Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Universal resurrection
open-in-new
<h2 id="rabbinic-judaism-and-samaritanism">Rabbinic Judaism and Samaritanism</h2> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Heaven_in_Judaism/MnH7VnJl">Heaven in Judaism</a>, <a href="/facts/Jewish_eschatology/KHdACCGc">Jewish eschatology</a>, <a href="/facts/Sheol/jh2rd4e8">Sheol</a>, and <a href="/facts/Samaritanism/Vl2fu4xv">Samaritanism</a></p> <p>There are three explicit examples in the Hebrew Bible of people being resurrected from the dead: </p> <ul><li>The prophet <a href="/facts/Elijah/8u9SgWaM">Elijah</a> prays and God raises a young boy from death (1 Kings 17:17–24).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Elisha/a4mBd4xq">Elisha</a> raises the son of the Shunammite woman (2 Kings 4:32–37); this was the very same child whose birth he previously foretold (2 Kings 4:8–16).</li> <li>A dead man's body that was thrown into the dead Elisha's tomb is resurrected when the body touches Elisha's bones (2 Kings 13:21).</li></ul> <p>While there was no belief in personal afterlife with reward or punishment in Judaism before 200 BCE,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> in later <a href="/facts/Judaism/tjQ5Tgs6">Judaism</a> and <a href="/facts/Samaritanism/Vl2fu4xv">Samaritanism</a> it is believed that the <a href="/facts/God_in_Judaism/ED9TEs27">God of Israel</a> will one day give <i>teḥiyyat ha-metim</i> ("life to the dead") to the righteous during the <a href="/facts/Messianic_Age/KaI1GPpt">Messianic Age</a>, and they will live forever in the <a href="/facts/World_to_come/D8GfY15f">world to come</a> (<i>Olam Ha-Ba</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Jews today base this belief on the <a href="/facts/Book_of_Isaiah/TypwqRnK">Book of Isaiah</a> (<i>Yeshayahu</i>), <a href="/facts/Book_of_Ezekiel/kcSImkzj">Book of Ezekiel</a> (<i>Yeḥez'qel</i>), and <a href="/facts/Book_of_Daniel/m22qUIWF">Book of Daniel</a> (<i>Dani'el</i>). Samaritans base it solely on a verse in the <i><a href="/facts/Haazinu/LNYEC4Vz">Song of Moses</a></i> in the <a href="/facts/Samaritan_Pentateuch/u6vHCo3u">Samaritan Pentateuch</a>, since they accept only the <a href="/facts/Torah/BdJr9IFo">Torah</a> and reject the rest of the <a href="/facts/Hebrew_Bible/y8yblF9f">Hebrew Bible</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/facts/Second_Temple_period/nR9BQjPk">Second Temple period</a>, Judaism developed a diversity of beliefs concerning the resurrection. The concept of resurrection of the physical body is found in <a href="/facts/2_Maccabees/TECEjDjo">2 Maccabees</a>, according to which it will happen through recreation of the flesh.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Resurrection of the dead also appears in detail in the extra-canonical book of <a href="/facts/Book_of_Enoch/zHh9YBhR">Enoch</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> in the <a href="/facts/Syriac_Apocalypse_of_Baruch/TjYGVLkP">Apocalypse of Baruch</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/2_Esdras/aPcFYIld">2 Esdras</a>. According to the British scholar in ancient Judaism <a href="/facts/Philip_R._Davies/VS9ovN59">Philip R. Davies</a>, there is "little or no clear reference ... either to immortality or to resurrection from the dead" in the <a href="/facts/Dead_Sea_scrolls/vlbHRrJm">Dead Sea scrolls</a> texts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Both <a href="/facts/Josephus/RgFoKIYH">Josephus</a> and the New Testament record that the <a href="/facts/Sadducees/zAHm496A">Sadducees</a> did not believe in an <a href="/facts/Afterlife/8rxbbNXE">afterlife</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> but the sources vary on the beliefs of the <a href="/facts/Pharisees/1TlRFXWI">Pharisees</a>. The New Testament claims that the Pharisees believed in the resurrection, but does not specify whether this included the flesh or not.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> According to <a href="/facts/Josephus/RgFoKIYH">Josephus</a>, who himself was a Pharisee, the Pharisees held that only the soul was immortal and the souls of good people will be <a href="/facts/Reincarnation/vITGGNlT">reincarnated</a> and "pass into other bodies", while "the souls of the wicked will suffer eternal punishment".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Paul_the_Apostle/mIAFgUw7">Paul the Apostle</a>, who also was a Pharisee,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> said that at the resurrection what is "sown as a natural body is raised a spiritual body".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Book_of_Jubilees/MBbXLowz">Jubilees</a> refers only to the resurrection of the soul, or to a more general idea of an immortal soul.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> The Second Temple Judaism tradition at <a href="/facts/Qumran/ctxcq8Pe">Qumran</a> held that there would be a resurrection of just and unjust, but of the very good and very bad,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> and of Jews only.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> The extent of the resurrection in <a href="/facts/2_Baruch/TjYGVLkP">2 Baruch</a> and <a href="/facts/4_Ezra/aPcFYIld">4 Ezra</a> is debated by scholars.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>The resurrection of the dead is a core belief in the <a href="/facts/Mishnah/nf6aBsjL">Mishnah</a> which was assembled in the early centuries of the Christian era.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> The belief in resurrection is expressed on all occasions in the <a href="/facts/Jewish_liturgy/toeaSvSu">Jewish liturgy</a>; e.g., in the <a href="/facts/List_of_Jewish_prayers_and_blessings/TVM1qU5v">morning prayer <i>Elohai Neshamah</i></a>, in the <i><a href="/facts/Shemoneh_Esrei/3wGNzRKt">Shemoneh 'Esreh</a></i> and in the <a href="/facts/Bereavement_in_Judaism/tJG3xCrz">funeral services</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Jewish <a href="/facts/Halakha/RLYnjLBJ">halakhic</a> authority <a href="/facts/Maimonides/fGyQDPC8">Maimonides</a> set down his <a href="/facts/Thirteen_Articles_of_Faith/LllMTncL">Thirteen Articles of Faith</a> which have ever since been printed in all Rabbinic <i><a href="/facts/Siddur/dwHNsAI4">Siddur</a></i> (prayer books). Resurrection is the thirteenth principle: "I firmly believe that there will take place a revival of the dead at a time which will please the Creator, blessed be His name."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Modern <a href="/facts/Orthodox_Judaism/8PGzTQaL">Orthodox Judaism</a> holds belief in the resurrection of the dead to be one of the cardinal principles of <a href="/facts/Rabbinic_Judaism/fKVSb6Pu">Rabbinic Judaism</a>. </p><p>Harry Sysling, in his 1996 study of <i>Teḥiyyat Ha-Metim</i> in the <a href="/facts/Targum/FpdFfN7f">Palestinian Targumim</a>, identifies a consistent usage of the term "<a href="/facts/Second_death/6Aa6zKLG">second death</a>" in texts from the Second Temple period and <a href="/facts/Rabbinical_literature/gaYkM1lL">early rabbinical writings</a>, but not in the Hebrew Bible.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> "Second death" is identified with judgment, followed by resurrection from <i>Gehinnom</i> ("<a href="/facts/Gehenna/3JF5KkKu">Gehenna</a>") at the <a href="/facts/Eschatology/yRyvUt8B">Last Day</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="christianity">Christianity</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Christian_eschatology/gpdnuTVS">Christian eschatology</a>, <a href="/facts/Intermediate_state_(Christianity)/C2lIX5IE">Intermediate state (Christianity)</a>, <a href="/facts/Christian_conditionalism/y2kejHqW">Christian conditionalism</a>, and <a href="/facts/Last_Judgment/x5dW2R4x">Last Judgment</a></p> <h3>Epistles</h3> <p>In the <a href="/facts/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians/7Wj6IKLt">First Epistle to the Corinthians</a> chapter 15, ἀνάστασις νεκρῶν is used for the resurrection of the dead. In verses 54–55, <a href="/facts/Paul_the_Apostle/mIAFgUw7">Paul the Apostle</a> is conveyed as quoting from the <a href="/facts/Book_of_Hosea/8T9qJHYs">Book of Hosea</a> 13:14 where he speaks of the abolition of death. In the <a href="/facts/Pauline_epistles/Qb8zrXJ5">Pauline epistles</a> of the <a href="/facts/New_Testament/k066sDIn">New Testament</a>, <a href="/facts/Paul_the_Apostle/mIAFgUw7">Paul the Apostle</a> wrote that those who will be resurrected to <a href="/facts/Eternal_life_(Christianity)/QH43BTwg">eternal life</a> will be resurrected with <a href="/facts/Spiritual_body/bz484I8S">spiritual bodies</a>, which are imperishable; the "flesh and blood" of natural, perishable bodies cannot inherit the kingdom of God, and, likewise, those that are corruptible will not receive incorruption (1 Corinthians 15:35–54). Even though Paul does not explicitly establish that immortality excludes physical bodies, some scholars understand that according to Paul, flesh is simply to play no part, as people are made <a href="/facts/Immortality/nDAb6CKo">immortal</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p> <h3>Gospels and Acts</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Gospel_of_Matthew/37PUBgoR">Gospel of Matthew</a> has Jesus famously teach/preach for the first time in 4:17, "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand." Matthew 6:19–21. It introduces the expression ἀναστάσεως τῶν νεκρῶν (lit. 'standing up of the dead'), which is used in a <a href="/facts/Monologue/GsLFFTxg">monologue</a> by Jesus who speaks to the crowds about "the resurrection" called simply ῇ ἀναστάσει (Mat. 22:29–33). This type of resurrection refers to the raising up of the dead, all mankind, at the end of this present age,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> the general or universal resurrection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p><p>In the <a href="/facts/Canonical_gospels/oC3s2MdL">canonical gospels</a>, the <a href="/facts/Resurrection_of_Jesus/6oxjSUry">resurrection of Jesus</a> is described as a resurrection of the flesh: from the <a href="/facts/Empty_tomb/8dJIRdLA">empty tomb</a> in Mark; the women embracing the feet of the resurrected Jesus in Matthew; the insistence of the resurrected Jesus in Luke that he is of "flesh and bones" and not just a spirit or <i><a href="/facts/Pneuma/6snWuU5D">pneuma</a></i>; to the resurrected Jesus encouraging the disciples to touch his wounds in John. </p><p>In <a href="/facts/Acts_of_the_Apostles/u0QzNmpd">Acts of the Apostles</a> the expression ἀναστάσεως νεκρῶν was used by the <a href="/facts/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament/2sPQ1VPS">Apostles</a> and <a href="/facts/Paul_the_Apostle/mIAFgUw7">Paul</a> to defend the doctrine of the resurrection. Paul brought up the resurrection in his trial before <a href="/facts/Ananias_son_of_Nedebaios/p3mm9wkx">Ananias ben Nedebaios</a>. The expression was variously used in reference to a general resurrection (Acts 24:21)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> at the end of this present age (Acts 23:6, 24:15).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p><p>Acts 24:15 in the <a href="/facts/King_James_Version/FdS5n0lX">King James Version</a> reads: "there shall be a resurrection of the dead, both of the just and unjust." </p> <h3>Nicene Creed and early Christianity</h3> <p>Most <a href="/facts/Christian_denominations/rRQgoQd8">Christian denominations</a> profess the <a href="/facts/Nicene_Creed/1zLPrdun">Nicene Creed</a>, which affirms the resurrection of the dead; most <a href="/facts/English_versions_of_the_Nicene_Creed_in_current_use/boNN8aFM">English versions of the Nicene Creed in current use</a> include the phrase: "We look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the <a href="/facts/World_to_come/D8GfY15f">world to come</a>."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p>The Christian writers <a href="/facts/Irenaeus/VSKUJw0X">Irenaeus</a> and <a href="/facts/Justin_Martyr/IVhGxIKa">Justin Martyr</a>, in the <a href="/facts/Christianity_in_the_2nd_century/oGm7JrFg">2nd century</a>, wrote against the idea that only the <a href="/facts/Soul_(spirit)/DJl01SxP">soul</a> survived. (The word "soul" is unknown in the Aramaic; it entered Christian theology through the Greek.)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> Justin Martyr insists that a man is both soul and body and Christ has promised to raise both, just as his own body was raised.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p><p>The first-century treatise <i><a href="/facts/Didache/xmu9DykY">Didache</a></i> comments 'Not the resurrection of everyone, but, as it says, "The Lord will come and all his holy ones with him" (16.7).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p><p>The Christian doctrine of resurrection is based on Christ's resurrection. There was no ancient Greek belief in a general resurrection of the dead. Indeed, they held that once a body had been destroyed, there was no possibility of returning to life as not even the gods could recreate the flesh. </p><p>Several early Church Fathers, like <a href="/facts/Exhortation_to_the_Greeks/tVUlb9R1">Pseudo-Justin</a>, Justin Martyr, <a href="/facts/Tatian/oThDub8Y">Tatian</a>, Irenaeus, and <a href="/facts/Athenagoras_of_Athens/dVFqGh92">Athenagoras of Athens</a> argue about the Christian resurrection beliefs in ways that answer to this traditional Greek scepticism to post-mortal physical continuity. The human body could not be annihilated, only dissolved – it could not even be integrated in the bodies of those who devoured it. Thus God only had to reassemble the minute parts of the dissolved bodies in the resurrection. </p><p>Traditional <a href="/facts/Christian_Church/mXj3F6ED">Christian Churches</a>, i.e. ones that adhere to the <a href="/facts/Creed/GQuXuXgm">creeds</a>, continue to uphold the belief that there will be a general and universal resurrection of the dead at "the <a href="/facts/Eschatology/yRyvUt8B">end of time</a>", as described by Paul when he said: "He hath appointed a day, in which he will judge the world" (Acts 17:31 KJV) and "There shall be a resurrection of the dead, both of the just and unjust" (Acts 24:15 KJV). </p><p>The resurrection of the flesh is mentioned in the <a href="/facts/Aquileia/EJXmVo6t">Aquileian</a> Creed (before the 4th century).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> As the Aquileian Creed affirms, this faith was shared by the Christian Churches of <a href="/facts/Rome/bh1Ttx3T">Rome</a>, <a href="/facts/Alexandria/hdg1twWA">Alexandria of Egypt</a> and <a href="/facts/Jerusalem/PKJ8LT0Y">Jerusalem</a>. </p> <h3>Modern era</h3> <p>Early Christian church fathers defended the resurrection of the dead against the pagan belief that the immortal soul went to the <a href="/facts/Underworld/DaB7uJsa">underworld</a> immediately after death, and afterwards it would be reincarnated into another body (<a href="/facts/Metempsychosis/Hx0Ec9CB">metempsychosis</a>). It is a Christian belief that the souls of the righteous go to <a href="/facts/Heaven_(Christianity)/1w90MSy0">Heaven</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p><p>At the close of the medieval period, the modern era brought a shift in Christian thinking from an emphasis on the resurrection of the body back to the immortality of the soul.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> This shift was a result of a change in the <i><a href="/facts/Zeitgeist/GkE5MB6I">zeitgeist</a></i>, as a reaction to the <a href="/facts/Renaissance/4D9Bc6KU">Renaissance</a> and later to the <a href="/facts/Age_of_Enlightenment/Uj2Fa8Mk">Enlightenment</a>. André Dartigues has observed that especially "from the 17th to the 19th century, the language of popular piety no longer evoked the resurrection of the soul but <a href="/facts/Eternal_life_(Christianity)/QH43BTwg">everlasting life</a>. Although theological textbooks still mentioned resurrection, they dealt with it as a speculative question more than as an existential problem."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p><p>This shift was supported not by any scripture, but largely by the popular religion of the Enlightenment, <a href="/facts/Deism/W4K1FwVc">deism</a>. Deism allowed for a <a href="/facts/God/EITpdL9t">supreme being</a>, such as the philosophical <a href="/facts/First_cause/ousKLPsw">first cause</a>, but denied any significant personal or relational interaction with this figure. Deism, which was largely led by rationality and reason, could allow a belief in the <a href="/facts/Immortality_of_the_soul/nDAb6CKo">immortality of the soul</a>, but not necessarily in the resurrection of the dead. American deist <a href="/facts/Ethan_Allen/jVEMyYxR">Ethan Allen</a> demonstrates this thinking in his work, <i><a href="/facts/Ethan_Allen/jVEMyYxR">Reason, the Only Oracle of Man</a></i> (1784) where he argues in the preface that nearly every philosophical problem is beyond humanity's understanding, including the miracles of Christianity, although he does allow for the immortality of an immaterial soul.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p> <h3>Influence on civil law and custom</h3> <p>In Christian theology, it was once widely believed that to rise on <a href="/facts/Judgment_Day/x5dW2R4x">Judgment Day</a> the body had to be whole and preferably <a href="/facts/Burial/Pwz8EyUx">buried with the feet to the east</a> so that the person would rise facing God.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> An <a href="/facts/Act_of_Parliament/aaxV1HXy">Act of Parliament</a> from the reign of <a href="/facts/Henry_VIII_of_England/LFgGAjh0">King Henry VIII</a> stipulated that only the corpses of executed murderers could be used for dissection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a>[<i>user-generated source?</i>] Restricting the supply to the <a href="/facts/Cadaver/g3SzbFxy">cadavers</a> of murderers was seen as an extra punishment for the crime. If one believes dismemberment stopped the possibility of resurrection of an intact body on judgment day, then a <a href="/facts/Posthumous_execution/s7XuSysh">posthumous execution</a> is an effective way of punishing a criminal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> Attitudes towards this issue changed very slowly in the United Kingdom and were not manifested in law until the passing of the <a href="/facts/Anatomy_Act_1832/8rdcFKvm">Anatomy Act 1832</a>. Cremation was accepted more slowly; the first UK cremation did not take place till October 1882, on private land, and cremation was not declared lawful until 1884, when Dr. William Price, a Druid high priest, was tried and acquitted at South Glamorgan Assizes for the attempted cremation of the body of his baby son.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p> <h3>Denominational views</h3> <h4>In General</h4> <p>The resurrection of the dead is believed by all but progressive and liberal Christians, who regard it as a symbolic, immaterial, or non-universal event,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> rather than as the literal reunion of the body and soul of every good and evil person.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a>[<i>self-published source?</i>]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> This near unanimous consensus among Christians is based on the Bible.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> In 1 John 3:2 and Philippians 3:21, it is said regarding the Second Coming of Christ:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> </p> <blockquote><p>Beloved, we are God’s children now; what we shall be has not yet been revealed. We do know that when it is revealed we shall be like him, for we shall see him as he is. </p>— 1 John 3:2</blockquote> <blockquote><p>He will change our lowly body to conform with his glorified body by the power that enables him also to bring all things into subjection to himself. </p>— Philemon 3:21</blockquote> <p>Some progressive and liberal Christians believe that only righteous people will be resurrected,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> or that people will be reincarnated instead of resurrected,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> or that the body will not be physical and immortal like Jesus' own glorified body,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> or that there is no afterlife whatsoever. </p> <h4>Catholicism</h4> <p>In <a href="/facts/Catholicism/rJ4F4gqH">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/facts/Augustine_of_Hippo/RJI1otNA">Augustine of Hippo</a> believed in a universal resurrection of bodies for all <a href="/facts/Immortal_soul/RvCpWTxx">immortal souls</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> According to the <i><a href="/facts/Catholic_Encyclopedia/GKufVzBf">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>: </p> <blockquote><p>"No doctrine of the Christian Faith", says St. Augustine, "is so vehemently and so obstinately opposed as the doctrine of the resurrection of the flesh." This opposition had begun long before the days of St. Augustine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></p></blockquote> <p>According to the <i><a href="/facts/Summa_Theologica/gNHdIwSK">Summa Theologica</a></i>, spiritual beings that have been restored to glorified bodies will have four qualities. which are the result of <a href="/facts/Deification/67vWy7Uv">deification</a> and the <a href="/facts/Beatific_vision/53YJrvHM">beatific vision</a>: </p> <ul><li>Impassibility (incorruptible / painless) – freedom from evil, i.e., temptation, sin, suffering, error, inconvenience, boredom, Satan, and death</li> <li>Subtility (permeability) – freedom from restraint by the laws of science, which includes <a href="/facts/Shapeshifting/SzHHgtzD">shapeshifting</a>, <a href="/facts/Teleportation/UVhYjnrG">teleportation</a>, <a href="/facts/Time_travel/3rmwahY9">time travel</a>, control over nature, and superhuman senses and prowess</li> <li>Agility – one's body will not act faster than one's mind or give in to emotion and impulse, for the body will be as obedient to the soul as the soul is to God</li> <li>Clarity – resplendent beauty and the <a href="/facts/Five_crowns/jWfBUlER">five crowns</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></li></ul> <p>According to the <i><a href="/facts/Catholic_Encyclopedia/GKufVzBf">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> (1911) article on "General resurrection"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> </p> <blockquote><p>The <a href="/facts/Fourth_Lateran_Council/mP622V3R">Fourth Lateran Council</a> (1215) teaches that all men, whether <a href="/facts/Chosen_people/2KHDxYuD">elect</a> or <a href="/facts/Reprobate/vyRmmGUY">reprobate</a>, "will rise again with their own bodies which they now bear about with them" (chapter "<i>Firmiter</i>"). In the language of the <a href="/facts/Creed/GQuXuXgm">creeds</a> and professions of faith this return to life is called resurrection of the body (<i>resurrectio carnis</i>, <i>resurrectio mortuorum</i>, <i>anastasis ton nekron</i>) for a double reason: first, since the <a href="/facts/Soul_death/RvCpWTxx">soul cannot die</a>, it cannot be said to return to life; second the heretical contention of <a href="/facts/Hymenaeus_(Ephesian)/2oBJdrQP">Hymeneus and Philitus</a> that the <a href="/facts/Scriptures/H2HjQEYv">Scriptures</a> denote by resurrection not the return to life of the body, but the rising of the soul from the death of <a href="/facts/Christian_views_on_sin/orLo1n6U">sin</a> to the life of <a href="/facts/Grace_(Christianity)/V3PRcq9a">grace</a>, must be excluded.</p></blockquote> <p>The <i><a href="/facts/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church/kIHalw0e">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i> says: </p> <blockquote><p>997 What is "rising"? In death, the separation of the soul from the body, the human body decays and the soul goes to meet God, while awaiting its reunion with its glorified body. God, in his almighty power, will definitively grant incorruptible life to our bodies by reuniting them with our souls, through the power of Jesus' Resurrection. </p><p>998 Who will rise? All the dead will rise, "those who have done good, to the resurrection of life, and those who have done evil, to the resurrection of judgment." </p><p>999 How? Christ is raised with his own body: "See my hands and my feet, that it is I myself"; but he did not return to an earthly life. So, in him, "all of them will rise again with their own bodies which they now bear," but Christ "will change our lowly body to be like his glorious body," into a "spiritual body": </p><p>But someone will ask, "How are the dead raised? With what kind of body do they come?" You foolish man! What you sow does not come to life unless it dies. and what you sow is not the body which is to be, but a bare kernel ....What is sown is perishable, what is raised is imperishable.... the dead will be raised imperishable.... For this perishable nature must put on the imperishable, and this mortal nature must put on immortality. (1 Cor 15:35-37. 42. 53). </p><p>1001 When? Definitively "at the last day," "at the end of the world." Indeed, the resurrection of the dead is closely associated with Christ's Parousia: </p><p>For the Lord himself will descend from heaven, with a cry of command, with the archangel's call, and with the sound of the trumpet of God. and the dead in Christ will rise first. (1 Thess 4:16)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> </p><p> 1038 The resurrection of all the dead, "of both the just and the unjust" (Acts 24:15), will precede the Last Judgment. This will be "the hour when all who are in the tombs will hear [the Son of man's] voice and come forth, those who have done good, to the resurrection of life, and those who have done evil, to the resurrection of judgment" (Jn 5:28-29).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/facts/Pope_John_Paul_II/Md3PoDuj">Pope John Paul II</a>, in his work <i><a href="/facts/Theology_of_the_Body/mSDE15LX">Theology of the Body</a></i>, taught that the resurrected saint will be deified beyond any understanding of deification, since the saint will experience the beatific vision not just by contemplation but with the whole self – all of one's senses, abilities, virtues, etc. – when one's whole self will rise as perfect as Jesus' risen humanity. This type of deification, John Paul II taught, cannot be obtained, experienced, or foretasted before the general resurrection because it will be given by Jesus at his Second Coming.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> </p><p>In her dairy, Saint Faustina taught that resurrected saints' happiness will forever grow in quantity and quality, because the saints will forever contemplate God more and more.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a>[<i>self-published source?</i>] </p> <h4>Lutheranism</h4> <p>In <a href="/facts/Lutheranism/L4pMlRcS">Lutheranism</a>, <a href="/facts/Martin_Luther/7nwEeL0L">Martin Luther</a> personally believed and taught the resurrection of the dead, perhaps in combination with <a href="/facts/Soul_sleep/RvCpWTxx">soul sleep</a>, though other scholars hold that his view was more nuanced or even that he held to the immortality of the soul.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> The mainstream teaching of <a href="/facts/Lutheranism/L4pMlRcS">Lutheranism</a> and what Lutherans traditionally believe is in resurrection of the body in combination with the <a href="/facts/Immortal_soul/RvCpWTxx">immortal soul</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> According to the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS), on the last day all the dead will be resurrected. Their souls will then be reunited with the same bodies they had before dying. The bodies will then be changed, those of the wicked to a state of everlasting shame and torment, those of the righteous to an everlasting state of celestial glory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> </p> <h4>Anglicanism</h4> <p>In <a href="/facts/Anglicanism/CDICRNVn">Anglicanism</a>, scholars such as the former Bishop of Durham <a href="/facts/N._T._Wright/gwuMGuBm">N. T. Wright</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> have defended the primacy of the resurrection in Christian faith. Interviewed by <i><a href="/facts/Time_(magazine)/N4FXc99l">Time</a></i> in 2008, Wright spoke of "the idea of bodily resurrection that people deny when they talk about their 'souls going to Heaven'", adding: "I've often heard people say, 'I'm going to heaven soon, and I won't need this stupid body there, thank goodness.' That's a very damaging distortion, all the more so for being unintentional." Instead, Wright explains: "In the Bible we are told that you die, and enter an <a href="/facts/Intermediate_state_(Christianity)/C2lIX5IE">intermediate state</a>." This is 'conscious', but 'compared to being bodily alive, it will be like being asleep'. This will be followed by resurrection into new bodies, he says. 'Our culture is very interested in life after death, but the New Testament is much more interested in what I've called the life after life after death.'" </p><p>Among the original <a href="/facts/Forty-Two_Articles/CSkN7gYN">Forty-Two Articles</a> (1553) of the <a href="/facts/Church_of_England/A1CoKeGz">Church of England</a>, Article 39 ("The resurrection of the dead is not yeat brought to passe") reads (in modernised English orthography): "The resurrection of the dead is not as yet brought to pass, as though it only belonged to the soul, which by the grace of <a href="/facts/Christ/Hcd9hEzI">Christ</a> is raised from the death of sin, but it is to be looked for at the last day; for then (as Scripture doth most manifestly testify) to all that be dead their own bodies, flesh and bone shall be restored, that the whole man may (according to his works) have either reward or punishment, as he hath lived virtuously, or wickedly."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a>[<i>self-published source?</i>] </p> <h4>Methodism</h4> <p>In <a href="/facts/Methodism/XXvj9D0G">Methodism</a>, M. Douglas Meeks, professor of theology and Wesleyan studies at <a href="/facts/Vanderbilt_Divinity_School/bkB1zJAw">Vanderbilt Divinity School</a>, states that "it is very important for Christians to hold to the resurrection of the body."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> <a href="/facts/John_Wesley/vm9oeMF6">John Wesley</a>, the founder of the Methodist Church, in his sermon <i>On the Resurrection of the Dead</i>, defended the doctrine, stating "There are many places of Scripture that plainly declare it. St. Paul, in the 53d verse of this chapter, tells us that 'this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality.' [1 Corinthians 15:53]."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> In addition, notable Methodist hymns, such as those by <a href="/facts/Charles_Wesley/X8pwl2m8">Charles Wesley</a>, link "our resurrection and Christ's resurrection".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> F. Belton Joyner in <i>United Methodist Answers</i>, states that the "New Testament does not speak of a natural immortality of the soul, as if we never actually die. It speaks of resurrection of the body, the claim that is made each time we state the historic Apostles' Creed and classic Nicene Creed", given in <i><a href="/facts/The_United_Methodist_Hymnal/ff3ty7R4">The United Methodist Hymnal</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> In paragraph 128 of the <i><a href="/facts/Book_of_Discipline/VhMLrdh3">Book of Discipline</a></i> of the <a href="/facts/Free_Methodist_Church/NcnCA5Qb">Free Methodist Church</a> it is written: "There will be a bodily resurrection from the dead of both the just and the unjust, they that have done good unto the resurrection of life, they that have done evil unto the resurrection of the damnation. The resurrected body will be a spiritual body, but the person will be whole identifiable. The Resurrection of Christ is the guarantee of resurrection unto life to those who are in Him."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a> </p> <h4>Baptists</h4> <p>With regard to <a href="/facts/Baptists/nMKlmaVb">Baptists</a>, <a href="/facts/James_Leo_Garrett_Jr./FWA7yqzU">James Leo Garrett Jr.</a>, E. Glenn Hinson, and James E. Tull write that "Baptists traditionally have held firmly to the belief that Christ rose triumphant over death, sin, and hell in a bodily resurrection from the dead."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a> </p> <h4>Plymouth Brethren</h4> <p>Many <a href="/facts/Dispensationalism/NXFVpoQC">Dispensationalist</a> Evangelicals believe in a universal resurrection, but divided into two separate resurrections; at the <a href="/facts/Second_Coming/cmswsDwm">Second Coming</a> and then again at the <a href="/facts/Great_White_Throne/x5dW2R4x">Great White Throne</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> <i>The Doctrinal Basis of the Evangelical Alliance</i> affirms belief in "the resurrection of the body, the judgment of the world by our Lord Jesus Christ, with the eternal blessedness of the righteous, and the eternal punishment of the wicked."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a> Some <a href="/facts/Millenarianism/JJtFpu3f">millennialists</a> interpret the <a href="/facts/Book_of_Revelation/6M2joE25">Book of Revelation</a> as requiring two physical resurrections of the dead, one before the <a href="/facts/Millennialism/gytbhF03">Millennium</a>, the other after it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a> </p> <h4>Restorationists</h4> <p><a href="/facts/Christian_mortalism/RvCpWTxx">Mortalists</a>, those Christians who do not believe that humans have <a href="/facts/Immortal_soul/RvCpWTxx">immortal souls</a>, may believe in a universal resurrection, such as <a href="/facts/Thomas_Hobbes/VUGt3jNW">Thomas Hobbes</a> in <i>Leviathan</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a>[<i>edition needed</i>] Some mortalist denominations may believe in a universal resurrection of all the dead, but in two resurrection events, one at either end of a <a href="/facts/Millennium/8cwS2oUW">millennium</a>, such as <a href="/facts/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church/m8VpCo8n">Seventh-day Adventists</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a> Other mortalist denominations deny a universal resurrection, such as <a href="/facts/Christadelphians/eNGBnmbv">Christadelphians</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a> and hold that the dead count three groups; the majority who will never be raised, those raised to condemnation, and a second final destruction in the "<a href="/facts/Second_Death/6Aa6zKLG">Second Death</a>", and those raised to <a href="/facts/Eternal_life_(Christianity)/QH43BTwg">eternal life</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/facts/Christian_conditionalism/y2kejHqW">Christian conditionalism</a>, there are several <a href="/facts/Restorationist/MzzIL3NH">Restorationist</a> churches, such as the <a href="/facts/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church/m8VpCo8n">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>, <a href="/facts/Christadelphians/eNGBnmbv">Christadelphians</a>, <a href="/facts/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses/MCSKHs8S">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, and theologians of different traditions who reject the idea of the immortality of a non-physical soul as a vestige of <a href="/facts/Neoplatonism/Tyq4uTG0">Neoplatonism</a>, and other <a href="/facts/Paganism/JaWTHBtJ">pagan</a> traditions. In this school of thought, the dead remain dead (and do not immediately progress to a <a href="/facts/Heaven/mRtkwbzz">Heaven</a>, <a href="/facts/Hell/2nIkoYTB">Hell</a>, or <a href="/facts/Purgatory/kIx0H5r7">Purgatory</a>) until a physical resurrection of some or all of the dead occurs at the end of time, or in <a href="/facts/Paradise/NB9KrK61">Paradise</a> restored on earth, in a general resurrection. Some groups, Christadelphians in particular, consider that it is not a universal resurrection, and that at this time of resurrection that the <a href="/facts/Last_Judgment/x5dW2R4x">Last Judgment</a> will take place.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Latter_Day_Saints/RI3Vm3ze">Latter Day Saints</a> believe that God has a <a href="/facts/Plan_of_salvation_(Latter_Day_Saints)/gIdThCpA">plan of salvation</a>. Before the resurrection, the spirits of the dead are believed to exist in a place known as the <a href="/facts/Spirit_world_(Latter_Day_Saints)/xQmJe7r6">spirit world</a>, which is similar to, yet fundamentally distinct from, the traditional concept of Heaven and Hell. It is believed that the spirit retains its wants, beliefs, and desires in the afterlife.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a> Doctrine of <a href="/facts/LDS_Church/rcgQH9bT">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> teaches that Jesus Christ was the first person to be resurrected,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a> and that all those who have lived on the earth will be resurrected because of Jesus Christ, regardless of their righteousness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a> The Church teaches that not all are resurrected at the same time; the righteous will be resurrected in a "first resurrection" and unrepentant sinners in a "last resurrection."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a> The resurrection is believed to unite the spirit with the body again, and the Church teaches that the body (flesh and bone) will be made whole and become incorruptible, a state which includes immortality.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a> There is also a belief in Latter-day Saint doctrine that a few exceptional individuals were removed from the earth "without tasting of death". This is referred to as <a href="/facts/Translation_(LDS_Church)/9qHRFHeK">translation</a>, and these individuals are believed to have retained their bodies in a purified form, though they too will eventually be required to receive resurrection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="islam">Islam</h2> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Islamic_eschatology/7EhMFc0o">Islamic eschatology</a>, <a href="/facts/Islamic_view_of_the_Last_Judgment/7EhMFc0o">Islamic view of the Last Judgment</a>, and <a href="/facts/Qiyamah/a94fgIdV">Qiyamah</a></p> <p>According to <a href="/facts/Islamic_eschatology/7EhMFc0o">Islamic eschatology</a>, the <a href="/facts/Day_of_Resurrection/a94fgIdV">Day of Resurrection</a> (<i>yawm al-qiyāmah</i>) <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a> is believed to be <a href="/facts/God_in_Islam/L2VNNRJm">God</a>'s final assessment of humanity. The sequence of events (according to the most commonly held belief) is the annihilation of all creatures, resurrection of the body, and the judgment of all sentient creatures. The exact time when these events will occur is unknown, however there are said to be major<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a> and minor signs<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a> which are to occur near the time of <i>Qiyamah</i> (<a href="/facts/Eschatology/yRyvUt8B">end time</a>). Many <a href="/facts/Quran/39rkStko">Quranic</a> verses, especially the earlier ones, are dominated by the idea of the nearing of the day of resurrection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a> </p><p>In the sign of <i>Al Quiyamah</i>, a trumpet will be sounded for the first time, and result in the death of the remaining sinners. Then there will be a period of forty years. The eleventh sign is the sounding of a second trumpet to signal the resurrection as <i>ba'as ba'da'l-mawt</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a> Then all will be naked and running to the Place of Gathering. </p><p>The Day of Resurrection is one of <a href="/facts/The_six_articles_of_Islamic_faith/gtEG6MFP">the six articles of Islamic faith</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a> Everybody will account for their deeds in this world and people will go to <a href="/facts/Heaven/mRtkwbzz">heaven</a> or <a href="/facts/Hell/2nIkoYTB">hell</a>. </p> <h2 id="zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Frashokereti/94xvBwwh">Frashokereti</a></p> <p>The <a href="/facts/Zoroastrian/rM0QUMtg">Zoroastrian</a> belief in an end times renovation of the earth is known as <i><a href="/facts/Frashokereti/94xvBwwh">frashokereti</a></i>, which includes some form of revival of the dead that can be attested from no earlier than the 4th century BCE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a> As distinct from Judaism this is the resurrection of all the dead to universal purification and renewal of the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a> In the <i>frashokereti</i> doctrine, the final renovation of the universe is when evil will be destroyed, and everything else will be then in perfect unity with God (<a href="/facts/Ahura_Mazda/Ss71bwbb">Ahura Mazda</a>). The term probably means "making wonderful, excellent". The doctrinal premises are (1) good will eventually prevail over evil; (2) creation was initially perfectly good, but was subsequently corrupted by evil; (3) the world will ultimately be restored to the perfection it had at the time of creation; (4) the "salvation for the individual depended on the sum of (that person's) thoughts, words and deeds, and there could be no intervention, whether compassionate or capricious, by any divine being to alter this." Thus, each human bears the responsibility for the fate of his own soul, and simultaneously shares in the responsibility for the fate of the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="modern-commentaries">Modern commentaries</h2> <p>The difference between belief in resurrection of the flesh and resurrection of the soul was discussed by <a href="/facts/Oswald_Spengler/RG767gfM">Oswald Spengler</a> in the second volume of his <a href="/facts/Decline_of_the_West/6jSh1ckX">Decline of the West</a> books. According to him, resurrection of the flesh was a characteristic symbol of the magian high culture, which includes <a href="/facts/Early_Christianity/LmdNJmea">early Christianity</a>, <a href="/facts/Judaism/tjQ5Tgs6">Judaism</a> and <a href="/facts/Islam/zDLbL45C">Islam</a>. The validity of this classification is contested by contemporary scholars. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Religion portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Dying-and-rising_god/DQ0rJ3sR">Dying-and-rising god</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Posthumous_execution/s7XuSysh">Posthumous execution</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Preterism/79vUvMme">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Technological_resurrection/XQCQqA0M">Technological resurrection</a></li></ul> <h2 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h2> <ul><li>Abbott-Smith, George (1999). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W35be0rYh8cC&pg=PA33"><i>A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament</i></a> (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: T&T Clark. p. 33. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780567086846.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Franz_Hunolt/jEMQ8n7K">Hunolt, Franz</a> (1897). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Hunolt_Sermons/Volume_1/Sermon_18">"Sermon 18: On The Hope In And Truth Of Our Future Resurrection." </a>. <i>Sermons on the four last things: Death, Judgment, Hell and Heaven</i>. Benzinger Brothers.</li> <li>Insight (1988). <a href="http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003709"><i>Insight on the Scriptures, Vol. 1</i></a>. Pennsylvania: <a href="/facts/Watch_Tower_Bible_and_Tract_Society_of_Pennsylvania/3D1pxX7M">Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania</a>. pp. 783–793.</li> <li>Maas, Anthony John (1911). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Resurrection">"Resurrection" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/facts/Catholic_Encyclopedia/GKufVzBf">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</li> <li><a href="/facts/James_Strong_(theologian)/MRjwLws1">Strong, James</a> (2007). <i>Strong's exhaustive concordance of the Bible</i> (Updated ed.). Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781565633599.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Joseph_Henry_Thayer/JyIudReu">Thayer, Joseph Henry</a> (1890). <a href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G386&t=KJV"><i>Thayer's Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament</i></a>. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780913573228.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_catechism_of_the_Council_of_Trent/Part_1:_Article_11">"Part 1: Article 11 "The Resurrection of the Body."" </a>. <i>The catechism of the Council of Trent</i>. Translated by James Donovan. Lucas Brothers. 1829.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li>George A. Barton, Kaufmann Kohler, <a href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=233&letter=R&search=Resurrection">"Resurrection"</a>, <i><a href="/facts/Jewish_Encyclopedia/5I1ELlJV">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><a href="http://tiresias.haifa.ac.il/?subj=resurrection">ancient texts on resurrection</a> from Tiresias: The Ancient Mediterranean Religions Source Database.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Strong 2007, p. 1604: G386 ἀνάστασις. - Strong, James (2007). Strong's exhaustive concordance of the Bible (Updated ed.). Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers. ISBN 9781565633599. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Gowan, Donald E. (1 January 2003). The Westminster Theological Wordbook of the Bible. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-664-22394-6. <a href="978-0-664-22394-6" target="_blank">978-0-664-22394-6</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Maimonides' 13 Principles of Jewish Faith". web.oru.edu. Retrieved 8 August 2020. <a href="http://web.oru.edu/current_students/class_pages/grtheo/mmankins/drbyhmpg_files/GBIB766RabbLit/Chapter9Maimonides13Princ/index.html" target="_blank">http://web.oru.edu/current_students/class_pages/grtheo/mmankins/drbyhmpg_files/GBIB766RabbLit/Chapter9Maimonides13Princ/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>2 Maccabees 7.11, 7.28. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>1 Enoch 61.5, 61.2. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>2 Baruch 50.2, 51.5 <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Philip R. Davies (2000). "Death, Resurrection and Life After Death in the Qumran Scrolls". In Alan J. Avery-Peck & Jacob Neusner (eds.) Judaism in Late Antiquity: Part Four: Death, Life-After-Death, Resurrection, and the World-To-Come in the Judaisms of Antiquity. Leiden. p. 209. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Josephus, Antiquities 18.16; Matthew 22.23; Mark 12.18; Luke 20.27; Acts 23.8. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Acts 23.8. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Josephus, Jewish War, 2.8.14; cf. Antiquities 8.14–15. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Acts 23.6, 26.5. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>1 Corinthians 15.35–53 <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Jubilees 23.31 <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>John Joseph Collins (1997). Apocalypticism in the Dead Sea Scrolls. p. 112. "The resurrection is not universal. It is the destiny of the very good and the very bad, who are raised for reward and punishment respectively. Daniel uses the metaphor of sleep and awakening to indicate the transition that is in ..." <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Lester L. Grabbe (1996). An introduction to first century Judaism: Jewish religion and History in the Second Temple Period. ISBN 9780567085061. p. 79. "Here the resurrection is not universal but involves only some of the dead. The righteous achieve what is referred to as 'astral immortality'; that is, they become like the stars of heaven (12:3). After this resurrection is found widely ... <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>The Expositor Samuel Cox, Sir William Robertson Nicoll, James Moffatt - 1884 "and that his soul may repose for ever and ever with those elected unto life everlasting." 3 X. While thus the Jews firmly believed in the Resurrection of the dead, it was no universal resurrection that they held. " <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Jacob Neusner, Alan Jeffery Avery-Peck (2000). Judaism in Late Antiquity: Part Four: Death, Life-After-Death. p. 157. "2, p. 301. On the views of resurrection, judgment, and the world to come in 2 Baruch and 4 Ezra, see the article by John J. Collins in this volume and Nickelsburg, Resurrection, pp. 84-85, 138-140.[check quotation syntax] <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation" target="_blank">/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Liv Ingeborg Lied (2008). The other lands of Israel: imaginations of the land in 2 Baruch. p. 189. "In other words, this is not a resurrection of all Israel or a universal resurrection of mankind (50–51). 'The first' ('the ancients', 'of ... 1Thess 4:15; Cf. Charles, Apocalypse of Baruch, 55–56; Bogaert, Apocalypse de Baruch II, 66)."[check quotation syntax] <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation" target="_blank">/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Turid Karlsen Seim, Jorunn Økland (2009). Metamorphoses: resurrection, body and transformative practices in Early Christianity. p. 29. "In 1 Corinthians 15 Paul argues didactically rather than polemically in defense of a resurrection from the dead.31 In the eschatological scenario of 1 Corinthians 15, there is, differently from 2 Baruch, no universal resurrection ..." <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Jacob Neusner (2009), World Religions in America: An Introduction, p. 133: "He who says, the resurrection of the dead is a teaching which does not derive from the Torah. ... Excluded are those who deny the resurrection of the dead, or deny that the Torah teaches that the dead will live." <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" target="_blank">/wiki/Jacob_Neusner</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Resurrection: Jewish Creed or Not?". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 26 March 2013. <a href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=233&letter=R&search=Resurrection#656" target="_blank">http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=233&letter=R&search=Resurrection#656</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>David Birnbaum (2005). Jews, Church & Civilization. Volume III. Millennium Education Foundation. p. 157 <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>"Bool of Job". <a href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/job/" target="_blank">https://www.biblestudytools.com/job/</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Harry Sysling (1996), Teḥiyyat ha-metim: the resurrection of the dead in the Palestinian Targums, p. 222: "Here the second death is identical with the judgment in Gehinnom. The wicked will perish and their riches will be given to the righteous." <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Multiple sources: Archibald Robertson & Alfred Plummer. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the First Epistle of St Paul to the Corinthians. Edinburgh 1914:375–76. Oscar Cullmann. "Immortality of the Soul or Resurrection of the Dead" in Krister Stendahl (ed.) Immortality and Resurrection. New York 1965 [1955]:35. Gunnar af Hällström. Carnis Resurrection: The Interpretation of a Credal Formula. Helsinki 1988:10. Caroline Walker Bynum. The Resurrection of the Body in Western Christianity, 200–1336. New York 1995:6. <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Robertson_(bishop)" target="_blank">/wiki/Archibald_Robertson_(bishop)</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Thayer 1890, p. ἀνάστασις. - Thayer, Joseph Henry (1890). Thayer's Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson. ISBN 9780913573228. <a href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G386&t=KJV" target="_blank">https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G386&t=KJV</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Abbott-Smith 1999, p. 33. - Abbott-Smith, George (1999). A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: T&T Clark. p. 33. ISBN 9780567086846. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W35be0rYh8cC&pg=PA33" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=W35be0rYh8cC&pg=PA33</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Abbott-Smith 1999, p. 33. - Abbott-Smith, George (1999). A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: T&T Clark. p. 33. ISBN 9780567086846. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W35be0rYh8cC&pg=PA33" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=W35be0rYh8cC&pg=PA33</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Thayer 1890, p. ἀνάστασις. - Thayer, Joseph Henry (1890). Thayer's Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson. ISBN 9780913573228. <a href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G386&t=KJV" target="_blank">https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G386&t=KJV</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>"Catechism of the Catholic Church, Profession of Fatih". Retrieved 23 August 2019. <a href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/credo.htm" target="_blank">https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/credo.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>"Justin Martyr on the Resurrection". Retrieved 26 March 2013. <a href="http://www.mb-soft.com/believe/txv/martyr7.htm" target="_blank">http://www.mb-soft.com/believe/txv/martyr7.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Simon Tugwell [Wikidata], The Apostolic Fathers (1990), p. 148: "First, the mention of the resurrection is qualified by the rider, 'Not the resurrection of everyone, but, as it says, "The Lord will come and all his holy ones with him" (16.7). This is probably to be taken, not as meaning that dead sinners never get resurrected, but as referring to a preliminary resurrection of the saints before the millennial earthly reign of Christ, which was widely believed in the early"[check quotation syntax] <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Tugwell&action=edit&redlink=1" target="_blank">/w/index.php?title=Simon_Tugwell&action=edit&redlink=1</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Tyrannius Rufinus, Credo di Aquileia – via Wikisource. As it was originally quoted in the Rufinus' Latin Commentarius symboli apostolorum <a href="/wiki/Tyrannius_Rufinus" target="_blank">/wiki/Tyrannius_Rufinus</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Schaff, Philipp. "Aquileian Creed". Christian Classics Ethereal Library (in Latin). hujus carnis resurrectionem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Schaff&action=edit&redlink=1" target="_blank">/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Schaff&action=edit&redlink=1</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>"Hereafter". Christian Cyclopedia. Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod. Retrieved 20 March 2020. <a href="http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=h&word=HEREAFTER" target="_blank">http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=h&word=HEREAFTER</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>"Will We Be Reunited with Children Who Have Died?" Archived 7 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.epm.org/articles/qa-reunite_children.html" target="_blank">http://www.epm.org/articles/qa-reunite_children.html</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>André Dartigues (2005). "Resurrection of the Dead". In Jean-Yves Lacoste, ed. Encyclopedia of Christian Theology. Vol. 3. New York: Routledge. p. 1381. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Dartigues&action=edit&redlink=1" target="_blank">/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Dartigues&action=edit&redlink=1</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>André Dartigues (2005). "Resurrection of the Dead". In Jean-Yves Lacoste, ed. Encyclopedia of Christian Theology. Vol. 3. New York: Routledge. p. 1381. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Dartigues&action=edit&redlink=1" target="_blank">/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Dartigues&action=edit&redlink=1</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>"Deism". In Gordon Stein, ed. (1985). The Encyclopedia of Unbelief. Vol. 1, A–K. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Stein" target="_blank">/wiki/Gordon_Stein</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Barbara Yorke (2006), The Conversion of Britain. Pearson Education. ISBN 0-582-77292-3, 978-0-582-77292-2. p. 215 <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Yorke" target="_blank">/wiki/Barbara_Yorke</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>"Essex, Massachusetts – Cemetery: The Old Burying Ground, Essex, Mass.I. Description and History". RootsWeb.com. "Up until the early 1800s, graves were marked by pairs of headstones and footstones, with the deceased laid to rest facing east to rise again at dawn of Judgment Day." <a href="https://www.rootsweb.com/~macessex/cemetery/obghist.html" target="_blank">https://www.rootsweb.com/~macessex/cemetery/obghist.html</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>"ITM Grave and nave: an architecture of cemeteries and sanctuaries in rural Ontario". "Sanctuaries face east, and burials are with the feet to the east, allowing the incumbent to rise facing the dawn on the Day of Judgment." <a href="http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-14828427_" target="_blank">http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-14828427_</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>"The history of judicial hanging in Britain: After the execution". Archived 2023-01-20 at the Wayback Machine. "Henry VIII passed a law in 1540 allowing surgeons four bodies of executed criminals each per year. Little was known about anatomy and medical schools were very keen to get their hands on dead bodies that they could dissect." <a href="https://sites.google.com/site/jamesberryexecutioner18521913/the-history-of-judicial-hanging-in-britain-1735---1964-" target="_blank">https://sites.google.com/site/jamesberryexecutioner18521913/the-history-of-judicial-hanging-in-britain-1735---1964-</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Miriam Shergold and Jonathan Grant. The evolution of regulations for health research in England (pdf). Department of Health, February 2006. Page 4. Archived 2013-01-07 at the UK Government Web Archive. "For example, the Church banned dissection and autopsies on the grounds of the spiritual welfare of the deceased." <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miriam_Shergold&action=edit&redlink=1" target="_blank">/w/index.php?title=Miriam_Shergold&action=edit&redlink=1</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Staff. "Resurrection of the Body". Archived 23 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine Catholic Answers. Retrieved 17 November 2008. <a href="http://www.catholic.com/library/Resurrection_of_the_Body.asp" target="_blank">http://www.catholic.com/library/Resurrection_of_the_Body.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Fiona Haslam (1996). From Hogarth to Rowlandson: Medicine in Art in Eighteenth-century Britain, Liverpool University Press. ISBN 0-85323-640-2, 978-0-85323-640-5. p. 280. (Thomas Rowlandson, "The Resurrection or an Internal View of the Museum in W-D M-LL street on the last day", 1782) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiona_Haslam&action=edit&redlink=1" target="_blank">/w/index.php?title=Fiona_Haslam&action=edit&redlink=1</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Mary Abbott (1996). Life Cycles in England, 1560–1720: Cradle to Grave, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-10842-X, 9780415108423. p. 33 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>"History of Cremation in the United Kingdom". Cremation Society of Great Britain. Retrieved 21 February 2022. <a href="https://www.cremation.org.uk/history-of-cremation-in-the-united-kingdom" target="_blank">https://www.cremation.org.uk/history-of-cremation-in-the-united-kingdom</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Koester 2000, pp. 64–65. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKoester2000 (help) <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Vermes 2008b, p. 141. sfn error: no target: CITEREFVermes2008b (help) <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>De Conick 2006, p. 6. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDe_Conick2006 (help) <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Albert Mohler (16 April 2006). "Not All Christians Believe In The Resurrection Of Christ". <a href="https://albertmohler.com/2006/04/16/not-all-christians-believe-in-the-resurrection-of-christ/" target="_blank">https://albertmohler.com/2006/04/16/not-all-christians-believe-in-the-resurrection-of-christ/</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Wright 2003, p. 272; cf. 321. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWright2003 (help) <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Habermas (2005), Research from 1975 to the Present: What are Critical Scholars Saying? <a href="http://www.garyhabermas.com/articles/J_Study_Historical_Jesus_3-2_2005/J_Study_Historical_Jesus_3-2_2005.htmResurrection" target="_blank">http://www.garyhabermas.com/articles/J_Study_Historical_Jesus_3-2_2005/J_Study_Historical_Jesus_3-2_2005.htmResurrection</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Dunn 1985, p. 53. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDunn1985 (help) <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Dunn 2009, p. 149. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDunn2009 (help) <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>1 Cor 15:12–20 1 Peter 1:3 <a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2015:12–20&version=nrsv" target="_blank">https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2015:12–20&version=nrsv</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Terry Miethe, in: Gary Habermas & Anthony G. N. Flew, Did Jesus Rise from the Dead? The Resurrection Debate, ed. Terry Miethe (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1987), p.xi. Quoted by Michael Martin, The Resurrection as Initially Improbable (chapter). In: Price, Robert M.; Lowder, Jeffrey Jay, eds. (2005). The Empty Tomb: Jesus Beyond the Grave. Amherst: Prometheus Books. p. 44. ISBN 1-59102-286-X. <a href="1-59102-286-X" target="_blank">1-59102-286-X</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>John R. Rice, The Importance of Christ's Resurrection in the Christian Faith. In: Curtis Hutson (2000), Great Preaching on the Resurrection, ISBN 0-87398-319-X pp. 55–56 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Biblehub 1 John 3:2 <a href="https://biblehub.com/1_john/3-2.htm" target="_blank">https://biblehub.com/1_john/3-2.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Biblehub Phil 3:21 <a href="https://biblehub.com/philippians/3-21.htm" target="_blank">https://biblehub.com/philippians/3-21.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>N. T. Wright (2004). Paul for Everyone: The Pastoral Letters: 1 and 2 Timothy. p. 74. "But he never states this in terms of people having an immortal soul, for the very good reason that he doesn't believe it. Only God possesses immortality (verse 16)." <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>Pearce, F. After Death What? <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>"Biblical Accounts that Suggest Reincarnation". Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608232803/http://www.cinemaseekers.com/christ/reincarnation.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210608232803/http://www.cinemaseekers.com/christ/reincarnation.html</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>Multiple sources: Archibald Robertson & Alfred Plummer (1914). A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the First Epistle of St Paul to the Corinthians. Edinburgh. pp. 375–76. Oscar Cullmann (1965) [1955]. "Immortality of the Soul or Resurrection of the Dead". in Krister Stendahl (ed.) Immortality and Resurrection. New York. p. 35. Gunnar af Hällström (1988). Carnis Resurrection: The Interpretation of a Credal Formula. Helsinki. p. 10. Caroline Walker Bynum (1995). The Resurrection of the Body in Western Christianity, 200–1336. New York. p 6. <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Robertson_(bishop)" target="_blank">/wiki/Archibald_Robertson_(bishop)</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>Aurelius Augustinus, City of God Against the Pagans. "For then, either not all the dead will rise, leaving some human souls without bodies forever, that had once had human bodies, though only in their mother's womb; or if all human souls are to receive in the resurrection the bodies which ..."[check quotation syntax] <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation" target="_blank">/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:68"><p>"Catholic Encyclopedia: General Resurrection". Newadvent.org. 1 June 1911. Retrieved 26 March 2013. <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12792a.htm" target="_blank">http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12792a.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:69"><p>John A. Hardon, The Catholic Catechism, p. 265 <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_A._Hardon&action=edit&redlink=1" target="_blank">/w/index.php?title=John_A._Hardon&action=edit&redlink=1</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:70"><p>Maas, Anthony John (1911). "Resurrection" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Resurrection" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Resurrection</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:71"><p>Catechism of the Catholic Church #997-1001. Retrieved 31 March 2020. <a href="http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_P2H.HTM" target="_blank">http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_P2H.HTM</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:72"><p>Catechism of the Catholic Church #1038. Retrieved 19 January 2019. <a href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a12.htm" target="_blank">https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a12.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:73"><p>EWTN, Theology of the Body General Audience 9 December 1981 <a href="https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/resurrection-perfects-the-person-8528" target="_blank">https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/resurrection-perfects-the-person-8528</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:74"><p>Divine Mercy In My Soul, 1439 <a href="https://liturgicalyear.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/divine-mercy-in-my-soul.pdf" target="_blank">https://liturgicalyear.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/divine-mercy-in-my-soul.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:75"><p>Paul Althaus (1996). The theology of Martin Luther. "With the New Testament, Luther teaches the resurrection of all the dead and not only of the believers." All enter into judgment. The believers enter into eternal life with Christ; evil men enter into eternal death with the devil and his angels.""[check quotation syntax] <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation" target="_blank">/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:76"><p>O’Reggio, Trevor (2011). "A Re-examination of Luther's View on the State of the Dead". Journal of the Adventist Theological Society. 22 (2): 170. <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:77"><p>Evangelical Lutheran intelligencer, Volume 5–1830, p. 9. Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Maryland and Virginia. "Every one of those committed to our care is possessed of an immortal soul and should we not exceedingly rejoice, that we in the hands of the Supreme Being, may be instrumental in leading them unto 'fountains of living water'." <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:78"><p>Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). Outlines of Doctrinal Theology. Saint Louis, Missouri: Concordia. pp. 233–ff. Archived from the original on 12 July 2006. Retrieved 16 December 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060712194241/http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/eschatology.txt" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20060712194241/http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/eschatology.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:79"><p>Van Biema, David (7 February 2008). "Christians Wrong About Heaven, Says Bishop". Time. Archived from the original on 9 February 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080209101034/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1710844,00.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080209101034/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1710844,00.html</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:80"><p>Beckmann, David. "The Forty-Two Articles of 1553 – A Selection". Revbeckmann.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230648/http://www.revbeckmann.com/273-2/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230648/http://www.revbeckmann.com/273-2/</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:81"><p>Holmes, Cecile S. (March–April 2012). "We shall be raised!". Interpreter Magazine. The United Methodist Church. <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:82"><p>"Sermon 137, On the Resurrection of the Dead". General Board of Global Ministries. The United Methodist Church. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140422231726/http://new.gbgm-umc.org/umhistory/wesley/sermons/137/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140422231726/http://new.gbgm-umc.org/umhistory/wesley/sermons/137/</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:83"><p>Holmes, Cecile S. (March–April 2012). "We shall be raised!". Interpreter Magazine. The United Methodist Church. <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:84"><p>Joyner, F. Belton (2007). United Methodist Questions, United Methodist Answers: Exploring Christian Faith. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 33. ISBN 9780664230395. The New Testament does not speak of a natural immortality of the soul, as if we never actually die. It speaks of resurrection of the body, the claim that is made each time we state the historic Apostles' Creed and classic Nicene Creed. (For the words of these creeds, see UMH 880–882.) <a href="9780664230395" target="_blank">9780664230395</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:85"><p>2007 Book of Discipline. Free Methodist Publishing House. 2007. p. 25. Retrieved 21 April 2014. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uDjXmEWSOrQC&pg=PA25" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=uDjXmEWSOrQC&pg=PA25</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:86"><p>Garrett, James Leo; Hinson, E. Glenn; Tull, James E. (1983). Are Southern Baptists 'Evangelicals'?. Mercer University Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780865540330. Retrieved 21 April 2014. <a href="9780865540330" target="_blank">9780865540330</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:87"><p>Herbert Lockyer (1998). All about the Second Coming. p. xv. "Only some of the dead will rise: 'the dead in Christ will rise first' (1 Thessalonians 4:16). The rest of the dead, the wicked dead, will remain in their graves until the time of the great white throne, when all must be raised". <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:88"><p>"Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches". Christian Classics Ethereal Library. 1846. Retrieved 21 April 2014. <a href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds3.v.viii.html" target="_blank">http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds3.v.viii.html</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:89"><p>Ben Witherington (2003). Revelation. p. 291. "In short John affirms two resurrections of the dead: one is blessed, the other not blessed; one is before the millennium, the other after it.5 It is then proper to conclude that John believes in a future millennial reign upon the earth." <a href="/wiki/Ben_Witherington" target="_blank">/wiki/Ben_Witherington</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:90"><p>Hobbes, Thomas (1976). Leviathan. p.315. "For though the Scripture be clear for a universal resurrection, yet we do not read that to any of the reprobate is promised an eternal life. For whereas St. Paul, to the question concerning what bodies men shall rise with again," <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:91"><p>Seventh-Day Adventists answer questions on doctrine General Conference of Seventh-Day Adventists – 1957 "The general resurrection of all the dead occurs at the second advent, which will usher in the eternal world. Satan was 'bound' by the first advent of our Lord, and expelled from the individual hearts of His followers". <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:92"><p>Tennant, H. (1977). Christadelphians – What they believe and teach Birmingham, CMPA. <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:93"><p>Michael Ashton (1991). Raised to Judgement Bible Teaching about Resurrection & Judgement Christadelphian, Birmingham. <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:94"><p>LDS Church. Chapter 41: "The Postmortal Spirit World". <a href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-principles/chapter-41-the-postmortal-spirit-world?lang=eng" target="_blank">https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-principles/chapter-41-the-postmortal-spirit-world?lang=eng</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:95"><p>"The Guide to the Scriptures: Resurrection". LDS Church. <a href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/gs/resurrection?lang=eng" target="_blank">https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/gs/resurrection?lang=eng</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:96"><p>"The Guide to the Scriptures: Resurrection". LDS Church. <a href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/gs/resurrection?lang=eng" target="_blank">https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/gs/resurrection?lang=eng</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:97"><p>"The Guide to the Scriptures: Resurrection". LDS Church. <a href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/gs/resurrection?lang=eng" target="_blank">https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/gs/resurrection?lang=eng</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:98"><p>"Resurrection". LDS Church. <a href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/resurrection?lang=eng" target="_blank">https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/resurrection?lang=eng</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:99"><p>LDS Church. "Translated Beings" <a href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/gs/translated-beings?lang=eng&letter=t" target="_blank">https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/gs/translated-beings?lang=eng&letter=t</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:100"><p>aka "the Day of Judgment" (yawm ad-din) <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:101"><p>Shaykh Ahmad Ali. "Major Signs before the Day of Judgment by Shaykh Ahmad Ali". Inter-islam.org. Archived from the original on 10 July 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160710214058/http://www.inter-islam.org/faith/Majorsigns.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160710214058/http://www.inter-islam.org/faith/Majorsigns.html</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:102"><p>admin@inter-islam.org. "Signs of Qiyaamah". Inter-islam.org. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623002119/http://www.inter-islam.org/faith/Signs-Of-Qiyaamah.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160623002119/http://www.inter-islam.org/faith/Signs-Of-Qiyaamah.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:103"><p>Isaac Hasson, Last Judgment, Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Qur%27an" target="_blank">/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Qur%27an</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:104"><p>L. Gardet, Qiyama, Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Qur%27an" target="_blank">/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Qur%27an</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:105"><p>Sura 39 (Az-Zumar), ayah 68 Quran 39:68 <a href="/wiki/Surat_al-Zumar" target="_blank">/wiki/Surat_al-Zumar</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:106"><p>"Six Articles of Islamic Faith". Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421052655/http://www.religionfacts.com/six-articles-of-islamic-faith" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160421052655/http://www.religionfacts.com/six-articles-of-islamic-faith</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:107"><p>Richard N. Longenecker – Life in the Face of Death: The Resurrection Message of the New Testament p. 48 1998 "Franz König, for example, concludes that the earliest attestation of Zoroastrian belief in a resurrection cannot be dated before the fourth century BC (cf. Zarathustras Jenseitsvorstellungen und das Alte Testament [Vienna: Herder, ." <a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Longenecker" target="_blank">/wiki/Richard_N._Longenecker</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:108"><p>R. M. M. Tuschling – Angels and Orthodoxy: A Study in Their Development in Syria and ... – 2007 pp.. 23, 271 " While admitting that Judaism and Zoroastrianism share a belief in resurrection, he points to a significant difference between them: in Iranian religion all are resurrected and purified as part of the renewal of the world." <a href="/w/index.php?title=R._M._M._Tuschling&action=edit&redlink=1" target="_blank">/w/index.php?title=R._M._M._Tuschling&action=edit&redlink=1</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:109"><p>Boyce, Mary (1979), Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 27–29, ISBN 978-0-415-23902-8 <a href="978-0-415-23902-8" target="_blank">978-0-415-23902-8</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>