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Atavism
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<h2 id="biology">Biology</h2> <p>Evolutionarily traits that have disappeared phenotypically do not necessarily disappear from an organism's DNA. The gene sequence often remains, but is inactive. Such an unused gene may remain in the genome for many generations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> As long as the gene remains intact, a fault in the genetic control suppressing the gene can lead to it being expressed again. Sometimes, the expression of dormant genes can be induced by artificial stimulation. </p><p>Atavisms have been observed in humans, such as with infants born with <a href="/facts/Vestigial_tail/RXACP06e">vestigial tails</a> (called a "coccygeal process", "coccygeal projection", or "caudal appendage").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Atavism can also be seen in humans who possess large teeth, like those of other primates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> In addition, a case of "snake heart", the presence of "coronary circulation and myocardial architecture [that closely] resemble those of the reptilian heart", has also been reported in medical literature.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Atavism has also recently been induced in avian dinosaur (bird) fetuses to express dormant ancestral non-avian dinosaur (non-bird) features, including teeth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>Other examples of observed atavisms include: </p> <ul><li>Hind limbs in <a href="/facts/Cetacean/rtC33h63">cetaceans</a> and <a href="/facts/Sirenia/6KaaDKu5">sirenians</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li>Extra toes of the modern horse.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li>Reappearance of limbs in <a href="/facts/Limbless_vertebrate/aBo40Hah">limbless vertebrates</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li>Re-evolution of sexuality from <a href="/facts/Parthenogenesis/gHzfaYpp">parthenogenesis</a> in <a href="/facts/Oribatida/BAXkzeXV">oribatid mites</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li>Teeth in avian <a href="/facts/Dinosaur/JRdMqBnq">dinosaurs</a> (<a href="/facts/Bird/RJF6zwLP">birds</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dewclaw/SCxLChl9">Dewclaws</a> in dogs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li>Reappearance of <a href="/facts/Prothorax/bFQ0B9UU">prothoracic</a> wings in <a href="/facts/Insect/IgDNvnUL">insects</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li>Reappearance of wings on wingless <a href="/facts/Phasmatodea/T9cVxVlr">stick insects and leaf insects</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Earwig/JHSLqPEB">earwigs</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li>Atavistic muscles in several <a href="/facts/Bird/RJF6zwLP">birds</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Mammal/phSwTzBo">mammals</a> such as the <a href="/facts/Beagle/gp6A3qFk">beagle</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> and the <a href="/facts/Jerboa/XXxbnnac">jerboa</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li>Extra toes in <a href="/facts/Guinea_pigs/gRXC2qNN">guinea pigs</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li> <li>Reemergence of sexual reproduction in the <a href="/facts/Flowering_plant/E5eGYIvY">flowering plant</a> <i><a href="/facts/Hieracium_pilosella/hbFUUGGY">Hieracium pilosella</a></i> and the <a href="/facts/Crotoniidae/oYAr4sBz">Crotoniidae</a> family of mites.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li>Webbed feet in adult <a href="/facts/Axolotl/2UDp9cvb">axolotls</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Human_vestigiality/YAfukGCq">Human tails</a> (not pseudo-tails)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Supernumerary_nipples/5ocrdnLr">supernumerary nipples</a> in humans (and other primates).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Color_blindness/02Taxf5C">Color blindness</a> in humans.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="culture">Culture</h2> <p>Atavism is a term in <a href="/facts/Joseph_Schumpeter/uzacDADP">Joseph Schumpeter</a>'s explanation of <a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">World War I</a> in twentieth-century <a href="/facts/Liberalism/nj54a01U">liberal</a> Europe. He defends the <a href="/facts/Liberal_international_relations_theory/zJ9PNUSj">liberal international relations theory</a> that an international society built on commerce will avoid war because of war's destructiveness and comparative cost. His reason for World War I is termed "atavism", in which he asserts that senescent governments in Europe (those of the <a href="/facts/German_Empire/lwQutJyN">German Empire</a>, <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a>, <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman Empire</a>, and <a href="/facts/Austro-Hungarian_Empire/9WPUPj0W">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>) pulled the liberal Europe into war, and that the liberal regimes of the other continental powers did not cause it. He used this idea to say that liberalism and commerce would continue to have a soothing effect in international relations, and that war would not arise between nations which are connected by commercial ties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> This latter idea is very similar to the later <a href="/facts/The_Lexus_and_the_Olive_Tree/QY9lG3vh">Golden Arches theory</a>. </p><p><a href="/facts/University_of_London/spIRAx9B">University of London</a> professor <a href="/facts/Guy_Standing_(economist)/FIPNo3p6">Guy Standing</a> has identified three distinct sub-groups of the <a href="/facts/Precariat/PUo16YVE">precariat</a>, one of which he refers to as "atavists", who long for what they see as a lost past.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p> <h3>Social Darwinism</h3> <p>During the interval between the acceptance of <a href="/facts/Evolution/qE5amP6a">evolution</a> in the mid-1800s and the rise of the modern understanding of <a href="/facts/Genetics/bu8wne0A">genetics</a> in the early 1900s, atavism was used to account for the reappearance in an individual of a trait after several generations of absence—often called a "throw-back". The idea that atavisms could be made to accumulate by <a href="/facts/Selective_breeding/CAkkM2UG">selective breeding</a>, or <a href="/facts/Breeding_back/d0QT01n0">breeding back</a>, led to breeds such as <a href="/facts/Heck_cattle/zX0XrP6z">Heck cattle</a>. This had been bred from ancient <a href="/facts/Landrace/wPwtXcI8">landraces</a> with selected primitive traits, in an attempt of "reviving" the <a href="/facts/Aurochs/HnJHxa12">aurochs</a>, an <a href="/facts/Extinct/24p5NP2q">extinct</a> species of wild cattle. The same notions of atavisms were used by <a href="/facts/Social_Darwinism/LwLkddXI">social Darwinists</a>, who claimed that "inferior" races displayed atavistic traits, and represented more primitive traits than other races. Both atavism's and <a href="/facts/Ernst_Haeckel/osqrW7hB">Ernst Haeckel</a>'s <a href="/facts/Recapitulation_theory/Fc8dFDpy">recapitulation theory</a> are related to <a href="/facts/Evolutionary_progress/TKjwUPmA">evolutionary progress</a>, as development towards a greater complexity and a superior ability. </p><p>In addition, the concept of atavism as part of an individualistic explanation of the causes of criminal deviance was popularised by the Italian criminologist <a href="/facts/Cesare_Lombroso/FgTx2LWC">Cesare Lombroso</a> in the 1870s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> He attempted to identify physical characteristics common to criminals and labeled those he found as atavistic, 'throw-back' traits that determined 'primitive' criminal behavior. His statistical evidence and the closely related idea of <a href="/facts/Eugenics/e7w6aSUV">eugenics</a> have long since been abandoned by the scientific community, but the concept that physical traits may affect the likelihood of criminal or unethical behavior in a person still has some scientific support.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Atavistic_regression/PHTpMS3x">Atavistic regression</a> – Reversion to a more primitive mental state under hypnosis</li> <li><a href="/facts/Exaptation/aK8nu0xE">Exaptation</a> – Function of trait, shifted by evolution</li> <li><a href="/facts/Spandrel_(biology)/pEk0HPKn">Spandrel (biology)</a> – Evolutionary byproduct of some other characteristic</li> <li><a href="/facts/Torna_atr%25C3%25A1s/vqpNREsC"><i>Torna atrás</i></a> – Term describing a type of mixed race person</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Look up <i>atavism</i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikiquote has quotations related to <i>Atavism</i>. <ul><li>Bar-Maor, JA; Kesner, KM; Kaftori, JK (November 1980). "Human tails". <i>The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume</i>. 62-B (4): 508–510. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1302%2F0301-620x.62b4.7430236">10.1302/0301-620x.62b4.7430236</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7430236">7430236</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130413103330/http://www.scheffel.og.bw.schule.de/faecher/science/biologie/evolution/2befunde/atav.gif">Photograph of an additional (third) hoof of cows</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Verhulst, J. (1996). "Atavisms in homo sapiens: A Bolkian heterodoxy revisited". Acta Biotheoretica. 44 (1): 59–73. doi:10.1007/BF00046435. PMID 8693850. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8693850/" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8693850/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Brian K. Hall (1984), "Developmental mechanisms underlying the atavisms", Biological Reviews, 59 (1): 89–124, doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1984.tb00402.x, PMID 6367843, S2CID 29258934 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Tomic, Nenad; Meyer-Rochow, Victor Benno (2011). "Atavisms - medical, genetic, and evolutionary implications". Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 54 (3): 332–353. doi:10.1353/pbm.2011.0034. PMID 21857125. S2CID 40851098. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Brian K. Hall (1984), "Developmental mechanisms underlying the atavisms", Biological Reviews, 59 (1): 89–124, doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1984.tb00402.x, PMID 6367843, S2CID 29258934 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Held, L. (2009). Quirks of Human Anatomy, an Evo-Devo Look at the Human Body. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-73233-8. <a href="978-0-521-73233-8" target="_blank">978-0-521-73233-8</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Brian K. Hall (1995), "Atavisms and atavistic mutations", Nature Genetics, 10 (2): 126–127, doi:10.1038/ng0695-126, PMID 7663504, S2CID 27868367 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Tomic, Nenad; Meyer-Rochow, Victor Benno (2011). "Atavisms - medical, genetic, and evolutionary implications". Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 54 (3): 332–353. doi:10.1353/pbm.2011.0034. PMID 21857125. S2CID 40851098. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Collin, R.; Cipriani, R. (2003). "Dollo's law and the re-evolution of shell coiling". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 270 (1533): 2551–2555. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2517. PMC 1691546. PMID 14728776. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691546" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691546</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"29+ Evidences for Macroevolution: Part 2". Archived from the original on 29 October 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-08. <a href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/comdesc/section2.html#atavisms" target="_blank">http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/comdesc/section2.html#atavisms</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"What our tails tell us". Los Angeles Times. 2007-02-15. Archived from the original on 12 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-08. <a href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-feb-15-ed-tails15-story.html" target="_blank">https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-feb-15-ed-tails15-story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Walia, I.; Arora, H. S.; Barker, E. A.; Delgado R.M., III; Frazier, O. H. (2010). "Snake Heart: A Case of Atavism in a Human Being". Texas Heart Institute Journal. 37 (6): 687–690. PMC 3014134. PMID 21224948. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3014134" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3014134</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Dino-Chicken Gets One Step Closer". Live Science. 19 May 2015. <a href="https://www.livescience.com/50886-scientific-progress-dino-chicken.html" target="_blank">https://www.livescience.com/50886-scientific-progress-dino-chicken.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Brian K. Hall (1984), "Developmental mechanisms underlying the atavisms", Biological Reviews, 59 (1): 89–124, doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1984.tb00402.x, PMID 6367843, S2CID 29258934 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Hiroko Tabuchi (November 5, 2006), Dolphin May Have 'Remains' of Legs, Livescience.com <a href="/wiki/Hiroko_Tabuchi" target="_blank">/wiki/Hiroko_Tabuchi</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Brian K. Hall (1984), "Developmental mechanisms underlying the atavisms", Biological Reviews, 59 (1): 89–124, doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1984.tb00402.x, PMID 6367843, S2CID 29258934 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Tyson R, Graham JP, Colahan PT, Berry CR (2004). "Skeletal atavism in a miniature horse". Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound. 45 (4): 315–7. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.2004.04060.x. PMID 15373256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Simpson, G. G. (1951), Horses: The story of the horse family in the modern world and through sixty million years of evolution, Oxford University Press[page needed] <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" target="_blank">/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Brian K. Hall (1984), "Developmental mechanisms underlying the atavisms", Biological Reviews, 59 (1): 89–124, doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1984.tb00402.x, PMID 6367843, S2CID 29258934 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Brian K. Hall (1995), "Atavisms and atavistic mutations", Nature Genetics, 10 (2): 126–127, doi:10.1038/ng0695-126, PMID 7663504, S2CID 27868367 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Raynauad, A. (1977), Somites and early morphogenesis in reptile limbs. In Vertebrate Limb and Somite Morphogenesis, Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 373–386 <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Katja Domes; et al. (2007), "Reevolution of sexuality breaks Dollo's law", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 104 (17): 7139–7144, Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.7139D, doi:10.1073/pnas.0700034104, PMC 1855408, PMID 17438282 <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Matthew P. Harris; et al. (2006), "The Development of Archosaurian First-Generation Teeth in a Chicken Mutant", Current Biology, 16 (4): 371–377, Bibcode:2006CBio...16..371H, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.12.047, PMID 16488870 <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Brian K. Hall (1984), "Developmental mechanisms underlying the atavisms", Biological Reviews, 59 (1): 89–124, doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1984.tb00402.x, PMID 6367843, S2CID 29258934 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Elias-Neto, Moysés; Belles, Xavier (3 August 2016). "Tergal and pleural structures contribute to the formation of ectopic prothoracic wings in cockroaches". Royal Society Open Science. 3 (8): 160347. Bibcode:2016RSOS....360347E. doi:10.1098/rsos.160347. PMC 5108966. PMID 27853616. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5108966" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5108966</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Kukalová-Peck, Jarmila (11 March 2008). "Phylogeny of Higher Taxa in Insecta: Finding Synapomorphies in the Extant Fauna and Separating Them from Homoplasies". Evolutionary Biology. 35 (1): 4–51. Bibcode:2008EvBio..35....4K. doi:10.1007/s11692-007-9013-4. S2CID 25126171. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Michael F. Whiting; et al. (2003), "Loss and recovery of wings in stick insects", Nature, 421 (6920): 264–267, Bibcode:2003Natur.421..264W, doi:10.1038/nature01313, PMID 12529642, S2CID 962571 <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Brian K. Hall (1984), "Developmental mechanisms underlying the atavisms", Biological Reviews, 59 (1): 89–124, doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1984.tb00402.x, PMID 6367843, S2CID 29258934 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Robert J. Raikow; et al. 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