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RDF Schema
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<h2 id="terminology">Terminology</h2> <p>RDFS constructs are the RDFS classes, associated properties and utility properties built on the <a href="/facts/Resource_Description_Framework/WMufyukm">vocabulary of RDF</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h3>Classes</h3> rdfs:Resource Represents the class of everything. All things described by RDF are resources. rdfs:Class An <i>rdfs:Class</i> declares a resource as a <a href="/facts/Class_(philosophy)/twRzhTVz">class</a> for other resources. <p>A typical example of an rdfs:Class is foaf:Person in the Friend of a Friend (<a href="/facts/FOAF_(software)/VQyL5PvP">FOAF</a>) vocabulary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> An instance of foaf:Person is a resource that is linked to the class foaf:Person using the rdf:type property, such as in the following formal expression of the <a href="/facts/Natural_language/B4gLS7Kd">natural-language</a> sentence: 'John is a Person'. </p> ex:John rdf:type foaf:Person <p>The definition of rdfs:Class is recursive: rdfs:Class is the class of classes, and so it is an instance of itself. </p> rdfs:Class rdf:type rdfs:Class <p>The other classes described by the RDF and RDFS specifications are: </p> rdfs:Literal <a href="/facts/Literal_(computer_science)/5mlRwegs">literal values</a> such as strings and integers. Property values such as textual strings are examples of RDF literals. Literals may be plain or typed. rdfs:Datatype the class of datatypes. rdfs:Datatype is both an instance of and a subclass of rdfs:Class. Each instance of rdfs:Datatype is a subclass of rdfs:Literal. rdf:XMLLiteral the class of XML literal values. rdf:XMLLiteral is an instance of rdfs:Datatype (and thus a subclass of rdfs:Literal). rdf:Property the class of properties. <h3>Properties</h3> <p>Properties are instances of the class rdf:Property and describe a relation between subject resources and object resources. When used as such a property is a predicate (see also <a href="/facts/Resource_Description_Framework/WMufyukm">RDF: reification</a>). </p> rdfs:domain the <i>rdfs:domain</i> of an rdf:Property declares the class of the <i>subject</i> in a <a href="/facts/Tuple/BI1HIxL8">triple</a> whose predicate is that property. rdfs:range the <i>rdfs:range</i> of an rdf:Property declares the class or datatype of the <i>object</i> in a triple whose predicate is that property. <p>For example, the following declarations are used to express that the property ex:employer relates a subject, which is of type foaf:Person, to an object, which is of type foaf:Organization: </p> ex:employer rdfs:domain foaf:Person ex:employer rdfs:range foaf:Organization <p>Given the previous two declarations, from the triple: </p> ex:John ex:employer ex:CompanyX <p>can be inferred (resp. follows) that ex:John is a foaf:Person, and ex:CompanyX is a foaf:Organization. </p> rdf:type a property used to state that a resource is an instance of a class. A commonly accepted <a href="/facts/QName/eXNn4afN">QName</a> for this property is "a".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> rdfs:subClassOf allows declaration of hierarchies of classes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> <p>For example, the following declares that 'Every Person is an Agent': </p> foaf:Person rdfs:subClassOf foaf:Agent <p>Hierarchies of classes support inheritance of a property domain and range (see definitions in the next section) from a class to its subclasses. </p> rdfs:subPropertyOf an instance of rdf:Property that is used to state that all resources related by one property are also related by another. rdfs:label an instance of rdf:Property that may be used to provide a human-readable version of a resource's name. rdfs:comment an instance of rdf:Property that may be used to provide a human-readable description of a resource. <h3>Utility properties</h3> rdfs:seeAlso an instance of rdf:Property that is used to indicate a resource that might provide additional information about the subject resource. rdfs:isDefinedBy an instance of rdf:Property that is used to indicate a resource defining the subject resource. This property may be used to indicate an RDF vocabulary in which a resource is described. <h2 id="rdfs-entailment">RDFS entailment</h2> <p>An <a href="/facts/Logical_consequence/AyDXp4dn">entailment</a> regime defines whether the triples in a graph are logically contradictory or not. RDFS entailment <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> is not very restrictive, i.e. it does not contain a large amount of rules (compared, for example, to <a href="/facts/Web_Ontology_Language/jkr0IGn8">OWL</a>) limiting what kind of statements are valid in the graph. On the other hand it is also not very expressive, meaning that the semantics that can be represented in a machine-interpretable way with the graph is quite limited. </p><p>Below in a simple example of the capabilities and limits of RDFS entailment, we start with a graph containing the following explicit triples: </p> foo:SomeGiraffe rdf:type bar:Animal. foo:SomeElephant rdf:type bar:Elephant. foo:SomeZoo rdf:type bar:Zoo. bar:livesInZoo rdfs:domain bar:Animal. bar:livesInZoo rdfs:range bar:Zoo. foo:SomeElephant bar:livesInZoo foo:SomeZoo. <p>Without enabling inferencing with RDFS entailment, the data we have does not tell us whether foo:SomeElephant is a bar:Animal. When we do RDFS-based inferencing, we will get the following extra triple: </p> foo:SomeElephant rdf:type bar:Animal. <p>The rdfs:domain statement dictates that any subject in triples where bar:livesInZoo is the predicate is of type bar:Animal. What RDFS entailment is not able to tell us is the relationship between bar:Animal and bar:Elephant. Due to inferencing we now know that foo:SomeElephant is both bar:Animal and bar:Elephant so these classes do intersect but there is no information to deduce whether they merely intersect, are equal or have a subclass relationship. </p><p>In RDFS 1.1, the domain and range statements do not carry any formal meaning and their interpretation is left up to the implementer. On the other hand in the 1.2 Working draft they are used as entailment rules for inferencing the types of individuals. Nevertheless in both versions, it is very clearly stated that the expected functionality of range is "the values of a property are instances of one or more classes" and domain "any resource that has a given property is an instance of one or more classes". </p><p>The example above demonstrated some of the limits and capabilities of RDFS entailment, but did not show an example of a logical inconsistency (which could in layman terms be interpreted as a "validation error"), meaning that the statements the triples make are in conflict and try to express contradictory states of affairs. An example of this in RDFS would be having conflicting datatypes for objects (e.g. declaring a resource to be of type xsd:integer and being also declared to be xsd:boolean when inferencing is enabled). </p> <h2 id="examples-of-rdf-vocabularies">Examples of RDF vocabularies</h2> <p>RDF vocabularies represented in RDFS include:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/FOAF/VQyL5PvP">FOAF</a>: the source of the FOAF Vocabulary Specification is RDFS written in the <a href="/facts/RDFa/TyPkuLjP">RDFa</a> syntax.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dublin_Core/krf0ert0">Dublin Core</a>: RDFS source is available in several syntaxes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Schema.org/1BaVbJDp">Schema.org</a>: the source of their schema was originally RDFS written in the <a href="/facts/RDFa/TyPkuLjP">RDFa</a> syntax until July 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System/xuB6A34d">Simple Knowledge Organization System</a> (SKOS) developed the RDF schema titled as SKOS XL Vocabulary, which is an OWL ontology for the SKOS vocabulary that uses the OWL RDF/XML syntax, and hence makes use of a number of classes and properties from RDFS.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Library_of_Congress/TfB6dEN5">Library of Congress</a> defines an RDF schema titled <a href="/facts/Metadata_Authority_Description_Schema/NCMe0dsc">Metadata Authority Description Schema</a> in RDF, or MADS/RDF for short. From the abstract, it is intended for use within their library and "information science (LIS) community". It allows for annotating special relational data, such as if an individual within a family is well-known via madsrdf:prominentFamilyMember.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/UniProt/lfDDHjAl">UniProt</a> database has an RDF schema for describing <a href="/facts/Biochemistry/fa2pWEBp">biochemical</a> data, and is specialized towards describing <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">proteins</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/SPARQL/XPP7pFDJ">SPARQL</a> Query Language for RDF</li> <li><a href="/facts/Platform_for_Internet_Content_Selection/cR5aG0p4">Platform for Internet Content Selection</a> (PICS)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Resource_Description_Framework/WMufyukm">Resource Description Framework</a> (RDF)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Web_Ontology_Language/jkr0IGn8">Web Ontology Language</a> (OWL)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Semantic_technology/7d7FSJ0V">Semantic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/SHACL/RQGL2vhl">SHACL</a> Shapes and Constraints Language for RDF</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/">W3C RDFS Specification</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-primer/">W3C RDF 1.1 Primer</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-sparql11-entailment-20110512/#RDFEntRegime">W3C SPARQL 1.1 Entailment Regimes Specification</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-mt/#rdfs_entailment">W3C RDFS Entailment</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.dblab.ntua.gr/~bikakis/SPARQL2XQuery.html">SPARQL2XQuery</a> Map OWL-RDF/S ontologies and XML Schemas. Transform XML Schema to OWL.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Brickley, Dan; Guha, Ramanathan V.; Layman, Andrew, eds. (1998-04-09). "Resource Description Framework (RDF) Schemas". W3C. W3C Working Draft. RDF Schema Working Group. Retrieved 2021-04-23. <a href="/wiki/Ramanathan_V._Guha" target="_blank">/wiki/Ramanathan_V._Guha</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Bikakis N.; Tsinaraki C.; Gioldasis N.; Stavrakantonakis I.; Christodoulakis S., eds. (2012-03-21). "XML and Semantic Web W3C Standards Timeline-History" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-24. Retrieved 2021-04-23. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424125723/http://www.dblab.ntua.gr/~bikakis/XML%20and%20Semantic%20Web%20W3C%20Standards%20Timeline-History.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130424125723/http://www.dblab.ntua.gr/~bikakis/XML%20and%20Semantic%20Web%20W3C%20Standards%20Timeline-History.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Brickley, Dan; Guha, Ramanathan V., eds. (2014-02-25). "RDF Schema 1.1". W3C. 1.1. RDF Working Group. Retrieved 2021-04-23. <a href="/wiki/Ramanathan_V._Guha" target="_blank">/wiki/Ramanathan_V._Guha</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Chapter 3: RDF Schema" (PDF). csee.umbc.edu. UMBC's Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering. 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-04-24. Retrieved 2021-04-24. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424045012/https://www.csee.umbc.edu/courses/graduate/691/fall17/01/notes/05_rdfs/05rdfs.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210424045012/https://www.csee.umbc.edu/courses/graduate/691/fall17/01/notes/05_rdfs/05rdfs.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Lapalme, Guy (2002). "XML: Looking at the Forest Instead of the Trees § 7.1. Triples in RDF/XML". Université de Montréal. Archived from the original on 2021-01-14. Retrieved 2021-04-24. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114233612/https://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~lapalme/ForestInsteadOfTheTrees/HTML/ch07s01.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210114233612/https://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~lapalme/ForestInsteadOfTheTrees/HTML/ch07s01.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Lagoze, Carl (2008-03-31). "RDF Meta Model and Schema" (PDF). Cornell University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-07-12. Retrieved 2021-04-24. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190712125926/http://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs431/2008sp/Lectures/public/lecture_03_31_08.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190712125926/http://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs431/2008sp/Lectures/public/lecture_03_31_08.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Brickley, Dan; Miller, Libby, eds. (2014-01-14). "FOAF Vocabulary Specification 0.99". xmlns.com. The FOAF Project. Retrieved 2021-04-23. <a href="http://xmlns.com/foaf/spec/" target="_blank">http://xmlns.com/foaf/spec/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>DuCharme, Bob (2011). Learning SPARQL. Sebastopol, California, United States: O'Reilly Media. p. 36. ISBN 9781449306595. <a href="9781449306595" target="_blank">9781449306595</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Schreiber, Guus; Raimond, Yves; Manola, Frank; Miller, Eric; McBride, Brian, eds. (2014-06-24). "RDF 1.1 Primer". W3C. Working Group Note. RDF Working Group. Retrieved 2021-04-23. <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-primer/" target="_blank">https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-primer/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf12-semantics/#rdfs_entailment. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf12-semantics/#rdfs_entailment" target="_blank">https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf12-semantics/#rdfs_entailment</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Schreiber, Guus; Raimond, Yves; Manola, Frank; Miller, Eric; McBride, Brian, eds. (2014-06-24). "RDF 1.1 Primer". W3C. Working Group Note. RDF Working Group. Retrieved 2021-04-23. <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-primer/" target="_blank">https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-primer/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Brickley, Dan; Miller, Libby, eds. (2014-01-14). "FOAF Vocabulary Specification 0.99". xmlns.com. The FOAF Project. Retrieved 2021-04-23. <a href="http://xmlns.com/foaf/spec/" target="_blank">http://xmlns.com/foaf/spec/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (20 January 2020). "DCMI: DCMI Metadata expressed in RDF Schema Language". dublincore.org (published 2000). Retrieved 2021-04-23. <a href="http://dublincore.org/schemas/rdfs/" target="_blank">http://dublincore.org/schemas/rdfs/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Schema.org (n.d.). "Schema.org core schema". schema.org. Archived from the original on 2020-05-10. Retrieved 2021-04-24. <a href="/wiki/Schema.org" target="_blank">/wiki/Schema.org</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Wallis, Richard (2020-07-17). "Informatively redirect accesses to retired file schema_org_rdfa.html · Issue #2656 · schemaorg/schemaorg". GitHub. Retrieved 2021-04-24. <a href="https://github.com/schemaorg/schemaorg/issues/2656" target="_blank">https://github.com/schemaorg/schemaorg/issues/2656</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Miles, Alistair; Bechhofer, Sean (2009-08-18). "SKOS XL Vocabulary". Archived from the original on 2020-02-27. 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