Hoop rolling

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
A version of hoop rolling played as a target game is encountered as an ancient tradition among aboriginal peoples in many parts of the world. The game, known as hoop-and-pole, is ubiquitous throughout most of Africa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> 
In the Americas, it has been played by a great number of unrelated <a href="/facts/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States/lr8Qmd6N">Native American tribes</a>. The game has exhibited many variations of materials and size of implements and rules of play.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> It is postulated that its wide distribution is a factor of the rich symbolical possibilities of the game, rather than indicating radial diffusion from a single center of invention.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>

<h3>Ancient Greece</h3>

Ancient Greeks referred to the hoop as the "trochus". Hoop rolling was practiced in the <a href="/facts/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)/l4Dtqo1y">gymnasium</a>, and the prop was also used for tumbling and dance with different techniques.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> Although a popular form of recreation, hoop rolling was not featured in competition at the <a href="/facts/Panhellenic_Games/TcPqPJXy">major sports festivals</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>
Hoops, also called krikoi, were probably made of <a href="/facts/Bronze/YCYCVIKt">bronze</a>, <a href="/facts/Iron/QK1JYy8E">iron</a>, or <a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">copper</a>, and were driven with a stick called the "elater".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> The hoop was sized according to the player, as it had to come up to the level of the chest. Greek vases generally show the elater as a short, straight stick. The sport was regarded as healthful, and was recommended by <a href="/facts/Hippocrates/lXUElFQD">Hippocrates</a> for strengthening weak constitutions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> Even very young children would play with hoops.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>
The hoop thus held symbolic meanings in Greek myth and culture. Hoop driving is an attribute of <a href="/facts/Ganymede_(mythology)/a4zUDN0C">Ganymede</a>, often depicted on <a href="/facts/Ancient_Greece/PTVBrWXq">Greek</a> vase paintings from the 5th century BCE. Images of the hoop are sometimes presented in the context of <a href="/facts/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece/9rGsj3Rv">ancient Greek pederastic tradition</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>

<h3>Ancient Rome and Byzantium</h3>

During the <a href="/facts/Roman_Empire/l4E1aUuV">Roman Empire</a>, circa 100-300 AD, the Romans learned hoop driving from the Greeks and generally held the sport in high regard.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> The <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a> term for hoop is also "trochus", at times referred to as the "Greek hoop". The stick was known as a "clavis" <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> or "radius", had the shape of a key, and was made of metal with a wooden handle. Roman hoops were fitted with metal rings that slid freely along the rim. According to <a href="/facts/Martial/caYMuEgg">Martial</a>, this was done so that the tinkling of the rings would warn passers by of the hoop's approach: "Why do these jingling rings move about upon the rolling wheel? In order that the passers-by may get out of the way of the hoop."(14. CLXIX) He also indicates that the metal tires of wooden cart wheels could be used as hoops: "A wheel must be protected. You make me a useful present. It will be a hoop to children, but to me a tyre for my wheel."(14. CLXVIII)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> Martial also mentions the sport was practised by <a href="/facts/Sarmatians/peXYHqbc">Sarmatian</a> boys, who rolled their hoops on the frozen <a href="/facts/Danube/8lMeM9xg">Danube</a> river.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> According to <a href="/facts/Strabo/dzQ59zwn">Strabo</a>, one of the popular Roman venues for practising the sport was the <a href="/facts/Campus_Martius/UpGUCbgb">Campus Martius</a>, which was large enough to accommodate a wide variety of activities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>
The Roman game was to roll the hoop while throwing a spear or stick through it. For Romans, this was more an entertainment and military development, not a philosophical activity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> Several ancient sources praise the sport. According to <a href="/facts/Horace/8NQn78B9">Horace</a>, hoop driving was one of the manly sports.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> <a href="/facts/Ovid/qw6buQ2V">Ovid</a> in his <a href="/facts/Tristia/uX571k0k">Tristia</a> is more specific, putting the sport in the same category with horsemanship, javelin throwing and weapon practice: "Usus equi nunc est, levibus nunc luditur armis, Nunc pila, nunc celeri volvitur orbe trochus."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> It was also presented as a virtue in the <a href="/facts/Distichs_of_Cato/JtQvUgca">Distichs of Cato</a>, which enjoin youth to "Trocho lude; aleam fuge" ("Play with the hoop, flee the dice").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> A 2nd-century medical text by <a href="/facts/Antyllus/2BeewcCB">Antyllus</a>, preserved in an anthology of <a href="/facts/Oribasius/nnyEAwxj">Oribasius</a>, <a href="/facts/Julian_the_Apostate/4ecggf42">Emperor Julian</a>'s physician, describes hoop rolling as a form of physical and mental therapy. Antyllus indicates that at first the player should roll the hoop maintaining an upright posture, but after warming up he can begin to jump and run through the hoop. Such exercises, he holds, are best done before a meal or a bath, as with any physical exercise.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>

<h3>East Asia</h3>
In China, the game may well go back to 1000 BC or further.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>

<h2 id="modern-usage">Modern usage</h2>

Early 19th-century travellers saw children playing with hoops over much of <a href="/facts/Europe/DTAtrKfh">Europe</a> and beyond.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>
The game was a common pastime of <a href="/facts/Tanzania/MJueJ7E4">Tanzanian</a> village children of the African <a href="/facts/Tanganyika_(territory)/mY5gUo3C">Tanganyika</a> plateau circa the 1910s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> Not long after, it is recorded in the <a href="/facts/Freetown/uAIVc2rb">Freetown</a> settler community.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> Christian missionaries encountered it there in the 19th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> Children in late <a href="/facts/Edo_period/BWxv9h57">Edo period</a> Japan also were known to play the game.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>
In English the sport is known by several names, "hoop and stick", "bowling hoops",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> or "gird and cleek" in <a href="/facts/Scotland/VGwbbxB2">Scotland</a>, where the gird is the hoop and the cleek, the stick.
In the west, around the end of the 19th century, the game was played by boys up to about twelve years of age.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> Hoops would at times have pairs of tin squares nailed to the inside of the circle, to jingle as the hoop was rolled.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> Up to a dozen such pairs of rattles might be placed around the rim of the hoop. Some preferred the ashen hoops, round on the outside and flat on the inside, to the ones made of iron, as the latter could break windows and hurt the legs of the passers by and horses.

<h3>Games</h3>
Among the games played with the hoops—besides simply trundling them, which is a matter of driving them forward while keeping them upright—are hoop races, as well as games of <a href="/facts/Fine_motor_skill/B2m0j8dF">dexterity</a>. Among these are "toll", in which the player has to drive his hoop between two stones placed two to three inches apart without touching either one.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> Another such game is "turnpike", in which one player drives the hoop between pairs of objects, such as bricks, at first placed so that the opening is about a foot wide, with each gate kept by a different player. After running all the gates, the openings are made smaller by one inch, and the player trundling the hoop runs the course again. The process repeats until he strikes the side of a gate, then he and the turnpike keeper switch places.
Conflict games such as "hoop battle" or "tournament" can also be played. For this game, boys organise into opposing teams that drive their hoops against each other with the aim of knocking down as many of the opponents' hoops as possible. Only those hoops which fall as a result of a strike by another hoop are counted out.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> In some parts of England, boys played a similar game called "encounters", where two boys would drive their hoops against each other, with the one whose hoop was left standing being declared the winner.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>

The "hoop hunt" is yet another game, in which one or more hoops are allowed to roll down a hill, with the double aim of rolling as far as possible and then of locating the hoop wherever it may have ended up.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a>

<h3>British Empire</h3>
In England, children are known to have played the game as early as the 15th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> By the late 18th century, boys driving hoops in the London streets had become a nuisance, according to <a href="/facts/Joseph_Strutt_(engraver_and_antiquary)/yVq8dr1F">Joseph Strutt</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> Throughout the 1840s, a barrage of denunciations appeared in the papers against "The Hoop Nuisance", in which their iron hoops were blamed for inflicting severe injuries to pedestrians' shins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> The London police attempted to eradicate the practice, confiscating the iron hoops of boys and girls trundling them through the streets and parks. That campaign, however, seems to have failed, as it was accompanied by renewed complaints about the increase of the nuisance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a>
Other writers mocked the complainers as grumblers depriving the "juvenile community" of a healthy and harmless pastime that had been practised for hundreds of years "without any apparent inconvenience to the public at large".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> The passion for passing laws was ridiculed: "Enact, say our modern philosophers, enact. Pass statute after statute. Regulate with exquisite minuteness the cries of the baby in the cradle, the laughter of the hoop-trundling boy, the murmurrings of the toothless old man."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> In the 1860s, the anti-trundling campaign was taken up by <a href="/facts/Charles_Babbage/T3jklQcd">Charles Babbage</a>, who blamed the boys for driving iron hoops under horses' legs, with the result that the rider is thrown and very often the horse breaks a leg.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> Babbage achieved a certain notoriety in this matter, being denounced in debate in Commons in 1864 for "commencing a crusade against the popular game of <a href="/facts/Tip-cat/9N1k5Wt5">tip-cat</a> and the trundling of hoops".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a>

The fuss over boys playing with hoops reached around the globe—in the <a href="/facts/Colony_of_Tasmania/mgUedfMD">Colony of Tasmania</a>, boys trundling hoops were blamed for endangering men riding horses and women's silk dresses, and the <a href="/facts/Hobart/rcHqwrRt">Hobart</a> newspaper called for their banishment to the suburbs by law and police attention.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a>
Not only schoolboys, but even graduate students at <a href="/facts/University_of_Cambridge/0la7aX9o">Cambridge</a> enjoyed trundling hoops after their lectures. The practice, however, was brought to an end sometime before 1816, by means of a statute that forbade Masters of Arts to roll hoops or play marbles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a>
By the early 19th century, the game was already part of the standard physical education of girls, together with <a href="/facts/Jumping_rope/kvCkB6oc">jumping rope</a> and <a href="/facts/Dumbbells/0er7hPfC">dumbbells</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> Girls from four to fourteen could be seen by the hundreds, trundling their hoops across the grass in the London parks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> Though held to be common in the early years of the 19th century, the simplicity and innocence of those years was alleged to have been replaced by the 1850s with a precocious maturity, where "Instead of trundling hoops, urchins smoke cigars."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a>
In the mid-19th century, bent <a href="/facts/Fraxinus/Ew2cklTl">ash</a> was favoured as material for making wooden hoops.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> In early 20th-century England, girls played with a wooden hoop driven with a wooden stick, while boys' hoops were made of metal and the sticks were key-shaped and also made of metal. In some locations, hoops with spokes and bells were available in stores, but they were often disdained by boys .
Another alternate name for hoop rolling is Gird ‘N Cleek. The World Gird ‘N Cleek championships are held annually in New Galloway, Scotland. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> Winners include Andrew Firth (1983), Alexander McKenna (2009,2018), Arthur Harfield (2019). .

<h3>Americas</h3>
A great number of widely separated Native American peoples play or played an ancient target-shooting version of hoop rolling currently known as <a href="/facts/Chunkey/ksS2AUKL">Chunkey</a>. Though the forms of the game exhibited great variation, generally certain elements were present, namely a prepared terrain over which a disc or hoop was rolled at high speed, at which implements similar to spears were thrown.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> The game, when played by adults, was often associated with gambling; and quite often, very valuable prizes, such as horses, exchanged hands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> The game has been played by tribes such as the <a href="/facts/Arapaho/wek6HfC2">Arapaho</a>, the <a href="/facts/Omaha_(tribe)/C5RLev4D">Omaha</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> the <a href="/facts/Pawnee_people/tYHAbNlu">Pawnee</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> and many others.
Since hoop and stick involves spear throwing, it is thought to predate the introduction of the bow and arrow that took place around 500 AD. In the <a href="/facts/California/zLW2vdQJ">California</a> region in the 18th century, it was widespread and known as "takersia".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> Canadian <a href="/facts/Inuit/wJaIGexN">Inuit</a> players divide into two groups. While the first group rolls the hoops—a large and a small one—the players in the other group attempt to throw spears through the hoops.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> The <a href="/facts/Cheyenne/rPt5AyA3">Cheyenne</a> named two months of the year after the game: January is known as Ok sey' e shi his, "Hoop-and-stick game moon", and February as Mak ok sey' i shi, "Big hoop-and-stick game moon".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> Among the <a href="/facts/Blackfoot/9K9I47AH">Blackfeet</a>, children would play the game by throwing a feathered stick through the rolling hoop.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> <a href="/facts/Bitterroot_Salish/Xkc7A6Uu">Salish</a> and <a href="/facts/Pend_d%27Oreilles_people/JqP8Yfe8">Pend d'Oreilles</a> youth played hoop and arrow games "to become skillful at bringing down small game for the village" in early spring, when the men were gone in search of large game.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a>
Among the European settlers, hoop-rolling was a seasonal sport, seeing the greatest activity in the winter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> Children, besides rolling the hoops, also tossed them back and forth, catching them on their sticks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> In the 1830s, hoop trundling was seen as an activity so characteristic of the young that it was adopted by a fanatic sect in <a href="/facts/Kentucky/DaTW05Rt">Kentucky</a> whose members mimicked children's activities in order to gain access to <a href="/facts/Heaven/mRtkwbzz">heaven</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a> Hoop driving was also seen as a remedy for the sedentary and overprotected lives led by many American girls of the mid-19th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a> The game was popular with both girls and boys: in an 1898 survey of 1000 boys and 1000 girls in <a href="/facts/Massachusetts/9uumCbFI">Massachusetts</a>, both the girls and the boys named hoop and stick their favorite toy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> In <a href="/facts/Ohio/YutCnTlh">Ohio</a>, the wood of the <a href="/facts/Ulmus_americana/Bjj7ercR">American elm (Ulmus americana)</a> was particularly valued for making hoop-poles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a>
At <a href="/facts/Bryn_Mawr_College/KwWWMNP7">Bryn Mawr College</a>, <a href="/facts/Wellesley_College/Vnaa2b3I">Wellesley College</a>, and <a href="/facts/Wheaton_College_(Massachusetts)/sEFFqCLr">Wheaton College</a>, the Hoop Rolling Contest is an annual spring tradition that dates back to 1895, and is only open to graduating seniors on that college's May Day celebration.

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Chunkey/ksS2AUKL">Chunkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Hooping/4horcUPp">Hooping</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Hula_hoop/hskLhvHk">Hula hoop</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="sources">Sources</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hoop rolling.

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Harold_Arthur_Harris/p0ztY9kQ">Harold Arthur Harris</a> (January 1972). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IJytuwyqKgcC">Sport in Greece and Rome</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-8014-0718-4.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">The Boy's Treasury of Sports, Pastimes, and Recreations: With Nearly Four Hundred Engravings. J.P. Hill. 1848. pp. 14–15. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QvQ-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA14" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=QvQ-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA14</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Streets & People of Abidjan. IVORY COAST (Côte d'Ivoire). West Africa". February 5, 2012. Archived from the original on 2021-12-13 – via YouTube. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ITN6wwPtBMM" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ITN6wwPtBMM</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Central African Republic Vlog #018". November 23, 2018. Archived from the original on 2021-12-13 – via YouTube. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gO_p_IXRKjQ&t=202" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gO_p_IXRKjQ&t=202</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Andrew McFarland Davis Indian Games. pp. 44–56. ISBN 1595406042. <a href="https://archive.org/details/indiangamesanhis06857gut" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/indiangamesanhis06857gut</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">O. F. Raum (1953). "The rolling target (hoop-and-pole) game in Africa". African Studies. 12 (3): 104–121. doi:10.1080/00020185308706913. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">William Smith (1859) A dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Little, Brown, and Co. p. 1168 <a href="https://archive.org/details/adictionarygree05smitgoog" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/adictionarygree05smitgoog</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Jason König (21 April 2005). Athletics and Literature in the Roman Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 281. ISBN 978-0-521-83845-0. <a href="978-0-521-83845-0" target="_blank">978-0-521-83845-0</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Edward M Plummer (1856) Athletics and Games of the Ancient Greeks. Cambridge, Mass., Lombard & Caustic, Printers. p. 50 <a href="https://archive.org/details/athleticsgamesof0203plum" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/athleticsgamesof0203plum</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">"Hippocrates recommended playing with a hoop as a cure for weak people" Mary Mathews Gedo (1985). Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Art: PPA. Vol. 1. Analytic Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-88163-030-5. <a href="978-0-88163-030-5" target="_blank">978-0-88163-030-5</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">James Augustus St. John (1878) The history of the manners and customs of ancient Greece. Volume 1. London, J. Murray. p. 148 <a href="/wiki/James_Augustus_St._John" target="_blank">/wiki/James_Augustus_St._John</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Nigel Spivey (2005). The Ancient Olympics. Oxford University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-19-280604-8. <a href="978-0-19-280604-8" target="_blank">978-0-19-280604-8</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Karl Groos (1901) "Playful Use of the Motor Apparatus". Chapter 2 in The Play of Man, translated by Elizabeth L. Baldwin. New York: Appleton: pp. 74–121. "Other rolling toys, such as wheels and hoops, whose motion is kept up by means of continuous striking, offer a very different kind of amusement. The violent running, combining as it does something of the zest of the chase with the pleasure of overcoming a difficulty, forms a delightful compound with the enjoyment of the rolling as such. The Greeks called the hoop trocoVor krikoV. They were rather large, and made of metal studded with tinkling bells and propelled by a metal rod. Ganymede is often represented with such a hoop. The Romans had an extraordinary fondness for this sport, and Ovid, who refers to a teacher of the art of hoop rolling, says in one of his enumerations of the spring games: "Usus equi nunc est, levibus nunc luditur armis, Nunc pila, nunc celeri volvitur orbe trochus." Fouquières cites a passage from Martial about youths rolling hoops on frozen streams. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Groos" target="_blank">/wiki/Karl_Groos</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Thomas Dudley Fosbroke (1843) Encyclopædia of antiquities: and elements of archaeology .... Vol. 2. N3. London : M. A. Nattali. p. 619 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley_Fosbroke" target="_blank">/wiki/Thomas_Dudley_Fosbroke</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Harris, pp. 136–137 - Harold Arthur Harris (January 1972). Sport in Greece and Rome. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-0718-4. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IJytuwyqKgcC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=IJytuwyqKgcC</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Andrew Dalby (2002). Empire of Pleasures: Luxury and Indulgence in the Roman World. Psychology Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-415-28073-0. <a href="978-0-415-28073-0" target="_blank">978-0-415-28073-0</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Gempf, Conrad (1 May 1994). The Book of Acts in Its Graeco-Roman Setting. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 458, note 5. ISBN 978-0-8028-4847-5. <a href="978-0-8028-4847-5" target="_blank">978-0-8028-4847-5</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Tim Delaney, Tim Madigan (2009). The Sociology of Sports: An Introduction. McFarland. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-7864-4169-3. <a href="978-0-7864-4169-3" target="_blank">978-0-7864-4169-3</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">William Pulleyn (1830) The etymological compendium, or, Portfolio of origins and inventions. T. Tegg. p. 139 <a href="https://archive.org/details/etymologicalcom00pullgoog" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/etymologicalcom00pullgoog</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Harris, p. 135 - Harold Arthur Harris (January 1972). Sport in Greece and Rome. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-0718-4. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IJytuwyqKgcC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=IJytuwyqKgcC</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Harris, p. 136 - Harold Arthur Harris (January 1972). Sport in Greece and Rome. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-0718-4. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IJytuwyqKgcC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=IJytuwyqKgcC</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Harris, pp. 133 ff. - Harold Arthur Harris (January 1972). Sport in Greece and Rome. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-0718-4. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IJytuwyqKgcC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=IJytuwyqKgcC</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Justin Corfield (2009) "Ancient China" in Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society By Rodney P. Carlisle; p. 24. ISBN 1412966701. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">François-René de Chateaubriand (1838) Voyage en Amérique. Paris: Lefèvre et Ledentu. p. 120 <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" target="_blank">/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">August Franz L.M. Haxthausen; August Franz L.M. Haxthausen (1847). Studien über die innern Zustände, das Volksleben und insbesondere die ländlichen Einrichtungen Russlands. Vol. 1, Part 2. p. 20. Es waren allerliebste kleine blonde Buben, die mit dem Reife spielten <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6asOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA20" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=6asOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA20</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Cullen Gouldsbury (1911) The Great Plateau of Northern Rhodesia, Being Some Impressions of the .... E. Arnold. p. 273 <a href="https://archive.org/details/greatplateauofno00go" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/greatplateauofno00go</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Robert Benjamin Ageh Wellesley Cole (1960) Kossoh Town Boy. University Press. p. 54 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Benjamin_Ageh_Wellesley_Cole" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Benjamin_Ageh_Wellesley_Cole</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">"They also delight in rolling the hoop", p. 69 in The Gospel in all lands. <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Sir Rutherford Alcock (1863) The capital of the tycoon: a narrative of a three years' residence in Japan. New York: Bradley Co. p. 281 <a href="https://archive.org/details/capitaloftycoonn01alcoiala" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/capitaloftycoonn01alcoiala</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Layne Cameron (June 1994). "Bowling hoops". Child Life. 73 (4): 24. <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Cassell's Complete Book of Sports and Pastimes (1896). Cassell. p. 237. <a href="https://archive.org/details/cassellscomplet00longoog" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/cassellscomplet00longoog</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">William Clarke (1829) The Boy's Own Book: A Complete Encyclopedia of All the Diversions Athletic. Vizetelly, Branston and Co. p. 28 <a href="https://archive.org/details/boysownbookacom01clargoog" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/boysownbookacom01clargoog</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">The Corner cupboard, by the ed. of "Enquire within Upon Everything". p. 56 <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">John Kendrick (1852) Every boy's book of games, sports, and diversions, or The school-boy's manual of amusement, instruction and health. London: Grieves. p. 18. <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">William Clarke (1829) The Boy's Own Book: A Complete Encyclopedia of All the Diversions Athletic. Vizetelly, Branston and Co. p. 28 <a href="https://archive.org/details/boysownbookacom01clargoog" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/boysownbookacom01clargoog</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">William Chambers, Robert Chambers (1864) Chamber's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Arts. p. 503 <a href="/wiki/Chambers%27s_Edinburgh_Journal" target="_blank">/wiki/Chambers%27s_Edinburgh_Journal</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">The Pictorial History of England vol. 2, by George Lillie Craik, Charles Knight, Charles MacFarlane, Harriet Martineau; p. 263 <a href="/wiki/George_Lillie_Craik" target="_blank">/wiki/George_Lillie_Craik</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">William Pulleyn (1830) The etymological compendium, or, Portfolio of origins and inventions. T. Tegg. p. 139 <a href="https://archive.org/details/etymologicalcom00pullgoog" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/etymologicalcom00pullgoog</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Lee Jackson (1 August 2006). A Dictionary of Victorian London: An A-Z of the Great Metropolis. Anthem Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-85728-711-3. <a href="978-0-85728-711-3" target="_blank">978-0-85728-711-3</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">David Goodway (10 October 2002). London Chartism 1838–1848. Cambridge University Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-521-89364-0. <a href="978-0-521-89364-0" target="_blank">978-0-521-89364-0</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">"An Englishman's Privilege". Chambers's Journal. 49: 353. 1844. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9YRTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA353" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=9YRTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA353</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">William Scott; Francis Garden; James Bowling Mozley (1821). The Christian Remembrancer. Vol. 3. F.C. & J. Rivington. p. 200. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1LURAAAAYAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=1LURAAAAYAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Charles Babbage (1864) Passages from the life of a philosopher. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press; Piscataway, N.J. : IEEE Press. p. 360 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" target="_blank">/wiki/Charles_Babbage</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Hansard's parliamentary debates. THIRD SERIES COMMENCING WITH THE ACCESSION OF WILLIAM IV. 27° & 28° VICTORIA, 1864. VOL. CLXXVI. COMPRISING THE PERIOD FROM THE TWENTY-FIRST DAY OF JUNE 1864, TO THE TWENTY-NINTH DAY OF JULY 1864. Parliament, Thomas Curson Hansard "Street Music (Metropolis) Bill"; V4, p. 471 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dugT3_K-1ZIC&pg=PA471" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=dugT3_K-1ZIC&pg=PA471</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">"General Intelligence". The Hobart Town Daily Mercury. Vol. II, no. 197. August 18, 1858. p. 3. Retrieved May 27, 2021 – via National Library of Australia. The Hoop Nuisance—The practice pursued by boys in trundling their hoops on the streets and footpaths has become a dangerous nuisance. The other day a gentleman was riding a rather spirited horse in Macquarie-street when a careless urchin drove his hoop against the animal's legs, when it instantly reared and plunged, and would have thrown its rider had not his good horsemanship enabled him to keep his seat, and, eventually, to quiet the frightened horse. On another occasion an elderly lady was crossing Davey-street, where three boys were vigorously racing with their hoops, one of which came in contact with the lady's silk dress, and damaged it by a considerable rent. We are not adverse to boyish games or amusements, and as there are numerous quiet localities in the suburbs, but little frequented by passengers, either on horse or foot, the boys ought to be compelled to quiet the public thoroughfares, and to resort to places where no injury could arise from the pursuit of their pastimes. The Corporation could effect this by a bye-law, and the Police ought to receive strict directions rigidly to enforce it. <a href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3249974?searchTerm=The%20Hoop%20Nuisance-The%20practice%20pursued%20by%20boys%20in%20trundling%20their%20hoops%20&searchLimits=exactPhrase" target="_blank">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3249974?searchTerm=The%20Hoop%20Nuisance-The%20practice%20pursued%20by%20boys%20in%20trundling%20their%20hoops%20&searchLimits=exactPhrase</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Valpy, Abraham John; Barker, Edmund Henry, eds. (2013). "Essay on Triposes". The Classical Journal. XXV: 83–90. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139566100.010. ISBN 9781139566100. <a href="9781139566100" target="_blank">9781139566100</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">George Ripley (1858) New American Cyclopedia, Vol. 8. p. 609 <a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(transcendentalist)" target="_blank">/wiki/George_Ripley_(transcendentalist)</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Grant Thorburn (1834). Men and manners in Britain: or, A bone to gnaw for the Trollopes, Fidlers, &c. being notes from a journal, on sea and on land, in 1833-4. Wiley & Long. p. 37. <a href="https://archive.org/details/menandmannersin00thorgoog" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/menandmannersin00thorgoog</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Christopher Romaunt (10 January 1852). "Boyhood as it Is". The Literary World. 10 (257): 5. <a href="/wiki/The_Literary_World_(New_York_City)" target="_blank">/wiki/The_Literary_World_(New_York_City)</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Eliakim Littell; Robert S. Littell (1856). "Timber-Bending". The Living Age ... Vol. 51. Littell, Son. p. 479. The ash is familiar to us, bent into trundling hoops, and measures for dry commodities <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GNW0N46G7XQC&pg=PA479" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=GNW0N46G7XQC&pg=PA479</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">"Scottish Alternative Games Facebook Page". Facebook. May 2020. <a href="https://m.facebook.com/The-Scottish-Alternative-Games-New-Galloway-275903176494927/posts/" target="_blank">https://m.facebook.com/The-Scottish-Alternative-Games-New-Galloway-275903176494927/posts/</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Andrew McFarland Davis Indian Games. pp. 44–56. ISBN 1595406042. <a href="https://archive.org/details/indiangamesanhis06857gut" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/indiangamesanhis06857gut</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Lynette Perry; Manny Skolnick (1999). Keeper of the Delaware Dolls. University of Nebraska Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-8032-8759-4. <a href="978-0-8032-8759-4" target="_blank">978-0-8032-8759-4</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Charles Augustus Murray (1839) Travels in North America: including a summer residence with the ... Vol. 2. London, R. Bentley. p. 19 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Augustus_Murray" target="_blank">/wiki/Charles_Augustus_Murray</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Reuben Gold Thwaites (7 October 2016). Early Western Travels, 1748–1846, Vol. 14: A Series of Annotated Reprints of Some of the Best and Rarest Contemporary Volumes of Travel; Part I of James's Account of S. H. Long's Expedition, 1819–1820 (Classic Reprint). Fb &C Limited. p. 294. ISBN 978-1-333-88063-7. <a href="978-1-333-88063-7" target="_blank">978-1-333-88063-7</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Stewart Culin (1992). Games of the North American Indians: Games of skill. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 463–. ISBN 0-8032-6356-2. <a href="0-8032-6356-2" target="_blank">0-8032-6356-2</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse (1989). Monterey in 1786: The Journals of Jean François de la Pérouse. Heyday. p. 96, note 24. ISBN 978-0-930588-39-7. <a href="978-0-930588-39-7" target="_blank">978-0-930588-39-7</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Steve Craig (2002). Sports and Games of the Ancients. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-313-31600-5. <a href="978-0-313-31600-5" target="_blank">978-0-313-31600-5</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">George Bird Grinnell (1961). Pawnee, Blackfoot, and Cheyenne: History and Folklore of the Plains. Scribner. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/George_Bird_Grinnell" target="_blank">/wiki/George_Bird_Grinnell</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Jason Hook; Martin Pegler (2001). To Live and Die in the West: The American Indian Wars, 1860–90. Taylor & Francis. p. 109. ISBN 978-1-57958-370-5. <a href="978-1-57958-370-5" target="_blank">978-1-57958-370-5</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">International Traditional Games Society. Indian Education for All – Traditional Games Unit (PDF) (Revised 2013 ed.). Montana Office of Public Instruction. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-27. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184155/http://www.opi.mt.gov/pdf/IndianEd/Search/Health%20Enhancement/All%20traditional%20games.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184155/http://www.opi.mt.gov/pdf/IndianEd/Search/Health%20Enhancement/All%20traditional%20games.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">American Education (1910), Vols. 14–15. Nabu Press p. 350 ISBN 1179099036. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Dorothy A. Mays (2004). Women in Early America: Struggle, Survival, and Freedom in a New World. ABC-CLIO. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-85109-429-5. <a href="978-1-85109-429-5" target="_blank">978-1-85109-429-5</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">"The Fanatics in New York" (1832). From The North American Review. March 26, 1899, p. 23 <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=950DEEDE153CE433A25755C2A9659C94689ED7CF" target="_blank">https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=950DEEDE153CE433A25755C2A9659C94689ED7CF</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Wisconsin journal of education, Volume 1 By Wisconsin. Dept. of Public Instruction, Wisconsin Education Association Council, Wisconsin Teachers' Association, Wisconsin Education Association; p. 52; 1857 <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Julie Husband; Jim O'Loughlin (2004). Daily Life in the Industrial United States, 1870–1900. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-313-32302-7. <a href="978-0-313-32302-7" target="_blank">978-0-313-32302-7</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Werthner, William B. (1935). Some American Trees: An intimate study of native Ohio trees. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. xviii + 398. <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Hoop rolling open-in-new

Hoop rolling