in the Max van Berchem collection (Palestine, Trans-Jordan, Northern Syria): squeezes 1–84. Handbuch der Orientalistik: Nahe und der Mittlere Osten. Vol. 30. Brill. pp. 104–107. ISBN 978-90-04-15780-4. Retrieved July 21, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1d8xHcor0psC&pg=PA104" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=1d8xHcor0psC&pg=PA104</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Jericke 2003, p. 17 - Jericke, Detlef (2003). Abraham in Mamre: Historische und exegetische Studien zur Region von Hebron und zu Genesis 11, 27 – 19, 38. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12939-9. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=67Q3uY4opoAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=67Q3uY4opoAC</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Jericke 2003, pp. 26ff., 31. - Jericke, Detlef (2003). Abraham in Mamre: Historische und exegetische Studien zur Region von Hebron und zu Genesis 11, 27 – 19, 38. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12939-9. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=67Q3uY4opoAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=67Q3uY4opoAC</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Carter 1999, pp. 96–99 Carter challenges this view on the grounds that it has no archeological support. - Carter, Charles E. (1999). The Emergence of Yehud in the Persian Period: A Social and Demographic Study. Journal for the study of the Old Testament: Supplement series. Vol. 294. New York & London: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-84127-012-8. Retrieved July 20, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wv3SCewxPu0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=wv3SCewxPu0C</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Lemaire 2006, p. 419 - Lemaire, A. (2006). "New Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea and their Historical Interpretation". In Lipschitz, Oded; Oeming, Manfred (eds.). Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period. Eisenbrauns. pp. 413–456. ISBN 978-1-57506-104-7. Retrieved October 7, 2015. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1zi2i_C1aNkC&pg=PA419" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=1zi2i_C1aNkC&pg=PA419</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Jericke 2003, p. 19. - Jericke, Detlef (2003). Abraham in Mamre: Historische und exegetische Studien zur Region von Hebron und zu Genesis 11, 27 – 19, 38. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12939-9. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=67Q3uY4opoAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=67Q3uY4opoAC</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Josephus 1860, p. 334 Josephus Flavius, Antiquities of the Jews, Bk. 12, ch.8, para.6. - Josephus, Flavius (1860) [1737]. Whiston, William (ed.). The complete works of Flavius Josephus. London: T. Nelson and sons, 1860. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wQ1MAAAAYAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=wQ1MAAAAYAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Duke 2010, pp. 93–94 is sceptical.'This should be considered a raid on Hebron instead of a conquest based on subsequent events in the book of I Maccabees.' - Duke, Robert R. (2010). The Social Location of the Visions of Amram (4Q543-547). Studies in biblical literature. Vol. 135. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-1-4331-0789-4. Retrieved July 20, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=knLh2SnxQ0AC&pg=PA93" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=knLh2SnxQ0AC&pg=PA93</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Duke 2010, p. 94 - Duke, Robert R. (2010). The Social Location of the Visions of Amram (4Q543-547). Studies in biblical literature. Vol. 135. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-1-4331-0789-4. Retrieved July 20, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=knLh2SnxQ0AC&pg=PA93" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=knLh2SnxQ0AC&pg=PA93</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Jericke 2003, p. 17:'Spätestens in römischer Zeit ist die Ansiedlung im Tal beim heutigen Stadtzentrum zu finden'. - Jericke, Detlef (2003). Abraham in Mamre: Historische und exegetische Studien zur Region von Hebron und zu Genesis 11, 27 – 19, 38. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12939-9. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=67Q3uY4opoAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=67Q3uY4opoAC</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Josephus 1860, p. 701 Josephus, The Jewish War, Bk 4, ch. 9, p. 9. - Josephus, Flavius (1860) [1737]. Whiston, William (ed.). The complete works of Flavius Josephus. London: T. Nelson and sons, 1860. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wQ1MAAAAYAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=wQ1MAAAAYAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Schürer, Millar & Vermes 1973, p. 553 n.178 citing Jerome, in Zachariam 11:5; in Hieremiam 6:18; Chronicon paschale. - Schürer, E.; Millar, F.; Vermes, G. (1973). The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 BC – AD 135). Vol. 1. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-567-02242-4. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p75tWhrwGT8C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=p75tWhrwGT8C</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Hezser 2002, p. 96. - Hezser, Catherine (2002). "The Social Status of Slaves in the Talmud Yerushalmi and in Graeco-Roman Society". In Schäfer, Peter (ed.). The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graece-Roman Culture. Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum. Vol. 3. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 91–138. ISBN 978-0-567-02242-4. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_J5bdHyPprIC&pg=PA91" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=_J5bdHyPprIC&pg=PA91</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Norwich 1999, p. 285 - Norwich, J.J. (1999). Byzantium; The Early Centuries. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-53778-8. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pMMNKQEACAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=pMMNKQEACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Scharfstein 1994, p. 124. - Scharfstein, Sol (1994). Understanding Israel. Jerusalem: KTAV Publishing House, Inc. ISBN 978-0-88125-428-0. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://archive.org/details/understandingisr0000scha" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/understandingisr0000scha</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Salaville 1910, p. 185 - Salaville, Sévérien (1910). "Hebron". In Herbermann, C.G.; Pace, E.A.; Pallen, C.B.; Shahan, T.J.; Wynne, John Joseph; MacErlean, Andrew Alphonsus (eds.). The Catholic encyclopedia: an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic church. Vol. 7. Robert Appleton company. pp. 184–186. <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07184a.htm" target="_blank">http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07184a.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Gil 1997, pp. 56–57 cites the late testimony of two monks, Eudes and Arnoul CE 1119–1120:'When they (the Muslims) came to Hebron they were amazed to see the strong and handsome structures of the walls and they could not find an opening through which to enter, then the Jews happened to come, who lived in the area under the former rule of the Greeks (that is the Byzantines), and they said to the Muslims: give us (a letter of security) that we may continue to live (in our places) under your rule (literally-amongst you) and permit us to build a synagogue in front of the entrance (to the city). If you will do this, we shall show you where you can break in. And it was so'. - Gil, Moshe (1997) [1983]. A History of Palestine, 634–1099. Translated by Ethel Broido. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59984-9. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Scharfstein 1994, p. 124. - Scharfstein, Sol (1994). Understanding Israel. Jerusalem: KTAV Publishing House, Inc. ISBN 978-0-88125-428-0. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://archive.org/details/understandingisr0000scha" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/understandingisr0000scha</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Büssow 2011, p. 195 - Büssow, J. (2011). Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872–1908. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-20569-7. Retrieved October 27, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&pg=PA194" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&pg=PA194</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Hiro 1999, p. 166. - Hiro, D. (1999). Sharing the Promised Land: a tale of Israelis and Palestinians Olive. Olive Branch Press. ISBN 978-1-566-56319-2. Retrieved November 19, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QdQmAQAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=QdQmAQAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Frenkel, 2011, p. 28–29 <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Forbes 1965, p. 155, citing Anton Kisa et al., Das Glas im Altertum, 1908. - Forbes, R.J. (1965) [1955]. Studies in Ancient Technology. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). Brill. Retrieved November 15, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u6Y3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA155" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=u6Y3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA155</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Gil 1997, pp. 205 - Gil, Moshe (1997) [1983]. A History of Palestine, 634–1099. Translated by Ethel Broido. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59984-9. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Al-Muqaddasi 2001, pp. 156–57. For an older translation see Le Strange 1890, pp. 309–10 - Al-Muqaddasi (2001). Collins, B. A. (ed.). The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions. Ahasan al-Taqasim Fi Ma'rifat al-Aqalim. Reading: Garnet Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85964-136-1. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LBO1PijX1qsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LBO1PijX1qsC</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Al-Muqaddasi 2001, pp. 156–57. For an older translation see Le Strange 1890, pp. 309–10 - Al-Muqaddasi (2001). Collins, B. A. (ed.). The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions. Ahasan al-Taqasim Fi Ma'rifat al-Aqalim. Reading: Garnet Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85964-136-1. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LBO1PijX1qsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LBO1PijX1qsC</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Al-Muqaddasi 2001, pp. 156–57. For an older translation see Le Strange 1890, pp. 309–10 - Al-Muqaddasi (2001). Collins, B. A. (ed.). The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions. Ahasan al-Taqasim Fi Ma'rifat al-Aqalim. Reading: Garnet Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85964-136-1. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LBO1PijX1qsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LBO1PijX1qsC</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Al-Muqaddasi 2001, pp. 156–57. For an older translation see Le Strange 1890, pp. 309–10 - Al-Muqaddasi (2001). Collins, B. A. (ed.). The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions. Ahasan al-Taqasim Fi Ma'rifat al-Aqalim. Reading: Garnet Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85964-136-1. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LBO1PijX1qsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LBO1PijX1qsC</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Al-Muqaddasi 2001, pp. 156–57. For an older translation see Le Strange 1890, pp. 309–10 - Al-Muqaddasi (2001). Collins, B. A. (ed.). The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions. Ahasan al-Taqasim Fi Ma'rifat al-Aqalim. Reading: Garnet Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85964-136-1. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LBO1PijX1qsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LBO1PijX1qsC</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Al-Muqaddasi 2001, pp. 156–57. For an older translation see Le Strange 1890, pp. 309–10 - Al-Muqaddasi (2001). Collins, B. A. (ed.). The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions. Ahasan al-Taqasim Fi Ma'rifat al-Aqalim. Reading: Garnet Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85964-136-1. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LBO1PijX1qsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LBO1PijX1qsC</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">Le Strange 1890, p. 315 - Le Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from AD 650 to 1500. London: Alexander P. Watt. ISBN 978-1-143-27239-4. Retrieved July 25, 2011. <a href="https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Singer 2002, p. 148. - Singer, A. (2002). Constructing Ottoman Beneficence: An Imperial Soup Kitchen in Jerusalem. New York: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-5352-0. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UDvN8aTOJFAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UDvN8aTOJFAC</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Le Strange 1890, p. 315 - Le Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from AD 650 to 1500. London: Alexander P. Watt. ISBN 978-1-143-27239-4. Retrieved July 25, 2011. <a href="https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">Le Strange 1890, p. 315 - Le Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from AD 650 to 1500. London: Alexander P. Watt. ISBN 978-1-143-27239-4. Retrieved July 25, 2011. <a href="https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">Singer 2002, p. 148. - Singer, A. (2002). Constructing Ottoman Beneficence: An Imperial Soup Kitchen in Jerusalem. New York: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-5352-0. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UDvN8aTOJFAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UDvN8aTOJFAC</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">Singer 2002, p. 148. - Singer, A. (2002). Constructing Ottoman Beneficence: An Imperial Soup Kitchen in Jerusalem. New York: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-5352-0. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UDvN8aTOJFAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UDvN8aTOJFAC</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">Singer 2002, p. 148. - Singer, A. (2002). Constructing Ottoman Beneficence: An Imperial Soup Kitchen in Jerusalem. New York: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-5352-0. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UDvN8aTOJFAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UDvN8aTOJFAC</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">Singer 2002, p. 148. - Singer, A. (2002). Constructing Ottoman Beneficence: An Imperial Soup Kitchen in Jerusalem. New York: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-5352-0. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UDvN8aTOJFAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UDvN8aTOJFAC</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">Le Strange 1890, p. 315 - Le Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from AD 650 to 1500. London: Alexander P. Watt. ISBN 978-1-143-27239-4. Retrieved July 25, 2011. <a href="https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">Singer 2002, p. 148. - Singer, A. (2002). Constructing Ottoman Beneficence: An Imperial Soup Kitchen in Jerusalem. New York: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-5352-0. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UDvN8aTOJFAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UDvN8aTOJFAC</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">Zbeedat 2024. - Zbeedat, Nagham (April 8, 2024). "West Bank Palestinians Are Also Going Hungry. This 800 Year-old Soup Kitchen Is Stepping Up". Haaretz. Retrieved April 9, 2024. <a href="https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/2024-04-08/ty-article-magazine/.premium/west-bank-palestinians-are-also-going-hungry-an-800-year-old-soup-kitchen-is-stepping-up/0000018e-be16-db65-a7af-fe9e22950000" target="_blank">https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/2024-04-08/ty-article-magazine/.premium/west-bank-palestinians-are-also-going-hungry-an-800-year-old-soup-kitchen-is-stepping-up/0000018e-be16-db65-a7af-fe9e22950000</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">Gil 1997, p. 206 - Gil, Moshe (1997) [1983]. A History of Palestine, 634–1099. Translated by Ethel Broido. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59984-9. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">Robinson & Smith 1856, p. 78:"'The Castle of St. Abraham' was the generic Crusader name for Hebron." - Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1856). Biblical researches in Palestine, 1838–52. A journal of travels in the year 1838. Vol. 2. Boston: Crocker and Brewster. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AFG7241.0002.001" target="_blank">http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AFG7241.0002.001</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">Avraham Lewensohn. Israel tourguide, 1979. p. 222. <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">Murray 2000, p. 107 - Murray, Alan V. (2000). The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. Prosopographica et Genealogica. ISBN 978-1-9009-3403-9. <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">Runciman 1965a, p. 307 Runciman also (pp. 307–08) notes that Gerard of Avesnes was a knight from Hainault held hostage at Arsuf, north of Jaffa, who had been wounded by Godfrey's own forces during the siege of the port, and later returned by the Muslims to Godfrey as a token of good will. - Runciman, S. (1965a) [1951]. A History of the Crusades:The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-78292-436-4. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0bEqAAAAYAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0bEqAAAAYAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">Runciman 1965b, p. 4 - Runciman, S. (1965b) [1952]. A History of the Crusades:The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East 1100–1187. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-521-34771-6. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QL88AAAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=QL88AAAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:84">Le Strange 1890, pp. 317–18 - Le Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from AD 650 to 1500. London: Alexander P. Watt. ISBN 978-1-143-27239-4. Retrieved July 25, 2011. <a href="https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:85">Kohler 1896, pp. 447ff. - Kohler, C. (1896). "Un nouveau récit de l'invention des Patriarches Abraham, Isaac et Jacob à Hebron". Revue de l'Orient Latin. 4. Paris: 477. <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:86">Runciman 1965b, p. 319. - Runciman, S. (1965b) [1952]. A History of the Crusades:The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East 1100–1187. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-521-34771-6. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QL88AAAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=QL88AAAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:87">Kraemer 2001, p. 422. - Kraemer, Joel L (2001). "The Life of Moses Ben Maimon". In Fine, Lawrence (ed.). Judaism in Practice: From the Middle Ages Through the Early Modern Period. Princeton University Press. pp. 413–428. ISBN 978-0-691-05787-3. Retrieved July 20, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ohYOD34VlXEC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ohYOD34VlXEC</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:88">Boas 1999, p. 52. - Boas, Adrian J. (1999). Crusader archaeology: the material culture of the Latin East. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17361-2. Retrieved July 25, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a4ROJ_y85qwC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=a4ROJ_y85qwC</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:89">Richard 1999, p. 112. - Richard, Jean (1999). The Crusades, c. 1071– c. 1291. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62566-1. Retrieved July 20, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a0LO9u6xKvcC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=a0LO9u6xKvcC</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:90">Benjamin 1907, p. 25. - Benjamin (of Tudela) (1907). Adler, Marcus Nathan (ed.). The itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: critical text, translation and commentary. Oxford: Henry Frowde. ISBN 978-0-8370-2263-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LWErzRkDnKUC&pg=RA1-PA60" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LWErzRkDnKUC&pg=RA1-PA60</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:91">Benjamin 1907, p. 25. - Benjamin (of Tudela) (1907). Adler, Marcus Nathan (ed.). The itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: critical text, translation and commentary. Oxford: Henry Frowde. ISBN 978-0-8370-2263-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LWErzRkDnKUC&pg=RA1-PA60" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LWErzRkDnKUC&pg=RA1-PA60</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:92">Benjamin 1907, p. 25. - Benjamin (of Tudela) (1907). Adler, Marcus Nathan (ed.). The itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: critical text, translation and commentary. Oxford: Henry Frowde. ISBN 978-0-8370-2263-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LWErzRkDnKUC&pg=RA1-PA60" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LWErzRkDnKUC&pg=RA1-PA60</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:93">Benjamin 1907, p. 25. - Benjamin (of Tudela) (1907). Adler, Marcus Nathan (ed.). The itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: critical text, translation and commentary. Oxford: Henry Frowde. ISBN 978-0-8370-2263-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LWErzRkDnKUC&pg=RA1-PA60" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LWErzRkDnKUC&pg=RA1-PA60</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:94">Benjamin 1907, p. 25. - Benjamin (of Tudela) (1907). Adler, Marcus Nathan (ed.). The itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: critical text, translation and commentary. Oxford: Henry Frowde. ISBN 978-0-8370-2263-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LWErzRkDnKUC&pg=RA1-PA60" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LWErzRkDnKUC&pg=RA1-PA60</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:95">Gil 1997, p. 207. Note to editors. This account, always in Moshe Gil, refers to two distinct events, the Arab conquest from Byzantium, and the Kurdish-Arab conquest from Crusaders. In both the manuscript is a monkish chronicle, and the words used, and event described is identical. We may have a secondary source confusion here. - Gil, Moshe (1997) [1983]. A History of Palestine, 634–1099. Translated by Ethel Broido. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59984-9. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:96">Sharon 2003, p. 297. - Sharon, M. (2003). "Palestine Under the Mameluks and the Ottoman Empire (1291–1918)". In Avi-Yonah, M. (ed.). A History of Israel and the Holy Land. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 272–322. ISBN 978-0-8264-1526-4. Retrieved July 20, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AhasMr2F3i8C&pg=PA272" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AhasMr2F3i8C&pg=PA272</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:97">Runciman 1965c, p. 219 - Runciman, S. (1965c) [1954]. A History of the Crusades:The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-521-34772-3. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mrw8AAAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=mrw8AAAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:98">Salaville 1910, p. 185 - Salaville, Sévérien (1910). "Hebron". In Herbermann, C.G.; Pace, E.A.; Pallen, C.B.; Shahan, T.J.; Wynne, John Joseph; MacErlean, Andrew Alphonsus (eds.). The Catholic encyclopedia: an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic church. Vol. 7. Robert Appleton company. pp. 184–186. <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07184a.htm" target="_blank">http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07184a.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:99">Micheau 2006, p. 402 - Micheau, Françoise (2006). "Eastern Christianities (eleventh to fourteenth century): Copts, Melkites, Nestorians and Jacobites". In Angold, M. (ed.). Eastern Christianity. The Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. pp. 373–403. ISBN 978-0-521-81113-2. Retrieved July 20, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vBy7CTYVBeMC&pg=PA402" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=vBy7CTYVBeMC&pg=PA402</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:100">Murphy-O'Connor 1998, p. 274. - Murphy-O'Connor, J. (1998). The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-288013-0. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GhPlUt1kz-wC&pg=PA274" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=GhPlUt1kz-wC&pg=PA274</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:101">Sharon 1997, pp. 117–18. - Sharon, M., ed. (1997). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae:A. Handbuch der Orientalistik: Nahe und der Mittlere Osten. Vol. 1. Brill. pp. 117–118. ISBN 978-90-04-10833-2. Retrieved July 21, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A9MNAAAAYAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=A9MNAAAAYAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:102">Dandis, Wala. History of Hebron. 2011-11-07. Retrieved on 2012-03-02. <a href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/71913073/History-of-Hebron" target="_blank">https://www.scribd.com/doc/71913073/History-of-Hebron</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:103">Meri 2004, pp. 362–63. - Meri, J.W. (2004). Medieval Islamic Civilization. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-96690-0. Retrieved November 21, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC&pg=PA363" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC&pg=PA363</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:104">Kosover 1966, p. 5. - Kosover, Mordecai (1966). Arabic elements in Palestinian Yiddish: the old Ashkenazic Jewish community in Palestine, its history and its language. R. Mass. Retrieved October 29, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yqKUcnKZOIgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=yqKUcnKZOIgC</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:105">David 2010, p. 24. - David, Abraham (2010). To Come to the Land: Immigration and Settlement in 16th-Century Eretz-Israel. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-817-35643-9. Retrieved November 10, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qqy4wqVbSUkC&pg=PA25" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=qqy4wqVbSUkC&pg=PA25</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:106">Lamdan 2000, p. 102. - Lamdan, Ruth (2000). A Separate People: Jewish Women in Palestine, Syria, and Egypt in the Sixteenth Century. Brill's Series in Jewish Studies. Vol. 26. Brill. ISBN 978-9-004-11747-1. Retrieved October 29, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OKlYce7f8iAC&pg=PA102" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=OKlYce7f8iAC&pg=PA102</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:107">Robinson & Smith 1856, pp. 440–42, n.1. - Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1856). Biblical researches in Palestine, 1838–52. A journal of travels in the year 1838. Vol. 2. Boston: Crocker and Brewster. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AFG7241.0002.001" target="_blank">http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AFG7241.0002.001</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:108">Singer 2002, p. 148 - Singer, A. (2002). Constructing Ottoman Beneficence: An Imperial Soup Kitchen in Jerusalem. New York: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-5352-0. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UDvN8aTOJFAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UDvN8aTOJFAC</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:109">Robinson & Smith 1856, p. 458. - Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1856). Biblical researches in Palestine, 1838–52. A journal of travels in the year 1838. Vol. 2. Boston: Crocker and Brewster. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AFG7241.0002.001" target="_blank">http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AFG7241.0002.001</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:110">Berger 2012, p. 246.. - Berger, Pamela (2012). The Crescent on the Temple: The Dome of the Rock as Image of the Ancient Jewish Sanctuary. Brill's Studies in Religion and the Arts. Vol. 5. Brill. ISBN 978-9-004-20300-6. Retrieved March 8, 2016. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vvNMvqkDpP0C&pg=PA246" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=vvNMvqkDpP0C&pg=PA246</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:111">Green 2007, pp. xv–xix. - Green, T. (2007). Inquisition; The Reign of Fear. Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-1-4050-8873-2. Retrieved July 23, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=awCD5GgCQiUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=awCD5GgCQiUC</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:112">Büssow 2011, p. 195. - Büssow, J. (2011). Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872–1908. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-20569-7. Retrieved October 27, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&pg=PA194" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&pg=PA194</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:113">David 2010, p. 24. Tahrir registers document 20 households in 1538/9, 8 in 1553/4, 11 in 1562 and 1596/7. Gil however suggests the tahrir records of the Jewish population may be understated. - David, Abraham (2010). To Come to the Land: Immigration and Settlement in 16th-Century Eretz-Israel. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-817-35643-9. Retrieved November 10, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qqy4wqVbSUkC&pg=PA25" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=qqy4wqVbSUkC&pg=PA25</a> <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:114">Schwarz 1850, p. 397 - Schwarz, Yehoseph (1850). Leeser, I. (ed.). A Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine. A. Hart. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://archive.org/details/adescriptivegeo00schwgoog" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/adescriptivegeo00schwgoog</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:115">Perera 1996, p. 104. - Perera, V. (1996) [1995]. The Cross and the Pear Tree: A Sephardic Journey. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20652-6. Retrieved July 1, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VdTqRyq15dAC&pg=PA177" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=VdTqRyq15dAC&pg=PA177</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:116">Barnay 1992, pp. 89–90 gives the figures of 12,000 quadrupling to 46,000 Kuruş. - Barnay, Jacob (1992). Goldblum, Naomi (ed.). The Jews in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: Under the Patronage of the Istanbul Committee of Officials for Palestine. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-817-30572-7. Retrieved July 20, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GdEDefYc4u0C&pg=PR10" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=GdEDefYc4u0C&pg=PR10</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:117">Marcus 1996, p. 85. In 1770, they received financial assistance from North American Jews, which amounted in excess of £100. - Marcus, J.R. (1996). The Jew in the American world: a source book. Wayne State University Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-814-32548-3. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8fq8ct7KmgC&pg=PA85" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8fq8ct7KmgC&pg=PA85</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:118">Van Luit 2009, p. 42. In 1803, the rabbis and elders of the Jewish community were imprisoned after failing to pay their debts. In 1807, the community did succeed in purchasing a 5-dunam (5,000 m2) plot where Hebron's wholesale market stands today. - Van Luit, Tehilah (2009). Mediene Remnants: Yiddish Sources in the Netherlands Outside of Amsterdam. Brill. ISBN 978-9-004-15625-8. Retrieved May 4, 2014. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=My_mllNwTuoC&pg=PA42" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=My_mllNwTuoC&pg=PA42</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:119">Conder 1830, p. 198. - Conder, J. (1830). The Modern Traveller: A Description, Geographical, Historical, and Topographical, of the Various Countries of the Globe. Vol. 1. J. Duncan. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f8saAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA198" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=f8saAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA198</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:120">Conder 1830, p. 198. The source was a manuscript, The Travels of Ali Bey, vol. ii, pp. 232–33. - Conder, J. (1830). The Modern Traveller: A Description, Geographical, Historical, and Topographical, of the Various Countries of the Globe. Vol. 1. J. Duncan. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f8saAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA198" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=f8saAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA198</a> <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:121">Schölch 1993, p. 161. - Schölch, Alexander (1993). Palestine in Transformation, 1856–1882: studies in social, economic, and political development. Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 978-0-88728-234-8. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cMVtAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=cMVtAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:122">Büssow 2011, p. 198 - Büssow, J. (2011). Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872–1908. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-20569-7. Retrieved October 27, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&pg=PA194" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&pg=PA194</a> <a href="#fnref:122" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:123">WV 1833, p. 436. - "The Weekly Visitor". Religious Tract Society. November 1833. pp. 433–440. Retrieved June 22, 2020. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oQQbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA436" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=oQQbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA436</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:124">Shaw 1808, p. 144 - Shaw, T. (1808). Travels or observations relating to several parts of Barbary and the Levant. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: J. Ritchie. Retrieved July 27, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SBUIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA144" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=SBUIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA144</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:125">Finn 1868, p. 39. - Finn, J. (1868). Byeways in Palestine. London: James Nisbett. Retrieved July 25, 2011. <a href="https://archive.org/details/byewaysinpalesti00finniala" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/byewaysinpalesti00finniala</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:126">Krämer 2011, p. 68 - Krämer, G. (2011). A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15007-9. Retrieved February 22, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tWrW_CKODdQC&pg=PA232" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=tWrW_CKODdQC&pg=PA232</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:127">Kimmerling & Migdal 2003, pp. 6–11, esp. p. 8 - Kimmerling, B.; Migdal, Joel S. (2003). The Palestinian people: a history. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01129-8. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:128">Robinson & Smith 1856, p. 88. - Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1856). Biblical researches in Palestine, 1838–52. A journal of travels in the year 1838. Vol. 2. Boston: Crocker and Brewster. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AFG7241.0002.001" target="_blank">http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AFG7241.0002.001</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:129">Schwarz 1850, p. 403. - Schwarz, Yehoseph (1850). Leeser, I. (ed.). A Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine. A. Hart. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://archive.org/details/adescriptivegeo00schwgoog" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/adescriptivegeo00schwgoog</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:130">Schwarz 1850, pp. 398–99. - Schwarz, Yehoseph (1850). Leeser, I. (ed.). A Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine. A. Hart. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://archive.org/details/adescriptivegeo00schwgoog" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/adescriptivegeo00schwgoog</a> <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:131">Robinson & Smith 1856, p. 88. - Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1856). Biblical researches in Palestine, 1838–52. A journal of travels in the year 1838. Vol. 2. Boston: Crocker and Brewster. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AFG7241.0002.001" target="_blank">http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AFG7241.0002.001</a> <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:132">Schwarz 1850, pp. 398–400 - Schwarz, Yehoseph (1850). Leeser, I. (ed.). A Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine. A. Hart. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://archive.org/details/adescriptivegeo00schwgoog" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/adescriptivegeo00schwgoog</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:133">Finn 1878, pp. 287ff. - Finn, J. (1878). Stirring Times, or Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles of 1853–1856. Vol. 2. Location: C.K. Paul & Co. Retrieved July 25, 2011. <a href="https://archive.org/details/stirringtimesor02finngoog" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/stirringtimesor02finngoog</a> <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:134">Schölch 1993, pp. 234–35. - Schölch, Alexander (1993). Palestine in Transformation, 1856–1882: studies in social, economic, and political development. Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 978-0-88728-234-8. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cMVtAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=cMVtAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:135">Cohen 2015, p. 15. - Cohen, H. (2015). Year Zero of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: 1929. Brandeis University Press. ISBN 978-1-611-68811-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dW25CgAAQBAJ&dq=Cohel+Year+Zero+2015+ius+soli&pg=PA8" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=dW25CgAAQBAJ&dq=Cohel+Year+Zero+2015+ius+soli&pg=PA8</a> <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:136">Schwarz 1850, p. 401 - Schwarz, Yehoseph (1850). Leeser, I. (ed.). A Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine. A. Hart. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://archive.org/details/adescriptivegeo00schwgoog" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/adescriptivegeo00schwgoog</a> <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:137">Wilson 1847, pp. 355–381, 372:The rabbi of the Ashkenazi community, who said they numbered 60 mainly Polish and Russian emigrants, professed no knowledge of the Sephardim in Hebron (p. 377). - Wilson, J. (1847). The lands of the Bible visited and described. Vol. 1. White. Retrieved October 5, 2013. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7eDxQk0MjhcC&pg=PA357" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7eDxQk0MjhcC&pg=PA357</a> <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:138">Sicker 1999, p. 6. - Sicker, Martin (1999). Reshaping Palestine: From Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831–1922. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-96639-3. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TWBxUi5fVS0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=TWBxUi5fVS0C</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:139">Büssow 2011, pp. 198–99. - Büssow, J. (2011). Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872–1908. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-20569-7. Retrieved October 27, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&pg=PA194" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&pg=PA194</a> <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:140">Wilson 1847, p. 379. - Wilson, J. (1847). The lands of the Bible visited and described. Vol. 1. White. Retrieved October 5, 2013. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7eDxQk0MjhcC&pg=PA357" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7eDxQk0MjhcC&pg=PA357</a> <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:141">Wilson 1881, p. 195 mentions a different set of names, the Quarter of the Cloister Gate (Harat Bab ez Zawiyeh);the Quarter of the Sanctuary (Haret el Haram), to the south-east. - Wilson, C.W. (1881). Triumph of survival: the story of the Jews in the modern era, 1650–1990. D. Appleton. Retrieved October 5, 2013. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6jdQAQAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=6jdQAQAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:142">Schölch 1993, pp. 236–37. - Schölch, Alexander (1993). Palestine in Transformation, 1856–1882: studies in social, economic, and political development. Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 978-0-88728-234-8. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cMVtAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=cMVtAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:143">Finn 1878, pp. 305–308. - Finn, J. (1878). Stirring Times, or Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles of 1853–1856. Vol. 2. Location: C.K. Paul & Co. Retrieved July 25, 2011. <a href="https://archive.org/details/stirringtimesor02finngoog" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/stirringtimesor02finngoog</a> <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:144">Shragai 2008. - Shragai, N. (September 23, 2008). "A window on the massacre". Haaretz. Archived from the original on October 28, 2008. Retrieved October 30, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028180038/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1023496.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081028180038/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1023496.html</a> <a href="#fnref:144" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:145">Shragai 2008. - Shragai, N. (September 23, 2008). "A window on the massacre". Haaretz. Archived from the original on October 28, 2008. Retrieved October 30, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028180038/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1023496.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081028180038/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1023496.html</a> <a href="#fnref:145" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:146">Isaac Samuel Emmanuel, Suzanne A. Emmanuel. History of the Jews of the Netherlands Antilles, Volume 2. American Jewish Archives. 1970. p. 754: "Between 1869 and 1871 Hebron was plagued with a severe drought. Food was so scarce that the little available sold for ten times the normal value. Although the rains came in 1871, there was no easing of the famine, for the farmers had no seed to sow. The [Jewish] community was obliged to borrow money from non-Jews at exorbitant interest rates in order to buy wheat for their fold. Their leaders finally decided to send their eminent Chief Rabbi Eliau [Soliman] Mani to Egypt to obtain relief." <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e7xrAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=e7xrAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:146" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:147">Khalidi 1998, p. 218. - Khalidi, R. (1998) [1998]. Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10515-6. Retrieved July 28, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pQx8u8MN13AC&pg=PA218" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=pQx8u8MN13AC&pg=PA218</a> <a href="#fnref:147" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:148">Conder 1879, p. 79 - Conder, C.R. (1879). Tent Work in Palestine. A Record of Discovery and Adventure. Vol. 2. Richard Bentley & Son (published for the Committee of the PEF). OCLC 23589738. Retrieved October 15, 2020. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/tentworkinpalest02conduoft#page/n9/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/tentworkinpalest02conduoft#page/n9/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:148" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:149">Conder 1879, p. 79 - Conder, C.R. (1879). Tent Work in Palestine. A Record of Discovery and Adventure. Vol. 2. Richard Bentley & Son (published for the Committee of the PEF). OCLC 23589738. Retrieved October 15, 2020. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/tentworkinpalest02conduoft#page/n9/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/tentworkinpalest02conduoft#page/n9/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:149" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:150">Schölch 1993, pp. 161–62 quoting David Delpuget Les Juifs d'Alexandrie, de Jaffa et de Jérusalem en 1865, Bordeaux, 1866, p. 26. - Schölch, Alexander (1993). Palestine in Transformation, 1856–1882: studies in social, economic, and political development. Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 978-0-88728-234-8. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cMVtAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=cMVtAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:150" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:151">Schölch 1993, pp. 161–62. - Schölch, Alexander (1993). Palestine in Transformation, 1856–1882: studies in social, economic, and political development. Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 978-0-88728-234-8. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cMVtAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=cMVtAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:151" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:152">Tarākī 2006, pp. 12–14 - Tarākī, L., ed. (2006). Living Palestine: Family Survival, Resistance, And Mobility Under Occupation. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-815-63107-1. Retrieved November 20, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1E2yee89DggC&pg=PA13" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=1E2yee89DggC&pg=PA13</a> <a href="#fnref:152" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:153">Tarākī 2006, pp. 12–14: "Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and well into the twentieth, Hebron was a peripheral, "borderline" community, attracting poor itinerant peasants and those with Sufi inclinations from its environs. The tradition of shorabat Sayyidna Ibrahim, a soup kitchen surviving into the present day and supervised by the awqaf, and that of the Sufi zawaya gave the city a reputation for being an asylum for the poor and the spiritual. (Ju'beh 2003). - Tarākī, L., ed. (2006). Living Palestine: Family Survival, Resistance, And Mobility Under Occupation. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-815-63107-1. Retrieved November 20, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1E2yee89DggC&pg=PA13" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=1E2yee89DggC&pg=PA13</a> <a href="#fnref:153" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:154">Tarākī 2006, pp. 12–14 - Tarākī, L., ed. (2006). Living Palestine: Family Survival, Resistance, And Mobility Under Occupation. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-815-63107-1. Retrieved November 20, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1E2yee89DggC&pg=PA13" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=1E2yee89DggC&pg=PA13</a> <a href="#fnref:154" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:155">Kimmerling & Migdal 2003, p. 41 - Kimmerling, B.; Migdal, Joel S. (2003). The Palestinian people: a history. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01129-8. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC</a> <a href="#fnref:155" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:156">Gorenberg 2007, p. 145. - Gorenberg, G. (2007). The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967–1977. Times Books, Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 978-0-8050-8241-8. Retrieved July 23, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_fWu8v0fgAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7_fWu8v0fgAC</a> <a href="#fnref:156" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:157">Laurens 1999, p. 508. - Laurens, H. (1999). La question de Palestine: 1799–1922, l'invention de la terre sainte. Vol. 1. Paris: Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-60349-0. Retrieved July 25, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L2nJSAAACAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=L2nJSAAACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:157" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:158">Renan 1864, p. 93 remarked of the town that it was "one of the bulwarks of Semitic ideas, in their most austere form". - Renan, E. (1864). The life of Jesus. Trübner. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://archive.org/details/lifejesus00unkngoog" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/lifejesus00unkngoog</a> <a href="#fnref:158" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:159">Büssow 2011, p. 195. - Büssow, J. (2011). Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872–1908. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-20569-7. Retrieved October 27, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&pg=PA194" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&pg=PA194</a> <a href="#fnref:159" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:160">Büssow 2011, p. 199. - Büssow, J. (2011). Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872–1908. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-20569-7. Retrieved October 27, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&pg=PA194" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&pg=PA194</a> <a href="#fnref:160" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:161">Kimmerling & Migdal 2003, p. 92. - Kimmerling, B.; Migdal, Joel S. (2003). The Palestinian people: a history. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01129-8. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC</a> <a href="#fnref:161" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:162">Campos 2007, pp. 55–56 - Campos, Michelle (2007). "Remembering Jewish-Arab Contact and Conflict". In Sufian, Sandra Marlene; LeVine, M. (eds.). Reapproaching borders: new perspectives on the study of Israel-Palestine. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 41–66. ISBN 978-0-7425-4639-4. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qNw9qRPHTScC&pg=PA41" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=qNw9qRPHTScC&pg=PA41</a> <a href="#fnref:162" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:163">Kupferschmidt 1987, pp. 110–11. - Kupferschmidt, Uri M. (1987). The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine. Brill. ISBN 978-9-004-07929-8. Retrieved November 5, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SiBkMSIZ2LYC&pg=PA237" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=SiBkMSIZ2LYC&pg=PA237</a> <a href="#fnref:163" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:164">J. B. Barron, ed. Palestine, Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine, page 9 <a href="/wiki/File:J._B._Barron,_ed._Palestine,_Report_and_General_Abstracts_of_the_Census_of_1922._Government_of_Palestine.djvu" target="_blank">/wiki/File:J._B._Barron,_ed._Palestine,_Report_and_General_Abstracts_of_the_Census_of_1922._Government_of_Palestine.djvu</a> <a href="#fnref:164" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:165">M. Th. Houtsma (1993). E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936. Vol. 4. Brill. p. 887. ISBN 978-90-04-09790-2. <a href="978-90-04-09790-2" target="_blank">978-90-04-09790-2</a> <a href="#fnref:165" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:166">Cohen 2008, p. 64. - Cohen, H. (2009) [2008]. Watzman, Haim (ed.). Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism, 1917–1948. University of California Press. ISBN 978-1-55054-967-6. Retrieved July 25, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LMIk4adlKr0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LMIk4adlKr0C</a> <a href="#fnref:166" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:167">Kupferschmidt 1987, p. 82: "In any event, after his appointment, Abd al-Hayy al-Khatib not only played a prominent role in the disturbances of 1929, but, in general, appeared as one of the few loyal adherents of Hajj Amin in that town." - Kupferschmidt, Uri M. (1987). The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine. Brill. ISBN 978-9-004-07929-8. Retrieved November 5, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SiBkMSIZ2LYC&pg=PA237" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=SiBkMSIZ2LYC&pg=PA237</a> <a href="#fnref:167" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:168">Tarākī 2006, pp. 12–14. - Tarākī, L., ed. (2006). Living Palestine: Family Survival, Resistance, And Mobility Under Occupation. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-815-63107-1. Retrieved November 20, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1E2yee89DggC&pg=PA13" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=1E2yee89DggC&pg=PA13</a> <a href="#fnref:168" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:169">Cohen 2008, pp. 19–20. - Cohen, H. (2009) [2008]. Watzman, Haim (ed.). Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism, 1917–1948. University of California Press. ISBN 978-1-55054-967-6. Retrieved July 25, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LMIk4adlKr0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LMIk4adlKr0C</a> <a href="#fnref:169" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:170">Ilan Ben Zion (April 27, 2015). "Eyeing Nepal, experts warn Israel is unprepared for its own Big One". The Times of Israel. <a href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/eyeing-nepal-experts-warn-israel-is-unprepared-for-its-own-big-one/" target="_blank">https://www.timesofisrael.com/eyeing-nepal-experts-warn-israel-is-unprepared-for-its-own-big-one/</a> <a href="#fnref:170" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:171">Kupferschmidt 1987, p. 237 - Kupferschmidt, Uri M. (1987). The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine. Brill. ISBN 978-9-004-07929-8. Retrieved November 5, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SiBkMSIZ2LYC&pg=PA237" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=SiBkMSIZ2LYC&pg=PA237</a> <a href="#fnref:171" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:172">Wein 1993, pp. 138–39, - Wein, B. (1993). Triumph of survival: the story of the Jews in the modern era, 1650–1990. Mesorah Publications. ISBN 978-0-89906-498-7. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=11f9xBbOBBEC&pg=PA138" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=11f9xBbOBBEC&pg=PA138</a> <a href="#fnref:172" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:173">Bauman 1994, p. 22 - Bauman, Mark K. (1994). Harry H. Epstein and the Rabbinate as Conduit for Change. New York & London: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-3541-4. Retrieved July 20, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CSDNTYjTRRoC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=CSDNTYjTRRoC</a> <a href="#fnref:173" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:174">Krämer 2011, p. 232. - Krämer, G. (2011). A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15007-9. Retrieved February 22, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tWrW_CKODdQC&pg=PA232" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=tWrW_CKODdQC&pg=PA232</a> <a href="#fnref:174" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:175">Segev 2001, p. 318. - Segev, T. (2001). Palestine, Complete; Jews and Arabs under the British Mandate. Little, Brown and company. ISBN 978-4-444-40801-1. Retrieved July 26, 2011.Macalister, Robert Alexander Stewart (1911). "Hebron" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 192–193. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lbJGAAAACAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=lbJGAAAACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:175" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:176">Kimmerling & Migdal 2003, p. 92 - Kimmerling, B.; Migdal, Joel S. (2003). The Palestinian people: a history. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01129-8. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC</a> <a href="#fnref:176" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:177">Post-holocaust and anti-semitism – Issues 40–75 – Page 35 Merkaz ha-Yerushalmi le-ʻinyene tsibur u-medinah, Temple University. Center for Jewish Community Studies – 2006: "After the 1929 riots in Mandatory Palestine, the non-Jewish French writer Albert Londres asked him why the Arabs had murdered the old, pious Jews in Hebron and Safed, with whom they had no quarrel. The mayor answered: "In a way you behave like in a war. You don't kill what you want. You kill what you find. Next time they will all be killed, young and old." Later on, Londres spoke again to the mayor and tested him ironically by saying: "You cannot kill all the Jews. There are 150,000 of them." Nashashibi answered "in a soft voice, 'Oh no, it'll take two days." <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NyopAQAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=NyopAQAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:177" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:178">Segev 2001, pp. 325–26: The Zionist Archives preserves lists of Jews who were saved by Arabs; one list contains 435 names. - Segev, T. (2001). Palestine, Complete; Jews and Arabs under the British Mandate. Little, Brown and company. ISBN 978-4-444-40801-1. Retrieved July 26, 2011.Macalister, Robert Alexander Stewart (1911). "Hebron" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 192–193. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lbJGAAAACAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=lbJGAAAACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:178" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:179">"The Tangled Truth". The New Republic. May 7, 2008. <a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/64363/the-tangled-truth" target="_blank">https://newrepublic.com/article/64363/the-tangled-truth</a> <a href="#fnref:179" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:180">Campos 2007, pp. 56–57 - Campos, Michelle (2007). "Remembering Jewish-Arab Contact and Conflict". In Sufian, Sandra Marlene; LeVine, M. (eds.). Reapproaching borders: new perspectives on the study of Israel-Palestine. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 41–66. ISBN 978-0-7425-4639-4. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qNw9qRPHTScC&pg=PA41" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=qNw9qRPHTScC&pg=PA41</a> <a href="#fnref:180" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:181">Chaim Levinsohn (February 18, 2011). "Israel Supreme Court Rules Hebron Jews Can't Reclaim Lands Lost After 1948". Haaretz. <a href="http://www.haaretz.com/israel-supreme-court-rules-hebron-jews-can-t-reclaim-lands-lost-after-1948-1.344090" target="_blank">http://www.haaretz.com/israel-supreme-court-rules-hebron-jews-can-t-reclaim-lands-lost-after-1948-1.344090</a> <a href="#fnref:181" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:182">Benny Morris. The Road to Jerusalem: Glubb Pasha, Palestine and the Jews. 2003. pp. 186–87. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1860649890" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1860649890</a> <a href="#fnref:182" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:183">Thomas A Idinopulos, Jerusalem, 1994, p. 300, "So severe were the Jordanian restrictions against Jews gaining access to the old city that visitors wishing to cross over from west Jerusalem...had to produce a baptismal certificate." <a href="#fnref:183" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:184">Armstrong, Karen, Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths, 1997, "Only clergy, diplomats, UN personnel, and a few privileged tourists were permitted to go from one side to the other. The Jordanians required most tourists to produce baptismal certificates—to prove they were not Jewish ... ." <a href="#fnref:184" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:185">Robins 2004, pp. 71–72 - Robins, Philip (2004). A History of Jordan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59895-8. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dw_D0_WP-hQC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=dw_D0_WP-hQC</a> <a href="#fnref:185" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:186">Michael Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley (2007). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-57607-919-5. <a href="978-1-57607-919-5" target="_blank">978-1-57607-919-5</a> <a href="#fnref:186" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:187">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Sir H. A. R. Gibb 1980. p. 337. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J5U3AAAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=J5U3AAAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:187" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:188">Efrat 1984, p. 192 - Efrat, Elisha (1984). Urbanization in Israel. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7099-0931-6. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5XwOAAAAQAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5XwOAAAAQAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:188" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:189">Auerbach 2009, p. 79: "Under Jordanian rule, the last vestiges of a Jewish historical presence in Hebron were obliterated. The Avraham Avinu synagogue, already in ruins, was razed; a pen for goats, sheep, and donkeys was built on the site." - Auerbach, J. (2009). Hebron Jews: Memory and Conflict in the Land of Israel. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-742-56617-0. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ooUqc8snyZUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ooUqc8snyZUC</a> <a href="#fnref:189" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:190">Gorenberg 2007, pp. 80–83. - Gorenberg, G. (2007). The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967–1977. Times Books, Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 978-0-8050-8241-8. Retrieved July 23, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_fWu8v0fgAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7_fWu8v0fgAC</a> <a href="#fnref:190" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:191">Gorenberg 2007, pp. 138–39 - Gorenberg, G. (2007). The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967–1977. Times Books, Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 978-0-8050-8241-8. Retrieved July 23, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_fWu8v0fgAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7_fWu8v0fgAC</a> <a href="#fnref:191" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:192">Sternhell 1999, p. 333 - Sternhell, Z. (1999). The founding myths of Israel: nationalism, socialism, and the making of the Jewish state. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00967-4. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LwBtJ1U5vc0C&pg=PA333" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LwBtJ1U5vc0C&pg=PA333</a> <a href="#fnref:192" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:193">Sternhell 1999, p. 337: "In building this new Jewish town, one was sending a message to the international community: for the Jews, the sites connected with Jewish history are inalienable, and if later, for circumstantial reasons, the state of Israel is obliged to give one or another of them up, the step is not considered final." - Sternhell, Z. (1999). The founding myths of Israel: nationalism, socialism, and the making of the Jewish state. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00967-4. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LwBtJ1U5vc0C&pg=PA333" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LwBtJ1U5vc0C&pg=PA333</a> <a href="#fnref:193" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:194">Gorenberg 2007, p. 151: "David's kingdom was a model for the messianic kingdom. David began in Hebron, so settling Hebron would lead to final redemption." - Gorenberg, G. (2007). The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967–1977. Times Books, Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 978-0-8050-8241-8. Retrieved July 23, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_fWu8v0fgAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7_fWu8v0fgAC</a> <a href="#fnref:194" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:195">Segev 2008, p. 698: "Hebron was considered a holy city; the massacre of Jews there in 1929 was imprinted on national memory along with the great pogroms of Eastern Europe. The messianic fervor that characterized the Hebron settlers was more powerful than the awakening that led people to settle in East Jerusalem: while Jerusalem had already been annexed, the future of Hebron was still unclear." - Segev, T. (2008) [2007]. 1967. Israel, the War and the Year that Transformed the Middle East. Abacus Books. ISBN 978-0-349-11595-5. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ggLatcD7gW4C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ggLatcD7gW4C</a> <a href="#fnref:195" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:196">Tovah Lazaroff (May 17, 2006). "Hebron Jews' offspring divided over city's fate". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on August 16, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110816165944/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?apage=1&cid=1145961357122&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110816165944/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?apage=1&cid=1145961357122&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull</a> <a href="#fnref:196" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:197">The Philadelphia Inquirer. "Hebron descendants decry actions of current settlers They are kin of the Jews ousted in 1929", March 3, 1997. <a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" target="_blank">/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer</a> <a href="#fnref:197" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:198">The Philadelphia Inquirer. "Hebron descendants decry actions of current settlers They are kin of the Jews ousted in 1929", March 3, 1997. <a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" target="_blank">/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer</a> <a href="#fnref:198" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:199">Shragai, Nadav (December 26, 2007). "80 years on, massacre victims' kin reclaims Hebron house". Haaretz. Retrieved February 7, 2008. <a href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/938599.html" target="_blank">http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/938599.html</a> <a href="#fnref:199" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:200">Tovah Lazaroff (May 17, 2006). "Hebron Jews' offspring divided over city's fate". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on August 16, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110816165944/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?apage=1&cid=1145961357122&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110816165944/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?apage=1&cid=1145961357122&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull</a> <a href="#fnref:200" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:201">Shargai, Nadav (September 26, 2007). "Gov't bans Hebron settlers from winterizing controversial house". Haaretz. Archived from the original on August 3, 2009. Retrieved November 12, 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090803093117/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/907606.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090803093117/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/907606.html</a> <a href="#fnref:201" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:202">Katz, Yaakov; Lazaroff, Tovah. "Hebron settlers try to buy more homes". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111022800/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1176152784857&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120111022800/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1176152784857&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull</a> <a href="#fnref:202" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:203">Shragai, Nadav; Zarchin, Tomer (November 17, 2008). "Settlers threaten 'Amona'-style riots over Hebron eviction". Haaretz. Archived from the original on May 22, 2009. Retrieved November 12, 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090522030308/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1037864.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090522030308/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1037864.html</a> <a href="#fnref:203" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:204">Harel, Amos (November 20, 2008). "Hebron settler mob caught on video clashing with IDF troops". Haaretz. Archived from the original on April 20, 2010. Retrieved November 12, 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100420034311/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1039263.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100420034311/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1039263.html</a> <a href="#fnref:204" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:205">"High alert in West Bank following Beit Hashalom evacuation". Archived 2011-09-29 at the Wayback Machine The Jerusalem Post. December 4, 2008. <a href="http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1227702434796&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull" target="_blank">http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1227702434796&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull</a> <a href="#fnref:205" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:206">Charles Reynell (1972). "unknown". The Economist. Vol. 242. {{cite news}}: Cite uses generic title (help) <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cxVXAAAAYAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=cxVXAAAAYAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:206" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:207">Mattar 2005, p. 255 - Mattar, P. (2005). Encyclopedia of the Palestinians. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-6986-6. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GkbzYoZtaJMC&q=%22Encyclopedia+of+the+Palestinians%22" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=GkbzYoZtaJMC&q=%22Encyclopedia+of+the+Palestinians%22</a> <a href="#fnref:207" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:208">Bouckaert 2001, p. 14 - Bouckaert, P. (2001). Bencomo, Clarissa (ed.). Center of the Storm: A Case Study of Human Rights Abuses in Hebron District. Human Rights Watch. ISBN 978-1-56432-260-9. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6aLsz14aKJsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=6aLsz14aKJsC</a> <a href="#fnref:208" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:209">Rubenberg 2003, pp. 162–63) - Rubenberg, C. (2003). The Palestinians: in search of a just peace. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-58826-225-7. Retrieved July 27, 2011. <a href="https://archive.org/details/palestiniansinse0000rube" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/palestiniansinse0000rube</a> <a href="#fnref:209" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:210">Kellerman 1993, p. 89 - Kellerman, Aharon (1993). Society and settlement: Jewish land of Israel in the twentieth century. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1295-4. Retrieved July 25, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XI6uIZJQnU8C&pg=PA89" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=XI6uIZJQnU8C&pg=PA89</a> <a href="#fnref:210" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:211">Rubenberg 2003, p. 187. - Rubenberg, C. (2003). The Palestinians: in search of a just peace. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-58826-225-7. Retrieved July 27, 2011. <a href="https://archive.org/details/palestiniansinse0000rube" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/palestiniansinse0000rube</a> <a href="#fnref:211" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:212">Bovard 2004, p. 265, citing Charles A. Radin (July 31, 2002). "A Top Israeli Says Settlers Incited Riot in Hebron". The Boston Globe; Amos Harel and Jonathan Lis (July 31, 2002). "Minister's Aide Calls Hebron Riots a 'Pogrom'". Haaretz. p. 409, notes 55, 56. - Bovard, J. (2004) [2003]. Terrorism and Tyranny: Trampling Freedom, Justice, and Peace to Rid the World of Evil. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-403-96682-7. Retrieved July 31, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQoH4fy4m88C&pg=PA265" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=VQoH4fy4m88C&pg=PA265</a> <a href="#fnref:212" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:213">The Scotsman 2002. - "Settlers' revenge leaves Hebron bleeding". The Scotsman. July 30, 2002. Archived from the original on October 21, 2007. Retrieved July 31, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071021160936/http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=820752002" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20071021160936/http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=820752002</a> <a href="#fnref:213" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:214">"Jewish presence in Hebron is an indisputable historical fact". Israel Hayom. November 4, 2011. Retrieved March 26, 2013. <a href="http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=1713" target="_blank">http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=1713</a> <a href="#fnref:214" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:215">Cohen 1985, p. 105 - Cohen, Esther Rosalind (1985). Human rights in the Israeli-occupied territories, 1967–1982. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-1726-1. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=awq8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA105" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=awq8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA105</a> <a href="#fnref:215" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:216">Feige 2009, p. 158 - Feige, Michael (2009). Settling in the hearts: Jewish fundamentalism in the occupied territories. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-2750-0. Retrieved July 28, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CG_R01oa780C&pg=PA144" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=CG_R01oa780C&pg=PA144</a> <a href="#fnref:216" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:217">Cordesman 2006, p. 135. - Cordesman, A.H. (2006). Arab-Israeli Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric War. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-99186-9. Retrieved November 28, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3eZK7cm6pjoC&pg=PA135" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=3eZK7cm6pjoC&pg=PA135</a> <a href="#fnref:217" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:218">Without Prejudice: The Eaford International Review of Racial Discrimination. International Organization for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination – 1987. p. 81. <a href="#fnref:218" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:219">Margot Dudkevitch (October 6, 2000). "IDF: Palestinians offer $2,000 for 'martyrs'". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on August 3, 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090803082106/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/62288539.html?dids=62288539:62288539&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+6%2C+2000&author=MARGOT+DUDKEVITCH&pub=Jerusalem+Post&edition=&startpage=03.A&desc=IDF%3A+Palestinians+offer+%242%2C000+for+%27martyrs%27" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090803082106/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/62288539.html?dids=62288539:62288539&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+6%2C+2000&author=MARGOT+DUDKEVITCH&pub=Jerusalem+Post&edition=&startpage=03.A&desc=IDF%3A+Palestinians+offer+%242%2C000+for+%27martyrs%27</a> <a href="#fnref:219" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:220">Kimmerling & Migdal 2003, p. 443 - Kimmerling, B.; Migdal, Joel S. (2003). The Palestinian people: a history. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01129-8. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC</a> <a href="#fnref:220" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:221">Haaretz, June 22, 2020, In Hebron, Protecting Palestinians is Not an Israeli Soldier's Job <a href="https://www.972mag.com/hebron-israeli-soldiers-protect-settlers/" target="_blank">https://www.972mag.com/hebron-israeli-soldiers-protect-settlers/</a> <a href="#fnref:221" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:222">Haaretz, February 3, 2020, Jared Kushner Does Not See the Brutal Occupation I Helped Carry Out: As a Former Soldier, I Enforced Two Separate Legal Systems for Israelis and Palestinians--The Trump Plan Wants to Make This Reality Permanent. <a href="https://www.972mag.com/jared-kushner-soldiers-occupation/" target="_blank">https://www.972mag.com/jared-kushner-soldiers-occupation/</a> <a href="#fnref:222" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:223">Nabeel Abraham, What About The Victims? Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, Lies of Our Times, May 1994, pp 3–6. <a href="http://cosmos.ucc.ie/cs1064/jabowen/IPSC/articles/article0002775.html" target="_blank">http://cosmos.ucc.ie/cs1064/jabowen/IPSC/articles/article0002775.html</a> <a href="#fnref:223" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:224">Bovard 2004, p. 265. Meir Tayar, commander of the Hebron Border Police at the time testified that, 'Instructions are to take cover, wait until the clip is empty or the gun jams and then overpower him. Even if I had been there (in the mosque), I could not have done anything-there were special orders.' - Bovard, J. (2004) [2003]. Terrorism and Tyranny: Trampling Freedom, Justice, and Peace to Rid the World of Evil. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-403-96682-7. Retrieved July 31, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQoH4fy4m88C&pg=PA265" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=VQoH4fy4m88C&pg=PA265</a> <a href="#fnref:224" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:225">Commission of Inquiry 1994. - Commission of Inquiry (June 26, 1994). "Commission of Inquiry into the massacre at the tomb of the Patriarchs in Hebron". MFA. Archived from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130112230634/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Law/Legal%20Issues%20and%20Rulings/COMMISSION%20OF%20INQUIRY-%20MASSACRE%20AT%20THE%20TOMB%20OF%20THE" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130112230634/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Law/Legal%20Issues%20and%20Rulings/COMMISSION%20OF%20INQUIRY-%20MASSACRE%20AT%20THE%20TOMB%20OF%20THE</a> <a href="#fnref:225" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:226">Freedland 2012, p. 23. - Freedland, J. (February 23, 2012). "An Exclusive Corner of Hebron". New York Review of Books. pp. 21–23. Retrieved July 31, 2012. <a href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/23/exclusive-corner-hebron/" target="_blank">http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/23/exclusive-corner-hebron/</a> <a href="#fnref:226" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:227">Levy 2012 - Levy, G. (July 31, 2012). "Border Police, Hebron's substitute for summer camp counselors". Haaretz. Retrieved July 31, 2012. <a href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/features/border-police-hebron-s-substitute-for-summer-camp-counselors.premium-1.454811" target="_blank">http://www.haaretz.com/news/features/border-police-hebron-s-substitute-for-summer-camp-counselors.premium-1.454811</a> <a href="#fnref:227" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:228">Alimi 2013, p. 178. - Alimi, Eitan (2013). Israeli Politics and the First Palestinian Intifada: Political Opportunities, Framing Processes and Contentious Politics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-17182-8. Retrieved October 5, 2013. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=etfPrGqcLTEC&pg=PA178" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=etfPrGqcLTEC&pg=PA178</a> <a href="#fnref:228" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:229">Kimmerling & Migdal 2003, p. 443 - Kimmerling, B.; Migdal, Joel S. (2003). The Palestinian people: a history. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01129-8. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC</a> <a href="#fnref:229" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:230">"Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron". United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine. January 17, 1997. Archived from the original on October 24, 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024142822/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/c7d7b824004ff5c585256ae700543ebc?opendocument" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20071024142822/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/c7d7b824004ff5c585256ae700543ebc?opendocument</a> <a href="#fnref:230" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:231">Gurkow, Lazer. "Chabad.org". Chabad. Retrieved November 12, 2009. <a href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/624279/jewish/A-Visit-to-Hebron.htm" target="_blank">http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/624279/jewish/A-Visit-to-Hebron.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:231" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:232">Janine Zacharia (March 8, 2010). "Letter from the West Bank: In Hebron, renovation of holy site sets off strife". The Washington Post. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/07/AR2010030702702.html" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/07/AR2010030702702.html</a> <a href="#fnref:232" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:233">"The Geneva Convention". BBC News. December 10, 2009. Retrieved September 27, 2011. <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1682640.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1682640.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:233" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:234">"Fatal Terrorist Attacks in Israel Since the DOP (Sep. 1993)". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. September 24, 2000. Retrieved April 13, 2007. <a href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+before+2000/Fatal+Terrorist+Attacks+in+Israel+Since+the+DOP+-S.htm" target="_blank">http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+before+2000/Fatal+Terrorist+Attacks+in+Israel+Since+the+DOP+-S.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:234" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:235">Harel 2002. - Harel, A. (November 17, 2002). "The attack in Hebron was not a 'massacre'". Haaretz. Retrieved September 17, 2011. <a href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/analysis-the-attack-in-hebron-was-not-a-massacre-1.28114" target="_blank">http://www.haaretz.com/news/analysis-the-attack-in-hebron-was-not-a-massacre-1.28114</a> <a href="#fnref:235" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:236">Two Norwegian observers killed near Hebron: Israeli TV Archived 2007-10-21 at the Wayback Machine, ABC News online, March 27, 2002. <a href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200203/s514316.htm" target="_blank">http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200203/s514316.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:236" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:237">"Two Norwegian observers killed near Hebron". The Daily Telegraph. London. March 26, 2002. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2009. <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1388887/Two-Norwegian-observers-killed-near-Hebron.html" target="_blank">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1388887/Two-Norwegian-observers-killed-near-Hebron.html</a> <a href="#fnref:237" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:238">Two TIPH members killed near Hebron[usurped], Temporary International Presence in the City of Hebron website, March 27, 2002. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223944/http://www.tiph.org/en/News/?module=Articles;action=Article.publicShow;ID=1579" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223944/http://www.tiph.org/en/News/?module=Articles;action=Article.publicShow;ID=1579</a> <a href="#fnref:238" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:239">Diego Gambetta (2006). Making Sense of Suicide Missions. OUP Oxford. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-19-929797-9. <a href="978-0-19-929797-9" target="_blank">978-0-19-929797-9</a> <a href="#fnref:239" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:240">Chris McGreal (August 20, 2003). "Palestinian suicide bomber kills 20 and shatters peace process". The Guardian. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/aug/20/israel1" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/aug/20/israel1</a> <a href="#fnref:240" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:241">Ed O'Loughlin (August 21, 2003). "Ceasefire illusion just blown away". The Sydney Morning Herald. Hamas claimed it marked the anniversary of Denis Michael Rohan's attempt to burn the Al-Aqsa mosque. Islamic Jihad claimed it was in revenge for the killing of a leader, Ahmed Sidr, in Hebron. <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/08/20/1061368359339.html" target="_blank">http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/08/20/1061368359339.html</a> <a href="#fnref:241" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:242">"B'Tselem – Press Releases – 31 Dec. 2007: B'Tselem: 131 Palestinians who did not participate in the hostilities killed by Israel's security forces in 2007". B'tselem. December 31, 2007. Retrieved November 12, 2009. <a href="http://www.btselem.org/english/press_releases/20071231.asp" target="_blank">http://www.btselem.org/english/press_releases/20071231.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:242" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:243">"Israeli NGO issues damning report on situation in Hebron". ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse. August 19, 2003. Archived from the original on October 21, 2007. Retrieved March 30, 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071021152734/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/a17e4c9ace4785bac1256d87004bca62" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20071021152734/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/a17e4c9ace4785bac1256d87004bca62</a> <a href="#fnref:243" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:244">"Hebron, Area H-2: Settlements Cause Mass Departure of Palestinians" (PDF). B'Tselem. August 2003. "In total, 169 families lived on the three streets in September 2000, when the intifada began. Since then, seventy-three families—forty-three percent—have left their homes." <a href="http://www.btselem.org/Download/200308_Hebron_Area_H2_Eng.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.btselem.org/Download/200308_Hebron_Area_H2_Eng.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:244" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:245">"Palestine Refugees: a challenge for the International Community". ReliefWeb. United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East. October 10, 2006. Archived from the original on October 17, 2006. Settler violence has forced out over half the Palestinian population in some neighborhoods in the downtown area of Hebron. This once bustling community is now eerily deserted, and presents a harrowing existence for those few Palestinians who dare to remain or who are too deep in poverty to move elsewhere. <a href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20061017225650/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/YAOI-6UN95C?OpenDocument" target="_blank">http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20061017225650/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/YAOI-6UN95C?OpenDocument</a> <a href="#fnref:245" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:246">"Ghost Town: Israel's Separation Policy and Forced Eviction of Palestinians from the Center of Hebron". B'Tselem. May 2007. <a href="http://www.btselem.org/english/Publications/Summaries/200705_Hebron.asp" target="_blank">http://www.btselem.org/english/Publications/Summaries/200705_Hebron.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:246" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:247">Janine Zacharia (March 8, 2010). "Letter from the West Bank: In Hebron, renovation of holy site sets off strife". The Washington Post. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/07/AR2010030702702.html" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/07/AR2010030702702.html</a> <a href="#fnref:247" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:248">David Shulman (March 22, 2013). "Hope in Hebron". New York Review of Books."Those who still live on Shuhada Street can't enter their own homes from the street. Some use the rooftops to go in and out, climbing from one roof to another before issuing into adjacent homes or alleys. Some have cut gaping holes in the walls connecting their homes to other (often deserted) houses and thus pass through these buildings until they can exit into a lane outside or up a flight of stairs to a passageway on top of the old casba market. According to a survey conducted by the human-rights organization B'Tselem in 2007, 42 per cent of the Palestinian population in the city center of Hebron (area H2)—some 1,014 families—have abandoned their homes and moved out, most of them to area H1, now under Palestinian control." <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130323220130/http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2013/mar/22/hope-hebron/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130323220130/http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2013/mar/22/hope-hebron/</a> <a href="#fnref:248" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:249">"Hebron, Area H-2: Settlements Cause Mass Departure of Palestinians". <a href="http://www.btselem.org/English/Publications/Summaries/200308_Hebron_Area_H2.asp" target="_blank">http://www.btselem.org/English/Publications/Summaries/200308_Hebron_Area_H2.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:249" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:250">"Mounting Human Rights Crisis in Hebron". Archived from the original on November 15, 2008. Retrieved March 29, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081115080658/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2001/04/11/isrlpa241.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081115080658/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2001/04/11/isrlpa241.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:250" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:251">"Israeli human rights group slams Hebron settlers". <a href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=331234&contrassID=2&subContrassID=1&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y" target="_blank">http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=331234&contrassID=2&subContrassID=1&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y</a> <a href="#fnref:251" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:252">Bouckaert 2001, pp. 5, 40–43, 48, 71–72 - Bouckaert, P. (2001). Bencomo, Clarissa (ed.). Center of the Storm: A Case Study of Human Rights Abuses in Hebron District. Human Rights Watch. ISBN 978-1-56432-260-9. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6aLsz14aKJsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=6aLsz14aKJsC</a> <a href="#fnref:252" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:253">Freedland 2012, p. 22. - Freedland, J. (February 23, 2012). "An Exclusive Corner of Hebron". New York Review of Books. pp. 21–23. Retrieved July 31, 2012. <a href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/23/exclusive-corner-hebron/" target="_blank">http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/23/exclusive-corner-hebron/</a> <a href="#fnref:253" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:254">"History/Mission of CPT". Christian Peacemaker Teams. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011002839/http://cpt.org/publications/history.php" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081011002839/http://cpt.org/publications/history.php</a> <a href="#fnref:254" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:255">"Confidential 20-year monitoring report: Israel regularly breaks int'l law in Hebron". Haaretz. December 17, 2018. Retrieved December 17, 2018. <a href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-confidential-report-claims-israel-regularly-breaks-international-law-in-hebron-1.6747523" target="_blank">https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-confidential-report-claims-israel-regularly-breaks-international-law-in-hebron-1.6747523</a> <a href="#fnref:255" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:256">Turner 1820, p. 261 - Turner, W. (1820). Journal of a tour in the Levant. Vol. 2. John Murray. Retrieved February 21, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yYQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA261" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=yYQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA261</a> <a href="#fnref:256" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:257">Robinson & Smith 1856, p. 88. - Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1856). Biblical researches in Palestine, 1838–52. A journal of travels in the year 1838. Vol. 2. Boston: Crocker and Brewster. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AFG7241.0002.001" target="_blank">http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AFG7241.0002.001</a> <a href="#fnref:257" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:258">Frederick Adolphus Packard (1842). The Union Bible Dictionary. American Sunday-School Union. p. 304. About four hundred families of Arabs dwell in Hebron, and about one hundred and twenty families of Jews; the latter having been greatly reduced in number by a bloody battle in 1834, between them and the troops of Ibrahim Pasha. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8qAaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA304" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=8qAaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA304</a> <a href="#fnref:258" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:259">Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) (Report). State of Palestine. February 2018. pp. 64–82. Retrieved October 24, 2023. <a href="https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2364-1.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2364-1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:259" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:260">Neuman 2018, p. 4. - Neuman, Tamara (2018). Settling Hebron : Jewish Fundamentalism in a Palestinian City. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-812-24995-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zstVDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=zstVDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:260" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:261">"Projected Mid -Year Population for Hebron Governorate by Locality 2017-2021". Archived 2021-02-27 at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. 2021. <a href="http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/HebronE.html" target="_blank">http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/HebronE.html</a> <a href="#fnref:261" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:262">"Projected Mid -Year Population for Hebron Governorate by Locality 2017-2021". Archived 2021-02-27 at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. 2021. <a href="http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/HebronE.html" target="_blank">http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/HebronE.html</a> <a href="#fnref:262" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:263">Hercz, Roger. "How Palestinians came to reject Kurdish demands for homeland". The New Arab. Archived from the original on December 20, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2025. <a href="https://www.newarab.com/opinion/how-palestinians-came-reject-kurdish-demands-homeland" target="_blank">https://www.newarab.com/opinion/how-palestinians-came-reject-kurdish-demands-homeland</a> <a href="#fnref:263" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:264">Hercz, Roger. "How Palestinians came to reject Kurdish demands for homeland". The New Arab. Archived from the original on December 20, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2025. <a href="https://www.newarab.com/opinion/how-palestinians-came-reject-kurdish-demands-homeland" target="_blank">https://www.newarab.com/opinion/how-palestinians-came-reject-kurdish-demands-homeland</a> <a href="#fnref:264" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:265">Hercz, Roger. "How Palestinians came to reject Kurdish demands for homeland". The New Arab. Archived from the original on December 20, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2025. <a href="https://www.newarab.com/opinion/how-palestinians-came-reject-kurdish-demands-homeland" target="_blank">https://www.newarab.com/opinion/how-palestinians-came-reject-kurdish-demands-homeland</a> <a href="#fnref:265" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:266">Hercz, Roger. "How Palestinians came to reject Kurdish demands for homeland". The New Arab. Archived from the original on December 20, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2025. <a href="https://www.newarab.com/opinion/how-palestinians-came-reject-kurdish-demands-homeland" target="_blank">https://www.newarab.com/opinion/how-palestinians-came-reject-kurdish-demands-homeland</a> <a href="#fnref:266" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:267">Hercz, Roger. "How Palestinians came to reject Kurdish demands for homeland". The New Arab. Archived from the original on December 20, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2025. <a href="https://www.newarab.com/opinion/how-palestinians-came-reject-kurdish-demands-homeland" target="_blank">https://www.newarab.com/opinion/how-palestinians-came-reject-kurdish-demands-homeland</a> <a href="#fnref:267" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:268">Denova, Rebecca. "Samaritans". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 6, 2024. <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Samaritans/" target="_blank">https://www.worldhistory.org/Samaritans/</a> <a href="#fnref:268" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:269">"History Of Hebron | Hebron Rehabilitation Committee". www.hrc.ps. Retrieved August 3, 2024. <a href="https://www.hrc.ps/en/node/22" target="_blank">https://www.hrc.ps/en/node/22</a> <a href="#fnref:269" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:270">"History Of Hebron | Hebron Rehabilitation Committee". www.hrc.ps. Retrieved August 3, 2024. <a href="https://www.hrc.ps/en/node/22" target="_blank">https://www.hrc.ps/en/node/22</a> <a href="#fnref:270" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:271">"History Of Hebron | Hebron Rehabilitation Committee". www.hrc.ps. Retrieved August 3, 2024. <a href="https://www.hrc.ps/en/node/22" target="_blank">https://www.hrc.ps/en/node/22</a> <a href="#fnref:271" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:272">"Hebron City Profile" (PDF). The Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem. <a href="http://vprofile.arij.org/hebron/pdfs/Hebron%20City%20profile.pdf" target="_blank">http://vprofile.arij.org/hebron/pdfs/Hebron%20City%20profile.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:272" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:273">"History Of Hebron | Hebron Rehabilitation Committee". www.hrc.ps. Retrieved August 3, 2024. <a href="https://www.hrc.ps/en/node/22" target="_blank">https://www.hrc.ps/en/node/22</a> <a href="#fnref:273" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:274">"History Of Hebron | Hebron Rehabilitation Committee". www.hrc.ps. Retrieved August 3, 2024. <a href="https://www.hrc.ps/en/node/22" target="_blank">https://www.hrc.ps/en/node/22</a> <a href="#fnref:274" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:275">"History Of Hebron | Hebron Rehabilitation Committee". www.hrc.ps. Retrieved August 3, 2024. <a href="https://www.hrc.ps/en/node/22" target="_blank">https://www.hrc.ps/en/node/22</a> <a href="#fnref:275" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:276">"Total central bank liabilities". OECD Economic Surveys: Euro Area 2014. OECD Economic Surveys: Euro Area. April 3, 2014. doi:10.1787/eco_surveys-euz-2014-graph12-en. ISBN 978-92-64-20688-5. ISSN 1999-0804. <a href="978-92-64-20688-5" target="_blank">978-92-64-20688-5</a> <a href="#fnref:276" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:277">"History Of Hebron | Hebron Rehabilitation Committee". www.hrc.ps. Retrieved August 3, 2024. <a href="https://www.hrc.ps/en/node/22" target="_blank">https://www.hrc.ps/en/node/22</a> <a href="#fnref:277" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:278">Jordan Journal of Physics ARTICLE Radionuclides Measurements in Some Rock Samples Collected from the Environment of Hebron Governorate -Palestine - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/West-Bank-geographical-map-and-sample-location-of-the-Hebron-region_fig1_311993953 [accessed August 3, 2024] <a href="#fnref:278" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:279">West Bank High Point, Palestinian Authority, Peakbagger, retrieved 2012-10-14. <a href="http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10457" target="_blank">http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10457</a> <a href="#fnref:279" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:280">Peter N. Peregrine, Melvin Ember, ed. (March 31, 2003). Encyclopedia of Prehistory: South and Southwest Asia. Vol. 8. Springer. ISBN 9780306462627. Retrieved February 13, 2012. <a href="9780306462627" target="_blank">9780306462627</a> <a href="#fnref:280" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:281">https://hlrn.org/img/documents/The_Geopolical_situation_in_Hebron_HIC.pdf [bare URL PDF] <a href="https://hlrn.org/img/documents/The_Geopolical_situation_in_Hebron_HIC.pdf" target="_blank">https://hlrn.org/img/documents/The_Geopolical_situation_in_Hebron_HIC.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:281" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:282">"A Space for Nature: Wadi Al-Quff Nature Reserve | IUCN". www.iucn.org. May 30, 2018. Retrieved August 4, 2024. <a href="https://www.iucn.org/news/protected-areas/201805/space-nature-wadi-al-quff-nature-reserve" target="_blank">https://www.iucn.org/news/protected-areas/201805/space-nature-wadi-al-quff-nature-reserve</a> <a href="#fnref:282" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:283">"A Space for Nature: Wadi Al-Quff Nature Reserve | IUCN". www.iucn.org. May 30, 2018. Retrieved August 4, 2024. <a href="https://www.iucn.org/news/protected-areas/201805/space-nature-wadi-al-quff-nature-reserve" target="_blank">https://www.iucn.org/news/protected-areas/201805/space-nature-wadi-al-quff-nature-reserve</a> <a href="#fnref:283" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:284">"A Space for Nature: Wadi Al-Quff Nature Reserve | IUCN". www.iucn.org. May 30, 2018. Retrieved August 4, 2024. <a href="https://www.iucn.org/news/protected-areas/201805/space-nature-wadi-al-quff-nature-reserve" target="_blank">https://www.iucn.org/news/protected-areas/201805/space-nature-wadi-al-quff-nature-reserve</a> <a href="#fnref:284" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:285">"A Space for Nature: Wadi Al-Quff Nature Reserve | IUCN". www.iucn.org. May 30, 2018. Retrieved August 4, 2024. <a href="https://www.iucn.org/news/protected-areas/201805/space-nature-wadi-al-quff-nature-reserve" target="_blank">https://www.iucn.org/news/protected-areas/201805/space-nature-wadi-al-quff-nature-reserve</a> <a href="#fnref:285" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:286">"History Of Hebron | Hebron Rehabilitation Committee". www.hrc.ps. Retrieved August 3, 2024. <a href="https://www.hrc.ps/en/node/22" target="_blank">https://www.hrc.ps/en/node/22</a> <a href="#fnref:286" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:287">"Hebron | Ancient City, Palestinian Territory | Britannica". www.britannica.com. July 31, 2024. Retrieved August 3, 2024. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Hebron-city-West-Bank" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/place/Hebron-city-West-Bank</a> <a href="#fnref:287" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:288">"Hebron City Profile" (PDF). The Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem. <a href="http://vprofile.arij.org/hebron/pdfs/Hebron%20City%20profile.pdf" target="_blank">http://vprofile.arij.org/hebron/pdfs/Hebron%20City%20profile.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:288" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:289">"Hebron City Profile" (PDF). The Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem. <a href="http://vprofile.arij.org/hebron/pdfs/Hebron%20City%20profile.pdf" target="_blank">http://vprofile.arij.org/hebron/pdfs/Hebron%20City%20profile.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:289" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:290">"Hebron City Profile" (PDF). The Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem. <a href="http://vprofile.arij.org/hebron/pdfs/Hebron%20City%20profile.pdf" target="_blank">http://vprofile.arij.org/hebron/pdfs/Hebron%20City%20profile.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:290" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:291">"History Of Hebron | Hebron Rehabilitation Committee". www.hrc.ps. Retrieved August 3, 2024. <a href="https://www.hrc.ps/en/node/22" target="_blank">https://www.hrc.ps/en/node/22</a> <a href="#fnref:291" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:292">"Advancing Sanitation Solutions and Reuse in the Hebron Stream: Shared Waters / Geographic Description" (PDF). Community Based Problem Solving on Water Issues: Cross-border "Priority Initiatives" of the Good Water Neighbors Project. Amman, Bethlehem and Tel Aviv: EcoPeace Middle East. p. 29. Retrieved February 23, 2021. <a href="https://old.ecopeaceme.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Community_Based_Problem_Solving_Nov_2016_Final.pdf" target="_blank">https://old.ecopeaceme.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Community_Based_Problem_Solving_Nov_2016_Final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:292" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:293">"History Of Hebron | Hebron Rehabilitation Committee". www.hrc.ps. Retrieved August 3, 2024. <a href="https://www.hrc.ps/en/node/22" target="_blank">https://www.hrc.ps/en/node/22</a> <a href="#fnref:293" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:294">"Advancing Sanitation Solutions and Reuse in the Hebron Stream: Shared Waters / Geographic Description" (PDF). Community Based Problem Solving on Water Issues: Cross-border "Priority Initiatives" of the Good Water Neighbors Project. Amman, Bethlehem and Tel Aviv: EcoPeace Middle East. p. 29. Retrieved February 23, 2021. <a href="https://old.ecopeaceme.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Community_Based_Problem_Solving_Nov_2016_Final.pdf" target="_blank">https://old.ecopeaceme.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Community_Based_Problem_Solving_Nov_2016_Final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:294" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:295">"History Of Hebron | Hebron Rehabilitation Committee". www.hrc.ps. Retrieved August 3, 2024. <a href="https://www.hrc.ps/en/node/22" target="_blank">https://www.hrc.ps/en/node/22</a> <a href="#fnref:295" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:296">"Hebron, West Bank, PS Climate Zone, Monthly Averages, Historical Weather Data". weatherandclimate.com. Retrieved August 3, 2024. <a href="https://weatherandclimate.com/palestine/west-bank/hebron#google_vignette" target="_blank">https://weatherandclimate.com/palestine/west-bank/hebron#google_vignette</a> <a href="#fnref:296" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:297">"Hebron, West Bank, PS Climate Zone, Monthly Averages, Historical Weather Data". weatherandclimate.com. Retrieved August 3, 2024. <a href="https://weatherandclimate.com/palestine/west-bank/hebron#google_vignette" target="_blank">https://weatherandclimate.com/palestine/west-bank/hebron#google_vignette</a> <a href="#fnref:297" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:298">"Hebron, West Bank, PS Climate Zone, Monthly Averages, Historical Weather Data". weatherandclimate.com. Retrieved August 3, 2024. <a href="https://weatherandclimate.com/palestine/west-bank/hebron#google_vignette" target="_blank">https://weatherandclimate.com/palestine/west-bank/hebron#google_vignette</a> <a href="#fnref:298" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:299">"Hebron, West Bank, PS Climate Zone, Monthly Averages, Historical Weather Data". weatherandclimate.com. Retrieved August 3, 2024. <a href="https://weatherandclimate.com/palestine/west-bank/hebron#google_vignette" target="_blank">https://weatherandclimate.com/palestine/west-bank/hebron#google_vignette</a> <a href="#fnref:299" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:300">"Hebron, West Bank, PS Climate Zone, Monthly Averages, Historical Weather Data". weatherandclimate.com. Retrieved August 3, 2024. <a href="https://weatherandclimate.com/palestine/west-bank/hebron#google_vignette" target="_blank">https://weatherandclimate.com/palestine/west-bank/hebron#google_vignette</a> <a href="#fnref:300" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:301">Ighbareyeh, Jehad M. H.; Cano-Ortiz, Ana; E, Cano (March 17, 2022). "Bioclimate of Hebron city in Palestine". Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences. 63 (3). ISSN 2247-8310. <a href="http://transylvanianreviewjournal.com/index.php/TRAS/article/view/876" target="_blank">http://transylvanianreviewjournal.com/index.php/TRAS/article/view/876</a> <a href="#fnref:301" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:302">"Climate Bulletin". Palestinian Meteorological Department. Archived from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved January 23, 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231206064919/https://www.pmd.ps/en/climate-bulletin" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20231206064919/https://www.pmd.ps/en/climate-bulletin</a> <a href="#fnref:302" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:303">"Hebrón _ AcademiaLab". academia--lab-com.translate.goog. Retrieved July 31, 2024. <a href="https://academia--lab-com.translate.goog/enciclopedia/hebron/?_x_tr_sl=es&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc" target="_blank">https://academia--lab-com.translate.goog/enciclopedia/hebron/?_x_tr_sl=es&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc</a> <a href="#fnref:303" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:304">De Cesari 2009, pp. 235–36 - De Cesari, Chiara (2009). Cultural Heritage Beyond the "state": Palestinian Heritage Between Nationalism and Transnationalism. Stanford University Dept. of Anthropology. ISBN 978-0-549-98604-1. Retrieved November 21, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ORrK8ifJ-joC&pg=PA230" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ORrK8ifJ-joC&pg=PA230</a> <a href="#fnref:304" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:305">De Cesari 2009, pp. 235–36 - De Cesari, Chiara (2009). Cultural Heritage Beyond the "state": Palestinian Heritage Between Nationalism and Transnationalism. Stanford University Dept. of Anthropology. ISBN 978-0-549-98604-1. Retrieved November 21, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ORrK8ifJ-joC&pg=PA230" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ORrK8ifJ-joC&pg=PA230</a> <a href="#fnref:305" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:306">Journal of a deputation sent to the East by the committee of the Malta Protestant college, in 1849: containing an account of the present state of the Oriental nations, including their religion, learning, education, customs, and occupations, Volume 2, J. Nisbet and co., 1854. p. 395. <a href="https://archive.org/details/journaladeputat00collgoog/page/n68" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/journaladeputat00collgoog/page/n68</a> <a href="#fnref:306" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:307">"Hebrón _ AcademiaLab". academia--lab-com.translate.goog. Retrieved July 31, 2024. <a href="https://academia--lab-com.translate.goog/enciclopedia/hebron/?_x_tr_sl=es&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc" target="_blank">https://academia--lab-com.translate.goog/enciclopedia/hebron/?_x_tr_sl=es&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc</a> <a href="#fnref:307" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:308">Büssow 2011, p. 202 - Büssow, J. (2011). Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872–1908. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-20569-7. Retrieved October 27, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&pg=PA194" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&pg=PA194</a> <a href="#fnref:308" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:309">Efrat 1984, p. 191 - Efrat, Elisha (1984). Urbanization in Israel. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7099-0931-6. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5XwOAAAAQAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5XwOAAAAQAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:309" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:310">Kedar 2000, pp. 112–13 - Kedar, B.Z. (2000). The Changing Land: Between the Jordan and the Sea: Aerial Photographs from 1917 to the present. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-2915-3. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=srrJbp7ubw8C&pg=PA113" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=srrJbp7ubw8C&pg=PA113</a> <a href="#fnref:310" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:311">Brill 1993, p. 887 - Brill, E. J. (1993). E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume 4. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09796-4. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA887" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA887</a> <a href="#fnref:311" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:312">Kedar 2000, pp. 112–13 - Kedar, B.Z. (2000). The Changing Land: Between the Jordan and the Sea: Aerial Photographs from 1917 to the present. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-2915-3. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=srrJbp7ubw8C&pg=PA113" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=srrJbp7ubw8C&pg=PA113</a> <a href="#fnref:312" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:313">Efrat 1984, p. 192 - Efrat, Elisha (1984). Urbanization in Israel. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7099-0931-6. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5XwOAAAAQAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5XwOAAAAQAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:313" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:314">About Founder of Hebron University Archived 2012-10-16 at the Wayback Machine, Hebron University, 2010–2011. <a href="http://www.hebron.edu/en/about-hu/hu-founder.html" target="_blank">http://www.hebron.edu/en/about-hu/hu-founder.html</a> <a href="#fnref:314" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:315">A ghetto state of ghettos: Palestinians under Israeli citizenship, Mary Boger, City University of New York. Sociology – 2008. p. 93: "The development of the Islamic Movement in Israel owes much to the Israeli and Jordanian governments who collaborated to establish an Islamic University in al-Khalil (Hebron), headed by Shaykh Muhammad Ali al-Ja'bari a prominent anti-PLO leader who served as minister in Jordan and in the internal circle of kings Abd-allah and Husayn, who are known to have befriended the Israeli occupation." <a href="#fnref:315" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:316">Ricca 2007, p. 177 - Ricca, Simone (2007). Reinventing Jerusalem: Israel's Reconstruction of the Jewish Quarter after 1967. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-387-2. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cbd1ALFq9hAC&pg=PA177" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Cbd1ALFq9hAC&pg=PA177</a> <a href="#fnref:316" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:317">Auerbach 2009, p. 79 - Auerbach, J. (2009). Hebron Jews: Memory and Conflict in the Land of Israel. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-742-56617-0. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ooUqc8snyZUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ooUqc8snyZUC</a> <a href="#fnref:317" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:318">"The Hebron most don't see". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. August 22, 2018. Retrieved August 1, 2024. <a href="https://www.jpost.com/in-jerusalem/the-hebron-most-dont-see-565554" target="_blank">https://www.jpost.com/in-jerusalem/the-hebron-most-dont-see-565554</a> <a href="#fnref:318" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:319">De Cesari 2009, pp. 230–33 - De Cesari, Chiara (2009). Cultural Heritage Beyond the "state": Palestinian Heritage Between Nationalism and Transnationalism. Stanford University Dept. of Anthropology. ISBN 978-0-549-98604-1. Retrieved November 21, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ORrK8ifJ-joC&pg=PA230" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ORrK8ifJ-joC&pg=PA230</a> <a href="#fnref:319" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:320">"The Hebron most don't see". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. August 22, 2018. Retrieved August 1, 2024. <a href="https://www.jpost.com/in-jerusalem/the-hebron-most-dont-see-565554" target="_blank">https://www.jpost.com/in-jerusalem/the-hebron-most-dont-see-565554</a> <a href="#fnref:320" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:321">"The Hebron most don't see". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. August 22, 2018. Retrieved August 1, 2024. <a href="https://www.jpost.com/in-jerusalem/the-hebron-most-dont-see-565554" target="_blank">https://www.jpost.com/in-jerusalem/the-hebron-most-dont-see-565554</a> <a href="#fnref:321" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:322">De Cesari 2009, pp. 230–33 - De Cesari, Chiara (2009). Cultural Heritage Beyond the "state": Palestinian Heritage Between Nationalism and Transnationalism. Stanford University Dept. of Anthropology. ISBN 978-0-549-98604-1. Retrieved November 21, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ORrK8ifJ-joC&pg=PA230" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ORrK8ifJ-joC&pg=PA230</a> <a href="#fnref:322" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:323">De Cesari 2009, pp. 230–33 - De Cesari, Chiara (2009). Cultural Heritage Beyond the "state": Palestinian Heritage Between Nationalism and Transnationalism. Stanford University Dept. of Anthropology. ISBN 978-0-549-98604-1. Retrieved November 21, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ORrK8ifJ-joC&pg=PA230" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ORrK8ifJ-joC&pg=PA230</a> <a href="#fnref:323" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:324">"The Hebron most don't see". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. August 22, 2018. Retrieved August 1, 2024. <a href="https://www.jpost.com/in-jerusalem/the-hebron-most-dont-see-565554" target="_blank">https://www.jpost.com/in-jerusalem/the-hebron-most-dont-see-565554</a> <a href="#fnref:324" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:325">De Cesari 2009, pp. 230–33 - De Cesari, Chiara (2009). Cultural Heritage Beyond the "state": Palestinian Heritage Between Nationalism and Transnationalism. Stanford University Dept. of Anthropology. ISBN 978-0-549-98604-1. Retrieved November 21, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ORrK8ifJ-joC&pg=PA230" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ORrK8ifJ-joC&pg=PA230</a> <a href="#fnref:325" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:326">"The Hebron most don't see". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. August 22, 2018. Retrieved August 1, 2024. <a href="https://www.jpost.com/in-jerusalem/the-hebron-most-dont-see-565554" target="_blank">https://www.jpost.com/in-jerusalem/the-hebron-most-dont-see-565554</a> <a href="#fnref:326" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:327">De Cesari 2009, pp. 230–33 - De Cesari, Chiara (2009). Cultural Heritage Beyond the "state": Palestinian Heritage Between Nationalism and Transnationalism. Stanford University Dept. of Anthropology. ISBN 978-0-549-98604-1. Retrieved November 21, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ORrK8ifJ-joC&pg=PA230" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ORrK8ifJ-joC&pg=PA230</a> <a href="#fnref:327" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:328">"Hebron, the wealthiest, most high-tech Palestinian Authority City". the Jewish Community of Hebron. April 6, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2024. <a href="http://hebron.org.il/history/403" target="_blank">http://hebron.org.il/history/403</a> <a href="#fnref:328" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:329">"Hebron, the wealthiest, most high-tech Palestinian Authority City". the Jewish Community of Hebron. April 6, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2024. <a href="http://hebron.org.il/history/403" target="_blank">http://hebron.org.il/history/403</a> <a href="#fnref:329" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:330">"Hebron, the wealthiest, most high-tech Palestinian Authority City". the Jewish Community of Hebron. April 6, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2024. <a href="http://hebron.org.il/history/403" target="_blank">http://hebron.org.il/history/403</a> <a href="#fnref:330" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:331">"Hebron, the wealthiest, most high-tech Palestinian Authority City". the Jewish Community of Hebron. April 6, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2024. <a href="http://hebron.org.il/history/403" target="_blank">http://hebron.org.il/history/403</a> <a href="#fnref:331" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:332">"Hebron, the wealthiest, most high-tech Palestinian Authority City". the Jewish Community of Hebron. April 6, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2024. <a href="http://hebron.org.il/history/403" target="_blank">http://hebron.org.il/history/403</a> <a href="#fnref:332" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:333">"Ceramics from Hebron". Palestine Center for Peace. Retrieved June 23, 2024. <a href="https://palestinecenterforpeace.com.au/pages/ceramics-from-hebron" target="_blank">https://palestinecenterforpeace.com.au/pages/ceramics-from-hebron</a> <a href="#fnref:333" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:334">"Hebron, the wealthiest, most high-tech Palestinian Authority City". the Jewish Community of Hebron. April 6, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2024. <a href="http://hebron.org.il/history/403" target="_blank">http://hebron.org.il/history/403</a> <a href="#fnref:334" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:335">"Hebron, the wealthiest, most high-tech Palestinian Authority City". the Jewish Community of Hebron. April 6, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2024. <a href="http://hebron.org.il/history/403" target="_blank">http://hebron.org.il/history/403</a> <a href="#fnref:335" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:336">"Hebron, the wealthiest, most high-tech Palestinian Authority City". the Jewish Community of Hebron. April 6, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2024. <a href="http://hebron.org.il/history/403" target="_blank">http://hebron.org.il/history/403</a> <a href="#fnref:336" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:337">"Hebron, the wealthiest, most high-tech Palestinian Authority City". the Jewish Community of Hebron. April 6, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2024. <a href="http://hebron.org.il/history/403" target="_blank">http://hebron.org.il/history/403</a> <a href="#fnref:337" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:338">"Hebron, the wealthiest, most high-tech Palestinian Authority City". the Jewish Community of Hebron. April 6, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2024. <a href="http://hebron.org.il/history/403" target="_blank">http://hebron.org.il/history/403</a> <a href="#fnref:338" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:339">"The decline of Hebron's shoe industry". Al Jazeera. April 4, 2015. <a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2015/03/decline-hebron-shoe-industry-150302125843692.html" target="_blank">http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2015/03/decline-hebron-shoe-industry-150302125843692.html</a> <a href="#fnref:339" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:340">"The decline of Hebron's shoe industry". Al Monitor. March 13, 2013. [permanent dead link‍] <a href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/ru/originals/2013/03/palestinian-industry-suffers-cheap-imports.htm" target="_blank">https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/ru/originals/2013/03/palestinian-industry-suffers-cheap-imports.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:340" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:341">"The decline of Hebron's shoe industry". Al Jazeera. April 4, 2015. <a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2015/03/decline-hebron-shoe-industry-150302125843692.html" target="_blank">http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2015/03/decline-hebron-shoe-industry-150302125843692.html</a> <a href="#fnref:341" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:342">"The decline of Hebron's shoe industry". Al Monitor. March 13, 2013. [permanent dead link‍] <a href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/ru/originals/2013/03/palestinian-industry-suffers-cheap-imports.htm" target="_blank">https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/ru/originals/2013/03/palestinian-industry-suffers-cheap-imports.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:342" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:343">"The decline of Hebron's shoe industry". Al Jazeera. April 4, 2015. <a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2015/03/decline-hebron-shoe-industry-150302125843692.html" target="_blank">http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2015/03/decline-hebron-shoe-industry-150302125843692.html</a> <a href="#fnref:343" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:344">"The decline of Hebron's shoe industry". Al Monitor. March 13, 2013. [permanent dead link‍] <a href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/ru/originals/2013/03/palestinian-industry-suffers-cheap-imports.htm" target="_blank">https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/ru/originals/2013/03/palestinian-industry-suffers-cheap-imports.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:344" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:345">"The decline of Hebron's shoe industry". Al Jazeera. April 4, 2015. <a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2015/03/decline-hebron-shoe-industry-150302125843692.html" target="_blank">http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2015/03/decline-hebron-shoe-industry-150302125843692.html</a> <a href="#fnref:345" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:346">"Hebron, the wealthiest, most high-tech Palestinian Authority City". the Jewish Community of Hebron. April 6, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2024. <a href="http://hebron.org.il/history/403" target="_blank">http://hebron.org.il/history/403</a> <a href="#fnref:346" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:347">"Hebron, the wealthiest, most high-tech Palestinian Authority City". the Jewish Community of Hebron. April 6, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2024. <a href="http://hebron.org.il/history/403" target="_blank">http://hebron.org.il/history/403</a> <a href="#fnref:347" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:348">"Hebron, the wealthiest, most high-tech Palestinian Authority City". the Jewish Community of Hebron. April 6, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2024. <a href="http://hebron.org.il/history/403" target="_blank">http://hebron.org.il/history/403</a> <a href="#fnref:348" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:349">"Hebron, the wealthiest, most high-tech Palestinian Authority City". the Jewish Community of Hebron. April 6, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2024. <a href="http://hebron.org.il/history/403" target="_blank">http://hebron.org.il/history/403</a> <a href="#fnref:349" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:350">"Hebron, the wealthiest, most high-tech Palestinian Authority City". the Jewish Community of Hebron. April 6, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2024. <a href="http://hebron.org.il/history/403" target="_blank">http://hebron.org.il/history/403</a> <a href="#fnref:350" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:351">"visiting Royal Industrial Trading in Hebron". The Excellence Center. October 4, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2024. <a href="https://excellencenter.org/visiting-royal-industrial-trading-in-hebron/" target="_blank">https://excellencenter.org/visiting-royal-industrial-trading-in-hebron/</a> <a href="#fnref:351" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:352">"Feature: Palestinian recycling factory commits to ending e-waste". news.cn. Retrieved June 23, 2024. <a href="http://www.news.cn/english/2021-09/08/c_1310175816.htm" target="_blank">http://www.news.cn/english/2021-09/08/c_1310175816.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:352" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:353">"Palestine: €36 million to build the Hebron regional waste water treatment plant". PreventionWeb. April 14, 2021. Retrieved June 23, 2024. <a href="https://www.preventionweb.net/news/eu36-million-eu-and-world-bank-build-hebron-regional-waste-water-treatment-plant" target="_blank">https://www.preventionweb.net/news/eu36-million-eu-and-world-bank-build-hebron-regional-waste-water-treatment-plant</a> <a href="#fnref:353" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:354">Goldfield, Norbert (April 2, 2021). "Palestinian Working Women Society for Development: Building resilience in the Hebron Hills in Occupied Palestinian Territory". Peace Building through Women's Health. Routledge. pp. 158–174. doi:10.4324/9781003163657-12. ISBN 978-1-003-16365-7. Retrieved June 23, 2024. <a href="978-1-003-16365-7" target="_blank">978-1-003-16365-7</a> <a href="#fnref:354" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:355">"Successes Stories in Hebron Governorate". pipa.ps. Retrieved June 23, 2024. <a href="http://www.pipa.ps/page.php?id=236481y2319489Y236481" target="_blank">http://www.pipa.ps/page.php?id=236481y2319489Y236481</a> <a href="#fnref:355" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:356">"Successes Stories in Hebron Governorate". pipa.ps. Retrieved June 23, 2024. <a href="http://www.pipa.ps/page.php?id=236481y2319489Y236481" target="_blank">http://www.pipa.ps/page.php?id=236481y2319489Y236481</a> <a href="#fnref:356" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:357">"Feature: Palestinian factories turn into medical supplies manufacturers amid coronavirus outbreak". Xinhua. Retrieved June 23, 2024. <a href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/16/c_138880973.htm" target="_blank">http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/16/c_138880973.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:357" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:358">Plascov, Avi (2008). The Palestinian refugees in Jordan 1948–1957. Routledge. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-7146-3120-2. <a href="978-0-7146-3120-2" target="_blank">978-0-7146-3120-2</a> <a href="#fnref:358" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:359">Bovis, H. Eugene (1971). The Jerusalem question, 1917–1968. Hoover Institution Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-8179-3291-6. <a href="978-0-8179-3291-6" target="_blank">978-0-8179-3291-6</a> <a href="#fnref:359" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:360">"Confidential 20-year monitoring report: Israel regularly breaks int'l law in Hebron". Haaretz. December 17, 2018. Retrieved December 17, 2018. <a href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-confidential-report-claims-israel-regularly-breaks-international-law-in-hebron-1.6747523" target="_blank">https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-confidential-report-claims-israel-regularly-breaks-international-law-in-hebron-1.6747523</a> <a href="#fnref:360" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:361">Hanne Eggen Røislien, "Living with Contradiction: Examining the Worldview of the Jewish Settlers in Hebron". Archived 2015-10-02 at the Wayback Machine International Journal of Conflict and Violence. Vol. 1 (2). 2007. pp. 169–184, pp. 181–182. <a href="http://www.ijcv.org/index.php/ijcv/article/view/14/14" target="_blank">http://www.ijcv.org/index.php/ijcv/article/view/14/14</a> <a href="#fnref:361" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:362">Hanne Eggen Røislien, "Living with Contradiction: Examining the Worldview of the Jewish Settlers in Hebron". Archived 2015-10-02 at the Wayback Machine International Journal of Conflict and Violence. Vol. 1 (2). 2007. pp. 169–184, pp. 181–182. <a href="http://www.ijcv.org/index.php/ijcv/article/view/14/14" target="_blank">http://www.ijcv.org/index.php/ijcv/article/view/14/14</a> <a href="#fnref:362" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:363">Ami Pedahzur, Arie Perliger. Jewish Terrorism in Israel. Columbia University Press. 2011. p. 72. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DF03xwLaPucC&pg=PA69" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=DF03xwLaPucC&pg=PA69</a> <a href="#fnref:363" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:364">Gorenberg 2007, p. 356 - Gorenberg, G. (2007). The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967–1977. Times Books, Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 978-0-8050-8241-8. Retrieved July 23, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_fWu8v0fgAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7_fWu8v0fgAC</a> <a href="#fnref:364" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:365">Occupation in Hebron Archived 2016-01-05 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 10–12. Alternative Information Center, 2004 <a href="http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/opt_prot_aic_hebron_dec_2004.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/opt_prot_aic_hebron_dec_2004.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:365" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:366">Gorenberg 2007, pp. 205, 359. - Gorenberg, G. (2007). The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967–1977. Times Books, Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 978-0-8050-8241-8. Retrieved July 23, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_fWu8v0fgAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7_fWu8v0fgAC</a> <a href="#fnref:366" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:367">Lustick 1988, p. 205 n.1 - Lustick, I. (1988). For the Land and the Lord: Jewish fundamentalism in Israel. New York: Council on Foreign Relations. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-87609-036-7. Retrieved July 25, 2011. <a href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_dD-1Nm6NTHQC" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_dD-1Nm6NTHQC</a> <a href="#fnref:367" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:368">Chaim Levinsohn (February 18, 2011). "Israel Supreme Court Rules Hebron Jews Can't Reclaim Lands Lost After 1948". Haaretz. <a href="http://www.haaretz.com/israel-supreme-court-rules-hebron-jews-can-t-reclaim-lands-lost-after-1948-1.344090" target="_blank">http://www.haaretz.com/israel-supreme-court-rules-hebron-jews-can-t-reclaim-lands-lost-after-1948-1.344090</a> <a href="#fnref:368" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:369">Auerbach 2009, p. 60 - Auerbach, J. (2009). Hebron Jews: Memory and Conflict in the Land of Israel. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-742-56617-0. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ooUqc8snyZUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ooUqc8snyZUC</a> <a href="#fnref:369" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:370">Neuman 2018, pp. 79–80. - Neuman, Tamara (2018). Settling Hebron : Jewish Fundamentalism in a Palestinian City. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-812-24995-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zstVDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=zstVDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:370" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:371">Perera 1996, pp. 178: "As I made my way to the Machpelah, I passed a curious scene. The Hadassah hospital of Hebron, which is Arab-administered, had been taken over by Israeli women of Kiryat Arba, the new settlement on the hill overlooking the city. Miriam Levinger, wife of Moshe Levinger, the militant right-wing rabbi who founded Kiryat Arba, was screaming in her Brooklyn-accented Hebrew at the Palestinian police, who were – very politely – attempting to remove the women from the hospital grounds." - Perera, V. (1996) [1995]. The Cross and the Pear Tree: A Sephardic Journey. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20652-6. Retrieved July 1, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VdTqRyq15dAC&pg=PA177" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=VdTqRyq15dAC&pg=PA177</a> <a href="#fnref:371" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:372">Perera 1996, pp. 178: "As I made my way to the Machpelah, I passed a curious scene. The Hadassah hospital of Hebron, which is Arab-administered, had been taken over by Israeli women of Kiryat Arba, the new settlement on the hill overlooking the city. Miriam Levinger, wife of Moshe Levinger, the militant right-wing rabbi who founded Kiryat Arba, was screaming in her Brooklyn-accented Hebrew at the Palestinian police, who were – very politely – attempting to remove the women from the hospital grounds." - Perera, V. (1996) [1995]. The Cross and the Pear Tree: A Sephardic Journey. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20652-6. Retrieved July 1, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VdTqRyq15dAC&pg=PA177" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=VdTqRyq15dAC&pg=PA177</a> <a href="#fnref:372" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:373">Vitullo, Anita (2003). "People Tied to Place: Strengthening Cultural Identity in Hebron's Old City". Journal of Palestine Studies. 33 (1): 72. doi:10.1525/jps.2003.33.1.68. ISSN 0377-919X. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:373" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:374">Kretzmer 2002, pp. 117–18 - Kretzmer, D. (2002). The Occupation of Justice: The Supreme Court of Israel and the Occupied Territories. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-5338-4. Retrieved July 25, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=acGnk-tZoOYC&pg=PA117" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=acGnk-tZoOYC&pg=PA117</a> <a href="#fnref:374" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:375">Falah 1985, p. 253 - Falah, Ghazi (1985). "Recent Colonization in Hebron". In Newman, David (ed.). The Impact of Gush Emunim: politics and settlement in the West Bank. London: Croom Helm. pp. 245–61. ISBN 978-0-7099-1821-9. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A3cOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA245" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=A3cOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA245</a> <a href="#fnref:375" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:376">Bouckaert 2001, p. 86 - Bouckaert, P. (2001). Bencomo, Clarissa (ed.). Center of the Storm: A Case Study of Human Rights Abuses in Hebron District. Human Rights Watch. ISBN 978-1-56432-260-9. Retrieved July 26, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6aLsz14aKJsC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=6aLsz14aKJsC</a> <a href="#fnref:376" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:377">Neuman 2018, pp. 79–80. - Neuman, Tamara (2018). Settling Hebron : Jewish Fundamentalism in a Palestinian City. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-812-24995-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zstVDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=zstVDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:377" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:378">Auerbach 2009, pp. 40, 45, 79 - Auerbach, J. (2009). Hebron Jews: Memory and Conflict in the Land of Israel. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-742-56617-0. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ooUqc8snyZUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ooUqc8snyZUC</a> <a href="#fnref:378" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:379">Occupation in Hebron Archived 2016-01-05 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 10–12. Alternative Information Center, 2004 <a href="http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/opt_prot_aic_hebron_dec_2004.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/opt_prot_aic_hebron_dec_2004.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:379" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:380">Auerbach 2009, p. 60 - Auerbach, J. (2009). Hebron Jews: Memory and Conflict in the Land of Israel. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-742-56617-0. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ooUqc8snyZUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ooUqc8snyZUC</a> <a href="#fnref:380" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:381">Occupation in Hebron Archived 2016-01-05 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 10–12. Alternative Information Center, 2004 <a href="http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/opt_prot_aic_hebron_dec_2004.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/opt_prot_aic_hebron_dec_2004.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:381" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:382">Platt 2012, pp. 79–80. - Platt, E. (2012). City of Abraham: History, Myth and Memory: A Journey through Hebron. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-447-21330-7. Retrieved September 28, 2016. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UzDHD2MExQAC&pg=PT79" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UzDHD2MExQAC&pg=PT79</a> <a href="#fnref:382" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:383">Occupation in Hebron Archived 2016-01-05 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 10–12. Alternative Information Center, 2004 <a href="http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/opt_prot_aic_hebron_dec_2004.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/opt_prot_aic_hebron_dec_2004.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:383" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:384">Levinson, Chaim. "IDF brass calls for immediate removal of new Hebron settlement." Haaretz. April 2, 2012. <a href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/idf-brass-calls-for-immediate-removal-of-new-hebron-settlement-1.422007" target="_blank">http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/idf-brass-calls-for-immediate-removal-of-new-hebron-settlement-1.422007</a> <a href="#fnref:384" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:385">Chaim Levinson (March 17, 2014). "Following settlers' demand, IDF removes Palestinian flag from Hebron roof". Haaretz. <a href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.580203" target="_blank">http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.580203</a> <a href="#fnref:385" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:386">"Watchdog: Expansion of Hebron settlements amounts to 'right of return for Jews only". Archived 2016-09-17 at the Wayback Machine Ma'an News Agency. August 22, 2016. <a href="http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=772789" target="_blank">http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=772789</a> <a href="#fnref:386" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:387">Hagar Shezaf (December 1, 2019). "Israel Plans New Jewish Neighborhood in Hebron's Arab Market". Haaretz. <a href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israel-plans-new-jewish-neighborhood-in-hebron-s-abandoned-arab-market-1.8201992" target="_blank">https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israel-plans-new-jewish-neighborhood-in-hebron-s-abandoned-arab-market-1.8201992</a> <a href="#fnref:387" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:388">Elisha Ben Kimon, Yoav Zitun, Elior Levy (December 1, 2019). "Bennett plans building Jewish neighborhood in Hebron". Ynet. <a href="https://www.ynetnews.com/article/HJOLZK11ar" target="_blank">https://www.ynetnews.com/article/HJOLZK11ar</a> <a href="#fnref:388" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:389">Yumna Patel (December 4, 2019). "Israel's plan to build new settlement atop Hebron market evokes painful memories for residents". Mondoweiss. <a href="https://mondoweiss.net/2019/12/israels-plan-to-build-new-settlement-atop-old-hebron-market-evokes-painful-memories-for-residents/" target="_blank">https://mondoweiss.net/2019/12/israels-plan-to-build-new-settlement-atop-old-hebron-market-evokes-painful-memories-for-residents/</a> <a href="#fnref:389" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:390">"# THE FUNAMBULIST PAPERS 13 /// A Visit to The Old City of Hebron by Raja Shehadeh". THE FUNAMBULIST MAGAZINE. October 24, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2024. <a href="https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh" target="_blank">https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh</a> <a href="#fnref:390" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:391">Adamczyk, Ed (July 7, 2017). "UNESCO declares Hebron, West Bank, a world heritage site". UPI. Retrieved July 7, 2017. <a href="https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2017/07/07/UNESCO-declares-Hebron-West-Bank-a-world-heritage-site/3011499431429/" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2017/07/07/UNESCO-declares-Hebron-West-Bank-a-world-heritage-site/3011499431429/</a> <a href="#fnref:391" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:392">"Israelis outraged by UNESCO decision on Hebron holy site". ABC News. Associated Press. July 7, 2017. Archived from the original on July 7, 2017. Retrieved July 8, 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707222506/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/unesco-puts-city-hebron-heritage-danger-list-48495103" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170707222506/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/unesco-puts-city-hebron-heritage-danger-list-48495103</a> <a href="#fnref:392" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:393">"# THE FUNAMBULIST PAPERS 13 /// A Visit to The Old City of Hebron by Raja Shehadeh". THE FUNAMBULIST MAGAZINE. October 24, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2024. <a href="https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh" target="_blank">https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh</a> <a href="#fnref:393" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:394">"# THE FUNAMBULIST PAPERS 13 /// A Visit to The Old City of Hebron by Raja Shehadeh". THE FUNAMBULIST MAGAZINE. October 24, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2024. <a href="https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh" target="_blank">https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh</a> <a href="#fnref:394" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:395">"# THE FUNAMBULIST PAPERS 13 /// A Visit to The Old City of Hebron by Raja Shehadeh". THE FUNAMBULIST MAGAZINE. October 24, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2024. <a href="https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh" target="_blank">https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh</a> <a href="#fnref:395" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:396">"# THE FUNAMBULIST PAPERS 13 /// A Visit to The Old City of Hebron by Raja Shehadeh". THE FUNAMBULIST MAGAZINE. October 24, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2024. <a href="https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh" target="_blank">https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh</a> <a href="#fnref:396" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:397">"# THE FUNAMBULIST PAPERS 13 /// A Visit to The Old City of Hebron by Raja Shehadeh". THE FUNAMBULIST MAGAZINE. October 24, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2024. <a href="https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh" target="_blank">https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh</a> <a href="#fnref:397" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:398">"# THE FUNAMBULIST PAPERS 13 /// A Visit to The Old City of Hebron by Raja Shehadeh". THE FUNAMBULIST MAGAZINE. October 24, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2024. <a href="https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh" target="_blank">https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh</a> <a href="#fnref:398" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:399">"# THE FUNAMBULIST PAPERS 13 /// A Visit to The Old City of Hebron by Raja Shehadeh". THE FUNAMBULIST MAGAZINE. October 24, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2024. <a href="https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh" target="_blank">https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh</a> <a href="#fnref:399" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:400">"# THE FUNAMBULIST PAPERS 13 /// A Visit to The Old City of Hebron by Raja Shehadeh". THE FUNAMBULIST MAGAZINE. October 24, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2024. <a href="https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh" target="_blank">https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh</a> <a href="#fnref:400" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:401">"# THE FUNAMBULIST PAPERS 13 /// A Visit to The Old City of Hebron by Raja Shehadeh". THE FUNAMBULIST MAGAZINE. October 24, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2024. <a href="https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh" target="_blank">https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh</a> <a href="#fnref:401" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:402">"# THE FUNAMBULIST PAPERS 13 /// A Visit to The Old City of Hebron by Raja Shehadeh". THE FUNAMBULIST MAGAZINE. October 24, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2024. <a href="https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh" target="_blank">https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh</a> <a href="#fnref:402" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:403">Finn 1868, p. 184:'the great oak of Sibta, commonly called Abraham's oak by most people except the Jews, who do not believe in any Abraham's oak there. The great patriarch planted, indeed, a grove at Beersheba; but the "Eloné Mamre" they declare to have been "plains", not "oaks", (which would be Alloné Mamre,) and to have been situated northwards instead of westwards from the present Hebron.' - Finn, J. (1868). Byeways in Palestine. London: James Nisbett. Retrieved July 25, 2011. <a href="https://archive.org/details/byewaysinpalesti00finniala" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/byewaysinpalesti00finniala</a> <a href="#fnref:403" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:404">"# THE FUNAMBULIST PAPERS 13 /// A Visit to The Old City of Hebron by Raja Shehadeh". THE FUNAMBULIST MAGAZINE. October 24, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2024. <a href="https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh" target="_blank">https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh</a> <a href="#fnref:404" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:405">"# THE FUNAMBULIST PAPERS 13 /// A Visit to The Old City of Hebron by Raja Shehadeh". THE FUNAMBULIST MAGAZINE. October 24, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2024. <a href="https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh" target="_blank">https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh</a> <a href="#fnref:405" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:406">"# THE FUNAMBULIST PAPERS 13 /// A Visit to The Old City of Hebron by Raja Shehadeh". THE FUNAMBULIST MAGAZINE. October 24, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2024. <a href="https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh" target="_blank">https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh</a> <a href="#fnref:406" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:407">Museum With No Frontiers (2004). Pilgrimage, sciences and Sufism: Islamic art in the West Bank and Gaza. Édisud. p. 200. ISBN 978-9953-36-064-5. <a href="978-9953-36-064-5" target="_blank">978-9953-36-064-5</a> <a href="#fnref:407" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:408">"# THE FUNAMBULIST PAPERS 13 /// A Visit to The Old City of Hebron by Raja Shehadeh". THE FUNAMBULIST MAGAZINE. October 24, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2024. <a href="https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh" target="_blank">https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh</a> <a href="#fnref:408" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:409">"A Space for Nature: Wadi Al-Quff Nature Reserve | IUCN". www.iucn.org. May 30, 2018. Retrieved August 4, 2024. <a href="https://www.iucn.org/news/protected-areas/201805/space-nature-wadi-al-quff-nature-reserve" target="_blank">https://www.iucn.org/news/protected-areas/201805/space-nature-wadi-al-quff-nature-reserve</a> <a href="#fnref:409" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:410">"A Space for Nature: Wadi Al-Quff Nature Reserve | IUCN". www.iucn.org. May 30, 2018. Retrieved August 4, 2024. <a href="https://www.iucn.org/news/protected-areas/201805/space-nature-wadi-al-quff-nature-reserve" target="_blank">https://www.iucn.org/news/protected-areas/201805/space-nature-wadi-al-quff-nature-reserve</a> <a href="#fnref:410" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:411">"The Undiscovered Archaeological Riches of Hebron". This Week in Palestine. Retrieved August 3, 2024. <a href="https://thisweekinpalestine.com/the-undiscovered-archaeological-riches-of-hebron/" target="_blank">https://thisweekinpalestine.com/the-undiscovered-archaeological-riches-of-hebron/</a> <a href="#fnref:411" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:412">"The Undiscovered Archaeological Riches of Hebron". This Week in Palestine. Retrieved August 3, 2024. <a href="https://thisweekinpalestine.com/the-undiscovered-archaeological-riches-of-hebron/" target="_blank">https://thisweekinpalestine.com/the-undiscovered-archaeological-riches-of-hebron/</a> <a href="#fnref:412" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:413">"The Undiscovered Archaeological Riches of Hebron". This Week in Palestine. Retrieved August 3, 2024. <a href="https://thisweekinpalestine.com/the-undiscovered-archaeological-riches-of-hebron/" target="_blank">https://thisweekinpalestine.com/the-undiscovered-archaeological-riches-of-hebron/</a> <a href="#fnref:413" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:414">"The Undiscovered Archaeological Riches of Hebron". This Week in Palestine. Retrieved August 3, 2024. <a href="https://thisweekinpalestine.com/the-undiscovered-archaeological-riches-of-hebron/" target="_blank">https://thisweekinpalestine.com/the-undiscovered-archaeological-riches-of-hebron/</a> <a href="#fnref:414" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:415">Vilnay 1973, pp. 170–72 - Vilnay, Z. (1973) [1932]. Legends of Palestine. Jewish Publication Society of America. ISBN 978-0-827-60004-1. Retrieved November 4, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Legends_of_Palestine.html%3Fid%3DTqkrAAAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books/about/Legends_of_Palestine.html%3Fid%3DTqkrAAAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:415" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:416">Miscellanies of divinitie: divided into three books Edward Kellet, 1633. p. 223: "Sixthly, the field of Damascus, where the red earth lieth, of which they report Adam was formed; which earth is tough, and may be wrought like wax, and lieth close by Hebron." <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bSpJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA223" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=bSpJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA223</a> <a href="#fnref:416" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:417">Neuman 2018, p. 1 - Neuman, Tamara (2018). Settling Hebron : Jewish Fundamentalism in a Palestinian City. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-812-24995-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zstVDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=zstVDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:417" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:418">Marcus Milwright (2008). The Fortress of the Raven: Karak in the Middle Islamic Period (1100 -1650). Brill. p. 119. ISBN 978-90-04-16519-9. <a href="978-90-04-16519-9" target="_blank">978-90-04-16519-9</a> <a href="#fnref:418" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:419">J. G. R. Forlong (2003). Encyclopedia of Religions Or Faiths of Man 1906, Part 2. Kessinger Publishing. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-7661-4308-1. [permanent dead link‍] <a href="978-0-7661-4308-1" target="_blank">978-0-7661-4308-1</a> <a href="#fnref:419" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:420">Vilnay 1973, pp. 170–72 - Vilnay, Z. (1973) [1932]. Legends of Palestine. Jewish Publication Society of America. ISBN 978-0-827-60004-1. Retrieved November 4, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Legends_of_Palestine.html%3Fid%3DTqkrAAAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books/about/Legends_of_Palestine.html%3Fid%3DTqkrAAAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:420" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:421">Zev Vilnay (1975). The Sacred land. Vol. 2. Jewish Publication Society of America. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-8276-0064-5. <a href="978-0-8276-0064-5" target="_blank">978-0-8276-0064-5</a> <a href="#fnref:421" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:422">Craveri 1967, p. 25. - Craveri, M. (1967). The Life of Jesus: An assessment through modern historical evidence. Pan Books. Retrieved July 20, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bu0KAQAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Bu0KAQAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:422" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:423">Milman 1840, p. 49. - Milman, H.H. (1840). The history of Christianity: from the birth of Christ to the abolition of paganism in the Roman Empire. London: John Murray. Retrieved July 27, 2011. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zRiEznGkfukC&pg=PA49" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=zRiEznGkfukC&pg=PA49</a> <a href="#fnref:423" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:424">Gil 1997, p. 100. - Gil, Moshe (1997) [1983]. A History of Palestine, 634–1099. Translated by Ethel Broido. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59984-9. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC</a> <a href="#fnref:424" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:425">Levi della Vida 1993, p. 648 - Levi della Vida, G. (1993) [1927]. "Tamīm al-Dārī". In Houtsma, M.T.; Arnold, T.W. (eds.). E.J. Brill's first encyclopedia of Islam, 1913–1936. Vol. VIII. Brill. pp. 646–648. ISBN 978-90-04-09796-4. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ro--tXw_hxMC&pg=PA648" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ro--tXw_hxMC&pg=PA648</a> <a href="#fnref:425" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:426">"# THE FUNAMBULIST PAPERS 13 /// A Visit to The Old City of Hebron by Raja Shehadeh". THE FUNAMBULIST MAGAZINE. October 24, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2024. <a href="https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh" target="_blank">https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh</a> <a href="#fnref:426" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:427">Woodhead, Christine (December 15, 2011). The Ottoman World. Routledge. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-136-49894-7. <a href="978-1-136-49894-7" target="_blank">978-1-136-49894-7</a> <a href="#fnref:427" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:428">Neuman 2018, p. 5: "This narrowed or fundamentalist focus involves three further changes that are also useful for framing this study: the first is that religiously inscribed space, particularly the remaking of many Palestinian areas into a geography of biblical sites and origins, has been given a new significance in the construction of a distinct Jewish (settler) identity. Spatial reorganization has also resulted in a range of incremental practices included under the rubric of religion that link up with this process of inscription— including renaming, reenvisioning, and rebuilding. These practices in turn support and magnify resolute place-based attachments. The second shift is that these remade biblical sites, specifically in Hebron and within the Tomb of the Patriarchs itself, are being given a new centrality in Jewish observance, one that largely cancels out the exilic orientation of Jewish tradition. They give rise to a form of Jewish observance focusing on exact origins and specific graves to the exclusion of a more characteristic yearning for the messianic future. Third, the final change entails writing out the many historical convergences between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam reflected in the traditions themselves so as to eliminate possibilities for accommodating difference, while using Jewish observance and forms of direct violence in order to erase the presence of an existing Palestinian population." - Neuman, Tamara (2018). Settling Hebron : Jewish Fundamentalism in a Palestinian City. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-812-24995-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zstVDwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=zstVDwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:428" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:429">History made as Derby becomes 'sister city' of Hebron, Palestine Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine, Derby Telegraph <a href="http://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/History-Derby-sister-city-Hebron-Palestine/story-20973895-detail/story.html" target="_blank">http://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/History-Derby-sister-city-Hebron-Palestine/story-20973895-detail/story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:429" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:430">Братски и партнерски градови и општине [Sister and partner cities and municipalities] (in Serbian). Kraljevo. <a href="Братски и партнерски градови и општине" target="_blank">Братски и партнерски градови и општине</a> <a href="#fnref:430" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Hebron open-in-new

Hebron