cairo (graphics)

<h2 id="software-architecture">Software architecture</h2>
<h3>Language bindings</h3>
A library written in one programming language may be used in another language if <a href="/facts/Language_binding/V5HW4Wr4">bindings</a> are written; Cairo has a range of bindings for various languages including <a href="/facts/C%2B%2B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a>, <a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a> and other <a href="/facts/Common_Language_Infrastructure/mu44u01J">CLI languages</a>, <a href="/facts/Delphi_(programming_language)/sUFUXQ8r">Delphi</a>, <a href="/facts/Eiffel_(programming_language)/gEzPjzmn">Eiffel</a>, <a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a>, <a href="/facts/Factor_(programming_language)/oSKmJ26c">Factor</a>, <a href="/facts/Harbour_(programming_language)/wnx9kFgq">Harbour</a>, <a href="/facts/Haskell_(programming_language)/4Htv9WLu">Haskell</a>, <a href="/facts/Julia_(programming_language)/AoB0PJ9C">Julia</a>, <a href="/facts/Lua_(programming_language)/xkBCgta0">Lua</a>, <a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a>, <a href="/facts/PHP/vU6YRJX0">PHP</a>, <a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a>, <a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a>, <a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a>, <a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a>, <a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a> and several others like <a href="/facts/Gambas/05FsfVTX">Gambas</a> (Visual Basic like).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a>

<h3>Toolkit bindings</h3>
Since Cairo is only a drawing library, it can be quite useful to integrate it with a graphical user interface toolkit.

<ul><li><a href="/facts/FLTK/a9R0RuQI">FLTK</a> has full Cairo support (through --enable-cairo compile switch).</li>
<li><a href="/facts/GTK/oLpVm9pp">GTK</a> began in 2005, with version 2.8, to use Cairo to render the majority of its <a href="/facts/Graphical_control_element_(software)/SuVeScB2">graphical control elements</a>, and since version 3.0 all <a href="/facts/Rendering_(computer_graphics)/YYxfnmAq">rendering</a> is done through Cairo.</li>
<li>The Cairo development team maintains up-to-date instructions for rendering surfaces to <a href="/facts/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer/9tSff0Lg">SDL</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a></li></ul>
<h3>Available back-ends</h3>
Cairo supports output (including <a href="/facts/Rasterisation/QXfz5t7E">rasterisation</a>) to a number of different <a href="/facts/Front_and_back_ends/QVUfH8gu">back-ends</a>, known as "surfaces" in its code. Back-ends support includes output to the <a href="/facts/X_Window_System/ac2vRIQL">X Window System</a>, via both <a href="/facts/Xlib/2fKMo9BF">Xlib</a> and <a href="/facts/XCB/fpbewG2N">XCB</a>, <a href="/facts/Graphics_Device_Interface/C8yuXxtL">Win32 GDI</a>, <a href="/facts/Quartz_Compositor/etoHysmD">OS X Quartz Compositor</a>, the <a href="/facts/BeOS/tGYfe835">BeOS</a> API, <a href="/facts/OS/2/uVBl6ItP">OS/2</a>, <a href="/facts/OpenGL/xQoMWePr">OpenGL</a> contexts (directly<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> and via glitz), local image buffers, <a href="/facts/Portable_Network_Graphics/mwgK6xw5">PNG</a> files, <a href="/facts/Portable_document_format/C9Mn1vYL">PDF</a>, <a href="/facts/PostScript/h2XwbcmC">PostScript</a>, <a href="/facts/DirectFB/LcCkaDg1">DirectFB</a> and <a href="/facts/Scalable_Vector_Graphics/ARq5C3YV">SVG</a> files.
There are other back-ends in development targeting the graphics APIs <a href="/facts/OpenVG/3pX8NTYD">OpenVG</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> <a href="/facts/Qt_(framework)/gVhwlQnJ">Qt</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> <a href="/facts/Skia_Graphics_Engine/Mkm0uXRp">Skia</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> and Microsoft's <a href="/facts/Direct2D/2wyAQnIz">Direct2D</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> The BeOS, OS/2, DirectFB and OpenGL backends were dropped in 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>

<h3>Drawing model</h3>

The Cairo drawing model relies on a three-layer model.
Any drawing process takes place in three steps:

<ol><li>First a mask is created, which includes one or more vector primitives or forms, i.e., circles, squares, <a href="/facts/TrueType/6kBap0kH">TrueType</a> fonts, <a href="/facts/B%C3%A9zier_curve/zJx3Uj60">Bézier curves</a>, etc.</li>
<li>Then source must be defined, which may be a color, a color gradient, a bitmap or some vector graphics, and from the painted parts of this source a die cut is made with the help of the above defined mask.</li>
<li>Finally the result is transferred to the destination or surface, which is provided by the back-end for the output.</li></ol>
This constitutes a fundamentally different approach from <a href="/facts/Scalable_Vector_Graphics/ARq5C3YV">Scalable Vector Graphics</a> (SVG), which specifies the color of shapes with <a href="/facts/Cascading_Style_Sheets/tA90XBQo">Cascading Style Sheets</a> (CSS) rules. Whereas Cairo would create a mask of a shape, then make a source for it, and then transfer them onto the surface, an SVG file would simply specify the shape with a style attribute. That said, the models are not incompatible; many SVG renderers use Cairo for heavy lifting.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>

<h4>Example</h4>
Quite complex "<a href="/facts/Hello_world_program/vLn0jLlL">Hello world</a>" graphics can be drawn with the help of Cairo with only a few lines of <a href="/facts/Source_code/o9J6Jv23">source code</a>:

#include <cairo-svg.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
    cairo_surface_t *surface = cairo_svg_surface_create("Cairo_example.svg", 100.0, 100.0);
    cairo_t *cr = cairo_create(surface);

/* Draw the squares in the background */
 for (int x = 0; x < 10; ++x)
 for (int y = 0; y < 10; ++y)
 cairo_rectangle(cr, x * 10.0, y * 10.0, 5, 5);

cairo_pattern_t *pattern = cairo_pattern_create_radial(50, 50, 5, 50, 50, 50);
    cairo_pattern_add_color_stop_rgb(pattern, 0, 0.75, 0.15, 0.99);
    cairo_pattern_add_color_stop_rgb(pattern, 0.9, 1, 1, 1);

cairo_set_source(cr, pattern);
    cairo_fill(cr);

/* Writing in the foreground */
    cairo_set_font_size (cr, 15);
    cairo_select_font_face (cr, "Georgia", CAIRO_FONT_SLANT_NORMAL, CAIRO_FONT_WEIGHT_BOLD);
    cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, 0, 0, 0);

cairo_move_to(cr, 10, 25);
    cairo_show_text(cr, "Hallo");

cairo_move_to(cr, 10, 75);
    cairo_show_text(cr, "Wikipedia!");

cairo_destroy(cr);
    cairo_surface_destroy(surface);
}

<h2 id="notable-usage">Notable usage</h2>
Cairo is popular in the open source community for providing cross-platform support for advanced 2D drawing.

<ul><li><a href="/facts/GTK/oLpVm9pp">GTK</a>, starting in 2005 with version 2.8, uses Cairo to render the majority of its <a href="/facts/Graphical_control_element_(software)/SuVeScB2">graphical control elements</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> Since GTK version 3, all the rendering is done using Cairo.
<ul><li>A program called gtk-vector-screenshot found in <a href="/facts/Debian/cBd93qfJ">Debian</a> allows for taking vector (SVG, PDF, or PostScript) <a href="/facts/Screenshot/efJKoKp5">screenshots</a> of GTK 3 applications.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a></li></ul></li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/Mono_(software)/PlyeJxRS">Mono Project</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> including <a href="/facts/Moonlight_(runtime)/xYPIeT7l">Moonlight</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> has been using Cairo since very early in conception to power the back-ends of its <a href="/facts/GDI%2B/C8yuXxtL">GDI+</a> (libgdiplus) and System.Drawing <a href="/facts/Namespaces/9efXwMtV">namespaces</a>.</li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/Mozilla/FevL9Itn">Mozilla</a> project has made use of Cairo in its <a href="/facts/Gecko_(software)/HXINMkgW">Gecko layout engine</a>, used for rendering the graphical output of Mozilla products. Gecko 1.8, the layout engine for Mozilla Firefox 2.0 and <a href="/facts/SeaMonkey/CnD9WXc6">SeaMonkey</a> 1.0, used Cairo to render SVG and <a href="/facts/Canvas_element/E6IPUWf1"><canvas></a> content. Gecko 1.9,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> the release of Gecko that serves as the basis of <a href="/facts/Mozilla_Firefox_3/xervIswb">Firefox 3</a>, uses Cairo as the graphics back-end for rendering both web page content and the <a href="/facts/User_interface/e9sPEWVD">user interface</a> (or "chrome").</li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/WebKit/YrP9vbIj">WebKit</a> framework uses Cairo for all rendering in the <a href="/facts/GTK/oLpVm9pp">GTK</a> and <a href="/facts/Enlightenment_Foundation_Libraries/6xW0s6QB">EFL</a> ports. Support has also been added for SVG and <canvas> content using Cairo.</li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/Poppler_(software)/nhkapMfz">Poppler</a> library uses Cairo to render PDF documents. Cairo enables the drawing of antialiased vector graphics and transparent objects.</li>
<li>The vector graphics application <a href="/facts/Inkscape/2tWDngTv">Inkscape</a> uses the Cairo library for its outline mode display, as well as for <a href="/facts/Portable_Document_Format/C9Mn1vYL">PDF</a> and <a href="/facts/PostScript/h2XwbcmC">PostScript</a> export since release 0.46.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a></li>
<li>The original version of <a href="/facts/Manim/EMrw99Kq">Manim</a> referred to as ManimCairo, a mathematical animation engine used in the animations of 3Blue1Brown's YouTube Videos. Manim has since moved to using <a href="/facts/OpenGL/xQoMWePr">OpenGL</a>. This version is referred to as ManimGL.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/MorphOS/xWSeUeWM">MorphOS</a> 2.5 features a shared library implementation of Cairo, which was available as stand-alone release for earlier MorphOS versions.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/AmigaOS/1E2k1fuN">AmigaOS</a> 4.1 supports a shared object library of Cairo (libcairo.so) in its default installation.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/FontForge/ANWPIc4r">FontForge</a> enabled Cairo by default for rendering in mid-October 2008.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/R_(programming_language)/LSrkr8K8">R</a> can output plots in <a href="/facts/Portable_Document_Format/C9Mn1vYL">PDF</a>, <a href="/facts/PostScript/h2XwbcmC">PostScript</a> and <a href="/facts/Scalable_Vector_Graphics/ARq5C3YV">SVG</a> formats using Cairo if available.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Gnuplot/fWoweJQJ">Gnuplot</a> 4.4 now uses Cairo for rendering <a href="/facts/Portable_Document_Format/C9Mn1vYL">PDF</a> and <a href="/facts/Portable_Network_Graphics/mwgK6xw5">PNG</a> output.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a></li>
<li>Internet Browser for PlayStation 3 uses Cairo since system software update 4.10.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Synfig/APozJadn">Synfig</a> 0.64 now supports optional Cairo rendering.</li>
<li>On-demand graphing of time series data in <a href="/facts/Graphite_(software)/7nQJ77WG">Graphite</a>.</li>
<li>The Konfabulator/Yahoo widget engine uses Cairo for identical output to both Win32 and Quartz on <a href="/facts/Mac_OS/X/Y93vVpTm">Mac OS/X</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/SolveSpace/fzsRfkLM">SolveSpace</a>, free and open source 2D and <a href="/facts/3D_CAD/6V3Ry9AJ">3D CAD</a> software.</li></ul>
<h2 id="history">History</h2>
<a href="/facts/Keith_Packard/Aprjdw29">Keith Packard</a> and Carl Worth founded the Cairo project for use in the <a href="/facts/X_Window_System/ac2vRIQL">X Window System</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> It was originally (until at least 2003) called Xr or Xr/Xc. The name was changed to emphasize the idea of a cross-platform library to access <a href="/facts/Display_server/nKYmkjP6">display server</a>, not tied to the <a href="/facts/X_Window_System/ac2vRIQL">X Window System</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>
The name Cairo derives from the original name Xr, interpreted as the Greek letters <a href="/facts/Chi_(letter)/pj4UT8Pf">chi</a> and <a href="/facts/Rho_(letter)/gGezeq5Q">rho</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>

<h2 id="complex-text-layout">Complex text layout</h2>
Cairo handles Latin and CJK based fonts, but does not directly support <a href="/facts/Complex_text_layout/HP7pIK39">complex text layout</a> fonts, which require shaping the glyphs. The Cairo developers recommend using <a href="/facts/Pango/ywAx4XLq">Pango</a>, which provides complex text layout and can integrate with Cairo.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
<li>Free and open-source software portal</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Display_PostScript/Kt6Pj1D0">Display PostScript</a> and <a href="/facts/Quartz_2D/hGTBq5eR">Quartz 2D</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Skia_Graphics_Engine/Mkm0uXRp">Skia Graphics Engine</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Starling_Framework/3Rv1A6kK">Starling Framework</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/WebGL/Avkp0Wb7">WebGL</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cairo (graphics).

<ul><li><a href="https://www.cairographics.org">Official website</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/SimonSapin/cairocffi">cairocffi</a> on <a href="/facts/GitHub/n1hNCsc3">GitHub</a> – CFFI-based Cairo bindings for Python</li>
<li><a href="http://cairographics.org/manual/">"Cairo API reference manual"</a>.</li>
<li><a href="https://arstechnica.com/articles/columns/linux/linux-20050822.ars">"Cairo here, there and everywhere"</a>. Linux.Ars. <a href="/facts/Ars_Technica/zvnX7pnh">Ars Technica</a>. August 23, 2005.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-cairo/">"Cross-platform graphics with cairo"</a>. <a href="/facts/IBM/QszA7nwd">IBM</a>.</li>
<li><a href="http://kore-nordmann.de/blog/comparision_of_php_image_libraries.html">"Comparison of PHP image libraries"</a>.</li>
<li><a href="http://zetcode.com/gfx/cairo/">"The Cairo graphics tutorial"</a>.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Cairo homepage". Retrieved October 30, 2010. <a href="http://cairographics.org/" target="_blank">http://cairographics.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Cairo Language Bindings". Retrieved April 16, 2014. <a href="http://cairographics.org/bindings/" target="_blank">http://cairographics.org/bindings/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"SDL". Cairo. February 17, 2009. Retrieved November 3, 2014. <a href="http://cairographics.org/SDL/" target="_blank">http://cairographics.org/SDL/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Chris Wilson (July 22, 2009). "New OpenGL backend merged". Retrieved February 12, 2010. <a href="http://lists.cairographics.org/archives/cairo/2009-July/017713.html" target="_blank">http://lists.cairographics.org/archives/cairo/2009-July/017713.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Øyvind Kolås (January 24, 2008). "Announcing OpenVG backend". Retrieved February 12, 2010. <a href="http://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/cairo/2008-January/012833.html" target="_blank">http://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/cairo/2008-January/012833.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Vladimir Vukićević (May 6, 2008). "Well Isn't That Qt". Archived from the original on April 9, 2010. Retrieved February 12, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100409072817/http://blog.vlad1.com/2008/05/06/well-isnt-that-qt/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100409072817/http://blog.vlad1.com/2008/05/06/well-isnt-that-qt/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Chris Wilson (August 31, 2009). "Cool Stuff". Retrieved February 12, 2010. <a href="http://lists.cairographics.org/archives/cairo/2009-August/018052.html" target="_blank">http://lists.cairographics.org/archives/cairo/2009-August/018052.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Bas Schouten (November 22, 2009). "Direct2D: Hardware Rendering a Browser". Retrieved February 12, 2010. <a href="http://www.basschouten.com/blog1.php/2009/11/22/direct2d-hardware-rendering-a-browser" target="_blank">http://www.basschouten.com/blog1.php/2009/11/22/direct2d-hardware-rendering-a-browser</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Larabel, Michael (February 27, 2022). "Cairo graphics library drops many old backends". Phoronix. Retrieved June 5, 2022. <a href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Cairo-2022-Drops-Old-Code" target="_blank">https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Cairo-2022-Drops-Old-Code</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Larabel, Michael (January 29, 2023). "Cairo Graphics Library Drops OpenGL Support After A Decade Of Inactivity". Phoronix. Retrieved February 7, 2025. <a href="https://www.phoronix.com/news/Cairo-Drops-OpenGL" target="_blank">https://www.phoronix.com/news/Cairo-Drops-OpenGL</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"GNOME/librsvg". GitHub. <a href="https://github.com/GNOME/librsvg" target="_blank">https://github.com/GNOME/librsvg</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">"GTK+ to Use Cairo Vector Engine". February 5, 2005. Retrieved December 27, 2009. <a href="http://developers.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/02/04/2021236" target="_blank">http://developers.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/02/04/2021236</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">"Details of package gtk-vector-screenshot in stretch". Debian. GitHub <a href="https://packages.debian.org/stretch/gtk-vector-screenshot" target="_blank">https://packages.debian.org/stretch/gtk-vector-screenshot</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"Mono - Drawing". Retrieved December 27, 2009. <a href="http://www.mono-project.com/Drawing" target="_blank">http://www.mono-project.com/Drawing</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"Moonlight Notes". Retrieved December 27, 2009. <a href="http://www.mono-project.com/MoonlightNotes#Rendering" target="_blank">http://www.mono-project.com/MoonlightNotes#Rendering</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"Gecko 1.9 Roadmap". Retrieved December 27, 2009. <a href="https://wiki.mozilla.org/Gecko_1.9_Roadmap#cairo_Graphics_Substrate" target="_blank">https://wiki.mozilla.org/Gecko_1.9_Roadmap#cairo_Graphics_Substrate</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">"ReleaseNotes046". Inkscape Wiki. Retrieved March 31, 2008. <a href="http://wiki.inkscape.org/wiki/index.php/ReleaseNotes046" target="_blank">http://wiki.inkscape.org/wiki/index.php/ReleaseNotes046</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"ManimCE tutorial by TheoremOfBeethoven — ManimCE tutorial by TB documentation". zavden.github.io. Retrieved January 29, 2023. <a href="https://zavden.github.io/manimce-tutorial/docs/html/index.html" target="_blank">https://zavden.github.io/manimce-tutorial/docs/html/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">"Gnuplot version 4.4.0 announcement". Gnuplot homepage. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514115341/http://www.gnuplot.info/announce.4.4.0" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110514115341/http://www.gnuplot.info/announce.4.4.0</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">"Xr: Cross-device Rendering for Vector Graphics". Retrieved June 8, 2009. <a href="http://cworth.org/~cworth/papers/xr_ols2003/html/" target="_blank">http://cworth.org/~cworth/papers/xr_ols2003/html/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">"Mailing list thread about the Cairo name change". July 15, 2003. Retrieved June 8, 2009. <a href="http://lists.cairographics.org/archives/cairo/2003-July/000192.html" target="_blank">http://lists.cairographics.org/archives/cairo/2003-July/000192.html</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"Mailing list thread about the Cairo name change". July 12, 2003. Retrieved December 2, 2006. <a href="http://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/cairo/2003-July/000184.html" target="_blank">http://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/cairo/2003-July/000184.html</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"How do I use Pango instead of Cairo's "toy" text API?". Retrieved March 20, 2024. <a href="https://www.cairographics.org/FAQ/#using_pango" target="_blank">https://www.cairographics.org/FAQ/#using_pango</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

cairo (graphics) open-in-new

cairo (graphics)