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Algeripithecus
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<h2 id="discovery">Discovery</h2> <p>Fragmentary fossils were first found in the Glib Formation at the Glib Zegdou locality in <a href="/facts/Algeria/UXDF4Tj6">Algeria</a> and dated to the Early to Middle <a href="/facts/Eocene/EYgI8Uco">Eocene</a>, 50 to 46 million years ago. The <a href="/facts/Holotype/a8n9vhHa">holotype</a> was an upper left molar (M2).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="evolutionary-history-and-taxonomy">Evolutionary history and taxonomy</h2> <p>First described in the journal <i><a href="/facts/Nature_(journal)/XmlJXkFx">Nature</a></i> by Marc Godinot and Mohamed Mahboubi in 1992,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> <i>Algeripithecus</i> was once widely considered one of the oldest known fossil simian primates, giving weight to the African origins hypothesis for simians. It was originally interpreted as a propliopithecid, but was also seen as a <a href="/facts/Proteopithecidae/EKcCyXTI">proteopithecid</a> by Godinot in 1994 and as a <a href="/facts/Parapithecoidea/xaDw4eLY">parapithecoid</a> by Seiffert <i>et al.</i> starting in 2005.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Based on the discovery of additional fossil teeth and a <a href="/facts/Maxilla/LbgmySaT">maxilla</a> (upper jaw) between 2003 and 2009, Tabuce <i>et al.</i> reconstructed <i>Algeripithecus</i> as an <a href="/facts/Azibiidae/7WRqIoHq">azibiid</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> a group thought to be a type of <a href="/facts/Stem_group/fHDhwp5x">stem</a> <a href="/facts/Lemuriformes/b63HVq58">lemuriform</a>, or strepsirrhine primate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> According to Tabuce <i>et al.</i>, the <a href="/facts/Mandible/1ATEfAQa">mandible</a> of <i>Algeripithecus</i> indicates it had an inclined <a href="/facts/Canine_tooth/p3mRABtg">canine tooth</a>, similar to that found in <a href="/facts/Toothcomb/qCjKwBT1">toothcombed</a> primates. Although the anterior dentition of azibiids is unknown, they may have possessed a toothcomb, indicating an ancient stem lineage of lemuriform primates in Africa,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> possibly descended from an early Asian branch of adapiforms<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> such as a primitive branch of <a href="/facts/Cercamoniinae/F3mWnvXo">cercamoniines</a> predating <i><a href="/facts/Donrussellia/9radAa1t">Donrussellia</a></i> (one of the oldest European adapiforms).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> As a result, the African origins of <a href="/facts/Crown_group/fHDhwp5x">crown</a> strepsirhines (including <a href="/facts/Lemur/lgLEmFnr">lemurs</a> and <a href="/facts/Lorisoidea/sJ5eQsD7">lorisoids</a>) is well supported, whereas the African origins of simians has been placed in doubt, possibly giving favor to an Asian origins hypothesis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> However, in 2010, Godinot reasserted his view that <i>Algeripithecus</i> was a simian based on its upper molar morphology and hypothesized that this applied to all azibiids, favoring his earlier view that azibiids may be early simians instead of stem lemuriforms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> In 2011, Marivaux <i>et al.</i> published an interpretation of recently discovered <a href="/facts/Talus_bone/7FJvAwcv">talus bones</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> of closely related <i><a href="/facts/Azibius/Qkaxco1W">Azibius</a></i> found at Gour Lazib, which they claimed were more similar to those of living strepsirrhines and extinct adapiforms, not simians, thus reinforcing the strepsirrhine status favored by Tabuce <i>et al.</i> two years earlier.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>Godinot also cautiously suggested that <i>Dralestes</i> may be a <a href="/facts/Synonym_(taxonomy)/BHLdox7E">synonym</a> of <i>Algeripithecus</i> based on a blade-like premolar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Alternatively, the second upper molar (M2) of <i>Dralestes hammadaensis</i> have been reinterpreted by Tabuce <i>et al.</i> as being the upper fourth premolar (P4) of <i>Azibius</i>, and therefore considered <i>Dralestes</i> to be a synonym of <i>Azibius</i>. Specimens of <i>Dralestes</i> are now recognized as being either <i>Azibius</i> and <i>Algeripithecus</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="anatomy-and-physiology">Anatomy and physiology</h2> <p>Like all azibiids, <i>Algeripithecus</i> was a small-bodied primate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Initially thought to weigh 150 to 300 g (5.3 to 10.6 oz),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> <i>Algeripithecus minutus</i> is now estimated<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> to have weighed between 65 and 85 g (2.3 and 3.0 oz), nearly half the weight of the only other known azibiid, <i><a href="/facts/Azibius/Qkaxco1W">Azibius trerki</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> It was comparable in size to a <a href="/facts/Hairy-eared_dwarf_lemur/JryGRrVN">hairy-eared dwarf lemur</a> (<i>Allocebus trichotis</i>) or a <a href="/facts/Brown_mouse_lemur/PwvuwzWn">brown mouse lemur</a> (<i>Microcebus rufus</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h3>Literature cited</h3> <ul><li>Godinot, M.; Mahboubi, M. (1992). "Earliest known simian primate found in Algeria". <i>Nature</i>. 357 (6376): 324–326. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Natur.357..324G">1992Natur.357..324G</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F357324a0">10.1038/357324a0</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1589034">1589034</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4331684">4331684</a>.</li> <li>Godinot, M. (2006). "Lemuriform origins as viewed from the fossil record". <i>Folia Primatologica</i>. 77 (6): 446–464. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000095391">10.1159/000095391</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17053330">17053330</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24163044">24163044</a>.</li> <li>Godinot, M. (2010). "Chapter 19: Paleogene Prosimians". In Werdelin, L.; Sanders, W.J (eds.). <i>Cenozoic Mammals of Africa</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-520-25721-4.</li> <li>Marivaux, L.; Tabuce, R.; Lebrun, R.; Ravel, A.; Adaci, M.; Mahboubi, M.H.; Bensalah, M. (2011). "Talar morphology of azibiids, strepsirhine-related primates from the Eocene of Algeria: Phylogenetic affinities and locomotor adaptation". <i>Journal of Human Evolution</i>. 61 (4): 447–457. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JHumE..61..447M">2011JHumE..61..447M</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2011.05.013">10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.05.013</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21752425">21752425</a>.</li> <li>Tabuce, R.; Marivaux, L.; Lebrun, R.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Fabre, P. -H.; Fara, E.; Gomes Rodrigues, H.; Hautier, L.; Jaeger, J. -J.; Lazzari, V.; Mebrouk, F.; Peigne, S.; Sudre, J.; Tafforeau, P.; Valentin, X.; Mahboubi, M. (2009). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821352">"Anthropoid versus strepsirhine status of the African Eocene primates <i>Algeripithecus</i> and <i>Azibius</i>: Craniodental evidence"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. 276 (1676): 4087–4094. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2009.1339">10.1098/rspb.2009.1339</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821352">2821352</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19740889">19740889</a>. <ul><li>Lay summary in: <a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090915101355.htm">"African Origin Of Anthropoid Primates Called Into Question With New Fossil Discovery"</a>. <i>Science Daily</i>. 15 September 2009.</li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://primatology.net/2009/09/15/algeripithecus-and-azibius-anthropoids-or-strepsirhines/">Algeripithecus and Azibius: Anthropoids or Strepsirhines?</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121112070647/http://primatology.net/2009/09/15/algeripithecus-and-azibius-anthropoids-or-strepsirhines/">Archived</a> 2012-11-12 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a>, September 15, 2009</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Godinot & Mahboubi 1992, p. 324. - Godinot, M.; Mahboubi, M. (1992). "Earliest known simian primate found in Algeria". Nature. 357 (6376): 324–326. Bibcode:1992Natur.357..324G. doi:10.1038/357324a0. PMID 1589034. S2CID 4331684. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Natur.357..324G" target="_blank">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Natur.357..324G</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Godinot & Mahboubi 1992, p. 324. - Godinot, M.; Mahboubi, M. (1992). "Earliest known simian primate found in Algeria". Nature. 357 (6376): 324–326. Bibcode:1992Natur.357..324G. doi:10.1038/357324a0. PMID 1589034. S2CID 4331684. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Natur.357..324G" target="_blank">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Natur.357..324G</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Tabuce et al. 2009, pp. 4087–4088. - Tabuce, R.; Marivaux, L.; Lebrun, R.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Fabre, P. -H.; Fara, E.; Gomes Rodrigues, H.; Hautier, L.; Jaeger, J. -J.; Lazzari, V.; Mebrouk, F.; Peigne, S.; Sudre, J.; Tafforeau, P.; Valentin, X.; Mahboubi, M. (2009). "Anthropoid versus strepsirhine status of the African Eocene primates Algeripithecus and Azibius: Craniodental evidence". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1676): 4087–4094. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1339. PMC 2821352. PMID 19740889. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821352" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821352</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Tabuce et al. 2009, p. 4089. - Tabuce, R.; Marivaux, L.; Lebrun, R.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Fabre, P. -H.; Fara, E.; Gomes Rodrigues, H.; Hautier, L.; Jaeger, J. -J.; Lazzari, V.; Mebrouk, F.; Peigne, S.; Sudre, J.; Tafforeau, P.; Valentin, X.; Mahboubi, M. (2009). "Anthropoid versus strepsirhine status of the African Eocene primates Algeripithecus and Azibius: Craniodental evidence". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1676): 4087–4094. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1339. PMC 2821352. PMID 19740889. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821352" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821352</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Tabuce et al. 2009, p. 4087. - Tabuce, R.; Marivaux, L.; Lebrun, R.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Fabre, P. -H.; Fara, E.; Gomes Rodrigues, H.; Hautier, L.; Jaeger, J. -J.; Lazzari, V.; Mebrouk, F.; Peigne, S.; Sudre, J.; Tafforeau, P.; Valentin, X.; Mahboubi, M. (2009). "Anthropoid versus strepsirhine status of the African Eocene primates Algeripithecus and Azibius: Craniodental evidence". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1676): 4087–4094. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1339. PMC 2821352. PMID 19740889. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821352" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821352</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Tabuce et al. 2009, pp. 4092–4093. - Tabuce, R.; Marivaux, L.; Lebrun, R.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Fabre, P. -H.; Fara, E.; Gomes Rodrigues, H.; Hautier, L.; Jaeger, J. -J.; Lazzari, V.; Mebrouk, F.; Peigne, S.; Sudre, J.; Tafforeau, P.; Valentin, X.; Mahboubi, M. (2009). "Anthropoid versus strepsirhine status of the African Eocene primates Algeripithecus and Azibius: Craniodental evidence". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1676): 4087–4094. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1339. PMC 2821352. PMID 19740889. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821352" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821352</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Godinot 2006, pp. 461–462. - Godinot, M. (2006). "Lemuriform origins as viewed from the fossil record". Folia Primatologica. 77 (6): 446–464. doi:10.1159/000095391. PMID 17053330. S2CID 24163044. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000095391" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000095391</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Godinot 2006, pp. 454–455. - Godinot, M. (2006). "Lemuriform origins as viewed from the fossil record". Folia Primatologica. 77 (6): 446–464. doi:10.1159/000095391. PMID 17053330. S2CID 24163044. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000095391" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000095391</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Tabuce et al. 2009, p. 4087. - Tabuce, R.; Marivaux, L.; Lebrun, R.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Fabre, P. -H.; Fara, E.; Gomes Rodrigues, H.; Hautier, L.; Jaeger, J. -J.; Lazzari, V.; Mebrouk, F.; Peigne, S.; Sudre, J.; Tafforeau, P.; Valentin, X.; Mahboubi, M. (2009). "Anthropoid versus strepsirhine status of the African Eocene primates Algeripithecus and Azibius: Craniodental evidence". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1676): 4087–4094. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1339. PMC 2821352. PMID 19740889. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821352" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821352</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Godinot 2010, pp. 322–323. - Godinot, M. (2010). "Chapter 19: Paleogene Prosimians". In Werdelin, L.; Sanders, W.J (eds.). Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25721-4. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Talus bones are commonly used to taxonomically differentiate simians from "prosimian" primates in the fossil record.[9] <a href="/wiki/Biological_classification" target="_blank">/wiki/Biological_classification</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Marivaux et al. 2011, pp. 452–453. - Marivaux, L.; Tabuce, R.; Lebrun, R.; Ravel, A.; Adaci, M.; Mahboubi, M.H.; Bensalah, M. (2011). "Talar morphology of azibiids, strepsirhine-related primates from the Eocene of Algeria: Phylogenetic affinities and locomotor adaptation". Journal of Human Evolution. 61 (4): 447–457. Bibcode:2011JHumE..61..447M. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.05.013. PMID 21752425. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JHumE..61..447M" target="_blank">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JHumE..61..447M</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Godinot 2010, pp. 322–323. - Godinot, M. (2010). "Chapter 19: Paleogene Prosimians". In Werdelin, L.; Sanders, W.J (eds.). Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25721-4. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Tabuce et al. 2009, pp. 4088–4089. - Tabuce, R.; Marivaux, L.; Lebrun, R.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Fabre, P. -H.; Fara, E.; Gomes Rodrigues, H.; Hautier, L.; Jaeger, J. -J.; Lazzari, V.; Mebrouk, F.; Peigne, S.; Sudre, J.; Tafforeau, P.; Valentin, X.; Mahboubi, M. (2009). "Anthropoid versus strepsirhine status of the African Eocene primates Algeripithecus and Azibius: Craniodental evidence". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1676): 4087–4094. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1339. PMC 2821352. PMID 19740889. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821352" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821352</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Marivaux et al. 2011, p. 453. - Marivaux, L.; Tabuce, R.; Lebrun, R.; Ravel, A.; Adaci, M.; Mahboubi, M.H.; Bensalah, M. (2011). "Talar morphology of azibiids, strepsirhine-related primates from the Eocene of Algeria: Phylogenetic affinities and locomotor adaptation". Journal of Human Evolution. 61 (4): 447–457. Bibcode:2011JHumE..61..447M. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.05.013. PMID 21752425. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JHumE..61..447M" target="_blank">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JHumE..61..447M</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Godinot & Mahboubi 1992, p. 324. - Godinot, M.; Mahboubi, M. (1992). "Earliest known simian primate found in Algeria". Nature. 357 (6376): 324–326. Bibcode:1992Natur.357..324G. doi:10.1038/357324a0. PMID 1589034. S2CID 4331684. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Natur.357..324G" target="_blank">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Natur.357..324G</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Size estimates were calculated using regressions of the area of the first molar compared to living primates.[13] <a href="/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" target="_blank">/wiki/Molar_(tooth)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Tabuce et al. 2009, p. 4088. - Tabuce, R.; Marivaux, L.; Lebrun, R.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Fabre, P. -H.; Fara, E.; Gomes Rodrigues, H.; Hautier, L.; Jaeger, J. -J.; Lazzari, V.; Mebrouk, F.; Peigne, S.; Sudre, J.; Tafforeau, P.; Valentin, X.; Mahboubi, M. (2009). "Anthropoid versus strepsirhine status of the African Eocene primates Algeripithecus and Azibius: Craniodental evidence". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1676): 4087–4094. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1339. PMC 2821352. PMID 19740889. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821352" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821352</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Marivaux et al. 2011, p. 453. - Marivaux, L.; Tabuce, R.; Lebrun, R.; Ravel, A.; Adaci, M.; Mahboubi, M.H.; Bensalah, M. (2011). "Talar morphology of azibiids, strepsirhine-related primates from the Eocene of Algeria: Phylogenetic affinities and locomotor adaptation". Journal of Human Evolution. 61 (4): 447–457. Bibcode:2011JHumE..61..447M. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.05.013. PMID 21752425. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JHumE..61..447M" target="_blank">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JHumE..61..447M</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>