Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Gruffudd ap Llywelyn
open-in-new
<h2 id="genealogy-and-early-life">Genealogy and early life</h2> <p>Gruffudd was the son of Llywelyn ap Seisyll, who had been able to rule both <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd/HI6qpvgs">Gwynedd</a> and <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Powys/0nTAvRJp">Powys</a>, and of Angharad ferch Maredudd. On Llywelyn's death in 1023, a member of the <a href="/facts/House_of_Aberffraw/aeN7j6X0">House of Aberffraw</a>, <a href="/facts/Iago_ab_Idwal_ap_Meurig/IV8AaCfk">Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig</a>, became ruler of Gwynedd and began his rise to power in Powys.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="king-of-gwynedd-and-powys-10391055">King of Gwynedd and Powys (1039–1055)</h2> <p>In 1039, Iago, King of Gwynedd, was killed (supposedly by his own men),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> his son <a href="/facts/Cynan_ap_Iago/mA6A3R0a">Cynan</a> was forced into exile in <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Dublin/Uwphnvjl">Dublin</a>, and Gruffudd was made King. Soon after gaining power, he surprised a <a href="/facts/Mercia/pdznosKY">Mercian</a> army at <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Rhyd_Y_Groes/jcPav6qj">Rhyd y Groes</a> near <a href="/facts/Welshpool/Y5JzpGLQ">Welshpool</a> and defeated it,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> killing Edwin, brother of <a href="/facts/Leofric%2c_Earl_of_Mercia/vqErmQnh">Leofric, Earl of Mercia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> He then attacked <a href="/facts/Deheubarth/Nw8eultd">Dyfed</a>, which his father had ruled but which was now under <a href="/facts/Hywel_ab_Edwin/4WXR1fWG">Hywel ab Edwin</a>. Gruffudd again defeated Hywel in the Battle of <a href="/facts/Pencader%2c_Carmarthenshire/vd2sJ4Q5">Pencader</a> in 1041 (halfway between <a href="/facts/Carmarthen/oMjyWkKu">Carmarthen</a> and <a href="/facts/Lampeter/bDfunPcR">Lampeter</a> but did not win entirely until 1042 at "Pwlldyfach" (near Carmarthen)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> and carried off Hywel's wife.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Gruffudd seems to have been able to drive Hywel (and his Irish fleet of "Black Gentiles / Pagans")<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> out of the south, for in 1044 Hywel is again recorded returning to the <a href="/facts/River_Towy/h9SmNIxK">River Towy</a> with a fleet from <a href="/facts/Ireland/35vYxXdP">Ireland</a>; Gruffudd, however, defeated and killed Hywel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Gruffudd_ap_Rhydderch/hFHknubn">Gruffudd ap Rhydderch</a> of <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Gwent/nYort4A6">Gwent</a> was able to expel Gruffudd ap Llywelyn from <a href="/facts/Deheubarth/Nw8eultd">Deheubarth</a> in 1047 and became <a href="/facts/List_of_rulers_in_Wales/or4W8bYS">King of Deheubarth</a> himself.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Afterwards the nobles of <a href="/facts/Ystrad_Tywi/Gc8c19nX">Ystrad Tywi</a> had attacked and killed 140 of Gruffudd ap Llywelyn's household guards, Gruffudd exacted his revenge in <a href="/facts/River_Towy/h9SmNIxK">Towy</a> and <a href="/facts/Dyfed/mtEI1y06">Dyfed</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Gruffudd ap Llywelyn was active on the Welsh border in 1052 when he attacked <a href="/facts/Herefordshire/8TfJEPda">Herefordshire</a> with an army consisting of a fleet of 18 ships from Ireland; they defeated a mixed force of <a href="/facts/Normans/nUclGJWf">Normans</a> and <a href="/facts/Anglo-Saxons/qWLes0LP">Anglo-Saxons</a> in the <a href="/facts/Leominster/4aHr0pbb">Battle of Leominster</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="ruler-of-all-wales-10551063">Ruler of all Wales (1055–1063)</h2> <p>According to <i><a href="/facts/Brut_y_Tywysogion/mFHlMshf">Brut y Tywysogion</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Sweyn_Godwinson/npDeABTa">Sweyn Godwinson</a> was called in to help Gruffudd's brother Rhys against <a href="/facts/Gruffudd_ap_Rhydderch/hFHknubn">Gruffudd ap Rhydderch</a> in 1045 to keep hold of Deheubarth. Gruffudd raided Leominster in 1052, resulting in the <a href="/facts/Leominster/4aHr0pbb">Battle of Llanllieni</a>, the Welsh fighting against Normans and Anglo-Saxons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>In 1055 Gruffudd ap Llywelyn killed his rival Gruffudd ap Rhydderch in battle and recaptured Deheubarth. Gruffudd allied himself with <a href="/facts/%25C3%2586lfgar%2c_Earl_of_Mercia/3GB7II0y">Ælfgar</a>, son of <a href="/facts/Leofric%2c_Earl_of_Mercia/vqErmQnh">Leofric, Earl of Mercia</a>, who had been deprived of his earldom of <a href="/facts/East_Anglia/ywWSX5qw">East Anglia</a> by <a href="/facts/Harold_Godwinson/xemf7gQQ">Harold Godwinson</a> and his brothers. They marched on <a href="/facts/Hereford/NHIRnbxT">Hereford</a> and were opposed by a force led by the <a href="/facts/Earl_of_Hereford/KBp9LBtV">Earl of Hereford</a>, <a href="/facts/Ralph_the_Timid/UuyGRsDM">Ralph the Timid</a>, then set Hereford on fire.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> This force was mounted and armed in the Norman fashion, but on 24 October 1055 Gruffudd and Ælfgar defeated it. They then sacked the city and destroyed its <a href="/facts/Motte-and-bailey_castle/u0tCDKuf">motte-and-bailey castle</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Earl Harold was given the task of counter-attacking, but Gruffudd and Ælfgar had retreated to <a href="/facts/South_Wales/G2YuSorj">South Wales</a> whilst Harold ventured no further than Hereford.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> He seems here to have built a fortification at <a href="/facts/Longtown%2c_Herefordshire/Jg6LzYRd">Longtown</a> in <a href="/facts/Herefordshire/8TfJEPda">Herefordshire</a> before refortifying Hereford. Shortly afterwards, Ælfgar was restored to his earldom and a peace treaty concluded. </p><p>Around this time Gruffudd was also able to seize <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Morgannwg/KLYNlwLT">Morgannwg</a> and <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Gwent/nYort4A6">Gwent</a>, along with extensive territories along the border with <a href="/facts/England/U9mE5bGL">England</a>. </p><p>The historian <a href="/facts/John_Davies_(historian)/JdrTfNGC">John Davies</a> stated that Gruffudd was </p> "The only Welsh king ever to rule over the entire territory of Wales... Thus, from about 1057 until his death in 1063, the whole of Wales recognised the kingship of Gruffudd ap Llywelyn. For about seven brief years, Wales was one, under one ruler, a feat with neither precedent nor successor".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> <p>During this time, between 1053 and 1063, Wales lacked any internal strife and was at peace.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> The later <i><a href="/facts/Brut_y_Tywysogion/mFHlMshf">Brut y Tywysogion</a></i> described him as being "the head and shield of the Britons".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> <a href="/facts/John_of_Worcester/qJtwLKUR">John of Worcester</a> referred to him, several decades later, as <i>Rex Walensium</i>, '<a href="/facts/King_of_Wales/LHQHzbpS">King of the Welsh</a>'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="death-and-aftermath">Death and aftermath</h2> <p>Gruffudd reached an agreement with <a href="/facts/Edward_the_Confessor/SaEt0hp9">Edward the Confessor</a>, but the death of his ally Ælfgar in 1062 left him more vulnerable. In late 1062 <a href="/facts/Harold_Godwinson/xemf7gQQ">Harold Godwinson</a> obtained the English king's approval for a surprise attack on Gruffudd's court at <a href="/facts/Rhuddlan/4tKLG5zQ">Rhuddlan</a>. Gruffudd was nearly captured,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> but was warned in time to escape out to sea in one of his ships, though his other ships were destroyed. In the spring of 1063 Harold's brother <a href="/facts/Tostig_Godwinson/uIP0WQzE">Tostig Godwinson</a> led an army into <a href="/facts/North_Wales/71KFFTgs">North Wales</a> while Harold led the fleet first to south Wales and then north to meet his brother's army. Gruffudd was forced to take refuge in <a href="/facts/Snowdonia/XB5sIjR6">Snowdonia</a>, where he met his death. Gruffudd's head and the figurehead of his ship were sent to Harold.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Annals_of_Ulster/FDmG3qhJ">Ulster Chronicle</a> states that he was killed in 1064 by Cynan, whose father Iago had been put to death by Gruffudd in 1039.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> Gruffudd had probably made enemies in the course of uniting Wales under his rule. According to <a href="/facts/Walter_Map/EQGxwoJJ">Walter Map</a>, Gruffudd said of this: </p> "Speak not of killing; I but blunt the horns of the offspring of Wales lest they should injure their dam." <p>Following Gruffudd's death, Harold married his widow <a href="/facts/Edith_the_Fair/69M7DfLP">Ealdgyth</a>, who was to be widowed again three years later. Gruffudd's realm was divided again into the traditional kingdoms. <a href="/facts/Bleddyn_ap_Cynfyn/SxLlryLQ">Bleddyn ap Cynfyn</a> and his brother <a href="/facts/Rhiwallon_ap_Cynfyn/YpFlEttv">Rhiwallon</a> came to an agreement with Harold and were given the rule of Gwynedd and Powys. Thus when Harold was defeated and killed at the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Hastings/R8hSly5C">Battle of Hastings</a> in 1066, the Normans reaching the borders of Wales were confronted by the traditional kingdoms rather than a single king. Gruffudd left two sons who in 1069 challenged Bleddyn and Rhiwallon at the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Mechain/2NvT6YTv">Battle of Mechain</a> in an attempt to win back part of their father's kingdom. However, they were defeated, one being killed and the other dying of exposure after the battle. </p> <h2 id="family">Family</h2> <p>Gruffudd married <a href="/facts/Edith_of_Mercia/wFzDootD">Ealdgyth</a>, daughter of <a href="/facts/Earl_of_Mercia/tPqjrqjE">Earl Ælfgar of Mercia</a> after he abducted, and married, the wife (name unknown) of <a href="/facts/Hywel_ab_Edwin/4WXR1fWG">Hywel ab Edwin</a> in 1041.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> Gruffudd had at least three children: two sons called Maredudd and Idwal,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> both of whom died at the Battle of Mechain in 1069,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> and a daughter, Nest ferch Gruffudd, who married <a href="/facts/Osbern_fitzRichard/rC1a2zav">Osbern fitzRichard</a> of <a href="/facts/Richard%2527s_Castle/z20GIu1I">Richard's Castle</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> Their daughter Nest ferch Osbern (Nesta of Hereford) married <a href="/facts/Bernard_de_Neufmarch%25C3%25A9/ofqUDB0l">Bernard de Neufmarché</a>. Gruffudd may have had another son, Owain ap Gruffudd, who died in 1059.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="note">Note</h2> <h2 id="sources">Sources</h2> <ul><li>Evans, Gwynfor (1974). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5jtC1mWM86AC&pg=PA156"><i>Land of My Fathers: 2000 Years of Welsh History</i></a>. Y Lolfa. p. 156. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780862432652.</li> <li><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/periods/dark_ages05.shtml">"BBC Wales - History - Themes - Welsh unity"</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Leslie_Stephen/bLa0KFxe">Stephen, Leslie</a>; <a href="/facts/Sidney_Lee/gEfT2SfJ">Lee, Sidney</a>, eds. (1890). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gruffydd_ab_Llewelyn_(d.1063)">"Gruffydd ab Llewelyn (d.1063)" </a>. <i><a href="/facts/Dictionary_of_National_Biography/QCm9t1Sn">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 305–307.</li> <li><a href="/facts/John_Edward_Lloyd/t186Edf2">Lloyd, John Edward</a> (1911). <a href="https://archive.org/details/historyofwalesfr01lloyuoft"><i>A History of Wales, from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest</i></a>. Vol. II (Reprint Vol. 2 of 2 ed.). Longmans, Green & Co. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-334-06136-3. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</li> <li>Jones, Thomas (1959). <a href="https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-GRUF-APL-1063">"GRUFFUDD ap LLYWELYN (died 1063), king of Gwynedd and Powys, and after 1055 king of all Wales"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Dictionary_of_Welsh_Biography/1PMbmqUj">Dictionary of Welsh Biography</a></i>. <a href="/facts/National_Library_of_Wales/r6eaY9EE">National Library of Wales</a>.</li> <li>Hudson, Benjamin (1959). <a href="https://biography.wales/article/s12-GRUF-APL-1063">"GRUFFUDD AP LLYWELYN (died 1064), king of Gwynedd 1039-1064 and overlord of all the Welsh 1055-1064"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Dictionary_of_Welsh_Biography/1PMbmqUj">Dictionary of Welsh Biography</a></i>. <a href="/facts/National_Library_of_Wales/r6eaY9EE">National Library of Wales</a>.</li> <li>Maund, K. L. (1991). <a href="https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/727664"><i>Ireland, Wales, and England in the Eleventh Century</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-85115-533-3.</li> <li><a href="/facts/John_Davies_(historian)/JdrTfNGC">Davies, John</a> (1993). <i>A History of Wales</i>. London: Penguin. p. 100. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-14-014581-8.</li> <li><a href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/utk/wales/welsh.htm">"The National Archives - Exhibitions - Uniting the Kingdoms?"</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/David_Powel/x4e0IuD4">Powel, David</a> (1584). <i>The historie of Cambria, now called Wales: a part of the most famous Yland of Brytaine, written in the Brytish language aboue two hundreth yeares past</i>. Translated by <a href="/facts/Humphrey_Llwyd/JYGWXmxD">Llwyd, Humphrey</a>. London: Rafe Newberrie and Henrie Denham. <a href="/facts/IA_(identifier)/PHStU8Lo">IA</a> <a href="https://archive.org/details/historieofcambri00cara">historieofcambri00cara</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://pase.ac.uk/pase/?list=person&detail=person&detailid=151882">Gruffudd 1</a> at <a href="/facts/Prosopography_of_Anglo-Saxon_England/p2caCFRl">Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n78040215.html">"Gruffudd ap Llywelyn, King of Wales, -1063"</a>. <i>id.loc.gov</i>.</li> <li><a href="https://www.owain-glyndwr.wales/age_of_the_princes/gruffudd_ap_llywelyn.html">"Gruffudd ap Llywelyn"</a>. <i>owain-glyndwr.wales</i>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>(Jones 1959) - Jones, Thomas (1959). "GRUFFUDD ap LLYWELYN (died 1063), king of Gwynedd and Powys, and after 1055 king of all Wales". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. <a href="https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-GRUF-APL-1063" target="_blank">https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-GRUF-APL-1063</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Lloyd (1911). - Lloyd, John Edward (1911). A History of Wales, from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest. Vol. II (Reprint Vol. 2 of 2 ed.). Longmans, Green & Co. ISBN 978-1-334-06136-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/historyofwalesfr01lloyuoft" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/historyofwalesfr01lloyuoft</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>(Lee, pp. 305–307) - Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney, eds. (1890). "Gruffydd ab Llewelyn (d.1063)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 305–307. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gruffydd_ab_Llewelyn_(d.1063)" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gruffydd_ab_Llewelyn_(d.1063)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>(Lee, pp. 305–307) - Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney, eds. (1890). "Gruffydd ab Llewelyn (d.1063)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 305–307. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gruffydd_ab_Llewelyn_(d.1063)" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gruffydd_ab_Llewelyn_(d.1063)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>(Jones 1959) - Jones, Thomas (1959). "GRUFFUDD ap LLYWELYN (died 1063), king of Gwynedd and Powys, and after 1055 king of all Wales". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. <a href="https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-GRUF-APL-1063" target="_blank">https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-GRUF-APL-1063</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>(Jones 1959) - Jones, Thomas (1959). "GRUFFUDD ap LLYWELYN (died 1063), king of Gwynedd and Powys, and after 1055 king of all Wales". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. <a href="https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-GRUF-APL-1063" target="_blank">https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-GRUF-APL-1063</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>(Lee, pp. 305–307) - Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney, eds. (1890). "Gruffydd ab Llewelyn (d.1063)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 305–307. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gruffydd_ab_Llewelyn_(d.1063)" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gruffydd_ab_Llewelyn_(d.1063)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>(Jones 1959) - Jones, Thomas (1959). "GRUFFUDD ap LLYWELYN (died 1063), king of Gwynedd and Powys, and after 1055 king of all Wales". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. <a href="https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-GRUF-APL-1063" target="_blank">https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-GRUF-APL-1063</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>(Lee, pp. 305–307) - Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney, eds. (1890). "Gruffydd ab Llewelyn (d.1063)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 305–307. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gruffydd_ab_Llewelyn_(d.1063)" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gruffydd_ab_Llewelyn_(d.1063)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>(Jones 1959) - Jones, Thomas (1959). "GRUFFUDD ap LLYWELYN (died 1063), king of Gwynedd and Powys, and after 1055 king of all Wales". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. <a href="https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-GRUF-APL-1063" target="_blank">https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-GRUF-APL-1063</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>(Lee, pp. 305–307) - Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney, eds. (1890). "Gruffydd ab Llewelyn (d.1063)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 305–307. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gruffydd_ab_Llewelyn_(d.1063)" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gruffydd_ab_Llewelyn_(d.1063)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>(Jones 1959) - Jones, Thomas (1959). "GRUFFUDD ap LLYWELYN (died 1063), king of Gwynedd and Powys, and after 1055 king of all Wales". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. <a href="https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-GRUF-APL-1063" target="_blank">https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-GRUF-APL-1063</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>(Lee, pp. 305–307) - Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney, eds. (1890). "Gruffydd ab Llewelyn (d.1063)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 305–307. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gruffydd_ab_Llewelyn_(d.1063)" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gruffydd_ab_Llewelyn_(d.1063)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>(Jones 1959) - Jones, Thomas (1959). "GRUFFUDD ap LLYWELYN (died 1063), king of Gwynedd and Powys, and after 1055 king of all Wales". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. <a href="https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-GRUF-APL-1063" target="_blank">https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-GRUF-APL-1063</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>(Lee, pp. 305–307) - Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney, eds. (1890). "Gruffydd ab Llewelyn (d.1063)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 305–307. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gruffydd_ab_Llewelyn_(d.1063)" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gruffydd_ab_Llewelyn_(d.1063)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>(Jones 1959) - Jones, Thomas (1959). "GRUFFUDD ap LLYWELYN (died 1063), king of Gwynedd and Powys, and after 1055 king of all Wales". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. <a href="https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-GRUF-APL-1063" target="_blank">https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-GRUF-APL-1063</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>(Lee, pp. 305–307) - Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney, eds. (1890). "Gruffydd ab Llewelyn (d.1063)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 305–307. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gruffydd_ab_Llewelyn_(d.1063)" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gruffydd_ab_Llewelyn_(d.1063)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>(Jones 1959) - Jones, Thomas (1959). "GRUFFUDD ap LLYWELYN (died 1063), king of Gwynedd and Powys, and after 1055 king of all Wales". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. <a href="https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-GRUF-APL-1063" target="_blank">https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-GRUF-APL-1063</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>(Jones 1959) - Jones, Thomas (1959). "GRUFFUDD ap LLYWELYN (died 1063), king of Gwynedd and Powys, and after 1055 king of all Wales". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. <a href="https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-GRUF-APL-1063" target="_blank">https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-GRUF-APL-1063</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>(Lee, pp. 305–307) - Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney, eds. (1890). "Gruffydd ab Llewelyn (d.1063)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 305–307. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gruffydd_ab_Llewelyn_(d.1063)" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gruffydd_ab_Llewelyn_(d.1063)</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>(Lee, pp. 305–307) - Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney, eds. (1890). "Gruffydd ab Llewelyn (d.1063)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 305–307. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gruffydd_ab_Llewelyn_(d.1063)" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gruffydd_ab_Llewelyn_(d.1063)</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>(Davies 1993, p. 100) - Davies, John (1993). A History of Wales. London: Penguin. p. 100. ISBN 0-14-014581-8. <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>(Maund 1991, pp. 64–67) - Maund, K. L. (1991). Ireland, Wales, and England in the Eleventh Century. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85115-533-3. <a href="https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/727664" target="_blank">https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/727664</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>(Maund 1991, pp. 64–67) - Maund, K. L. (1991). Ireland, Wales, and England in the Eleventh Century. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85115-533-3. <a href="https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/727664" target="_blank">https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/727664</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>(Maund 1991, pp. 64–67) - Maund, K. L. (1991). Ireland, Wales, and England in the Eleventh Century. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85115-533-3. <a href="https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/727664" target="_blank">https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/727664</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>(Jones 1959) - Jones, Thomas (1959). "GRUFFUDD ap LLYWELYN (died 1063), king of Gwynedd and Powys, and after 1055 king of all Wales". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. <a href="https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-GRUF-APL-1063" target="_blank">https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-GRUF-APL-1063</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>(Lee, pp. 305–307) - Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney, eds. (1890). "Gruffydd ab Llewelyn (d.1063)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 305–307. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gruffydd_ab_Llewelyn_(d.1063)" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gruffydd_ab_Llewelyn_(d.1063)</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>(Lee, pp. 305–307) - Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney, eds. (1890). "Gruffydd ab Llewelyn (d.1063)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 305–307. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gruffydd_ab_Llewelyn_(d.1063)" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gruffydd_ab_Llewelyn_(d.1063)</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>(Davies 1993, p. 100) - Davies, John (1993). A History of Wales. London: Penguin. p. 100. ISBN 0-14-014581-8. <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Compare Remfry, P. M.; Annales Cambriae, 68 and notes <a href="/wiki/Annales_Cambriae" target="_blank">/wiki/Annales_Cambriae</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>(Maund 1991, pp. 64–67) - Maund, K. L. (1991). Ireland, Wales, and England in the Eleventh Century. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85115-533-3. <a href="https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/727664" target="_blank">https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/727664</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>(Jones 1959) - Jones, Thomas (1959). "GRUFFUDD ap LLYWELYN (died 1063), king of Gwynedd and Powys, and after 1055 king of all Wales". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. <a href="https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-GRUF-APL-1063" target="_blank">https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-GRUF-APL-1063</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>(Maund 1991, pp. 64–67) - Maund, K. L. (1991). Ireland, Wales, and England in the Eleventh Century. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85115-533-3. <a href="https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/727664" target="_blank">https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/727664</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>(Jones 1959) - Jones, Thomas (1959). "GRUFFUDD ap LLYWELYN (died 1063), king of Gwynedd and Powys, and after 1055 king of all Wales". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. <a href="https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-GRUF-APL-1063" target="_blank">https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-GRUF-APL-1063</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>(Lee, pp. 305–307) - Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney, eds. (1890). "Gruffydd ab Llewelyn (d.1063)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 305–307. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gruffydd_ab_Llewelyn_(d.1063)" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gruffydd_ab_Llewelyn_(d.1063)</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>(Maund 1991, pp. 64–67) - Maund, K. L. (1991). Ireland, Wales, and England in the Eleventh Century. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85115-533-3. <a href="https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/727664" target="_blank">https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/727664</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>